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Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience

Multiple Choice

Introduction to Behavioral NeuroscienceMultiple Choice

13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion

1.
Three interrelated variables are presented repeatedly throughout the chapter that represent important factors underlying emotions. Which of the following is NOT included in this list?
  1. Brain systems
  2. Physiological states
  3. Context
  4. Hormonal changes
2 .
The James-Lange theory of emotion attempted to explain how the experience of emotion influences behavior. According to their understanding, emotions develop:
  1. after the brain interprets the significance of stimuli in the external environment to survival (e.g. a bear).
  2. after an organism begins to perceive the magnitude of its body’s level of autonomic arousal to some experience.
  3. after forming complex appraisals of both context and bodily changes.
  4. Only a and b
3.
Emotions that generate changes in the corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus facial muscles are generally observed during states of:
  1. happiness.
  2. anger.
  3. suppressed moods.
  4. surprise.
4 .
The James-Lange theory is known as a:
  1. bottom-up theory.
  2. top-down theory.
  3. constructionist theory.
  4. appraisal theory.
5.
The Cannon-Bard position was strengthened by their observation that cats display species typical emotional reactions to threatening stimuli, even when:
  1. the flow of information from the viscera to the brain is interrupted by severing visceral and spinal nerves.
  2. body to brain communication is blocked by removing the vagus nerve.
  3. the hypothalamus is damaged.
  4. they are placed in direct opposition to an angry dog.
6 .
According to Cannon-Bard, the ________ is activated by encounters in the external environment and then relays information regarding this context in two simultaneous directions to produce emotions.
  1. hypothalamus
  2. cortex
  3. thalamus
  4. amygdala
7.
The Cannon-Bard theory also proposed that “neural signals sent to initiate physiological reactions in the body to adapt to the specific nature of the experience” are generated in the:
  1. hypothalamus and amygdala.
  2. cortex and thalamus.
  3. thalamus and hypothalamus.
  4. amygdala and cortex.
8 .
Schachter and Singer’s (1962) famous study informed subjects they would receive an injection of saline or epinephrine and then informed them of the reactions to expect from the injection (i.e. you will experience a change in heart rate), while providing no information regarding the effects of the stress hormone to a second uninformed group.
The “Saline Injection” group was reported to have ________ response when placed with the ANGRY actor and showed ________ response when placed with the EUPHORIC actor.
  1. a mild / a mild
  2. a strong angry / a strong euphoric
  3. a strong angry / a mild euphoric
  4. no emotional / no emotional
9 .
The “Epinephrine [UNINFORMED]” group displayed ________ response after 20 minutes exposure with the ANGRY actor but showed ________ response when placed with the EUPHORIC actor for the same duration of time.
  1. a mild / a mild
  2. a strong angry / a strong euphoric
  3. a strong angry / a mild euphoric
  4. no emotional / no emotional
10.
According to the Schacter-Singer theory, the emotional responses reported by subjects in the “Epinephrine-INFORMED” group, that were exposed to either the Angry or Euphoric actor occurred because:
  1. epinephrine injections produce strong physiological arousal.
  2. they used the INFORMED knowledge regarding the physiological changes they would feel to label the emotional changes they experienced.
  3. they used the current CONTEXT, (i.e. Angry or Euphoric), to develop a label for the UNEXPLAINED, physiological changes they experienced.
  4. Both a and b
11.
Which of the following theorists developed this account to explain how emotional reactions emerge: “what produces emotional reactions is not the stimuli we encounter externally, but how we subjectively interpret or appraise these stimuli relative to personal variables, such as the meaning stimuli present in terms of our goals in life?”
  1. Cannon-Bard
  2. Schacter-Singer
  3. Appraisal Theorists
  4. James-Lange
12 .
The Cannon-Bard theory asserts that the process of “appraising the possible danger, safety or other emotional features of an experience” is performed by the:
  1. hypothalamus
  2. cortex
  3. thalamus
  4. amygdala
13.
Which view of emotions, stresses that the brain itself, rather than individual features of environmental stimuli, is what adds meaning to, or predictions of, what is occurring in our immediate circumstances?
  1. Cannon-Bard
  2. Schacter-Singer
  3. Appraisal Theorists
  4. Constructionist Theorists
14 .
Which of the following theorists developed this account to explain how emotional reactions emerge: “the vast reservoir of stored information regarding previously experienced stimuli, your reaction to these events, and the outcome of your responses is used by the brain to provide some of the conceptual meaning or perceptions to any new experiences an organism will face?”
  1. Cannon-Bard
  2. Constructionist Theorists
  3. Appraisal Theorists
  4. James-Lange

13.2 What Category of Feelings Are Considered as the “Basic Emotions”?

15.
The experimental procedures Paul Eckman used to generate his initial findings on emotion identification were also applied to three separate groups of non-English speaking natives in New Guinea. It was necessary for Eckman to conduct this study to:
  1. verify the ability to perceive emotions in previous studies was not the result of exposure to Western cultural influences such as television, magazines, or movies.
  2. determine if separate non-Western cultures experienced all of the 6 basic emotions.
  3. prove that nomadic cultures exposed to environmental dangers on a daily basis are less skilled at identifying emotional responses of fear and surprise.
  4. Only b and c
16 .
Ekman and Cordaro (2011) provided a list of forms of overt emotional expression that are common across the human species. Which of the following is not included in this list:
  1. changes in verbalizations (i.e. tone, speed, and pitch).
  2. alternations in facial expressions.
  3. fluctuations in body posture and physical responses.
  4. flushing or increased redness in the skin.
17.
The subjective experience of emotions is traditionally assessed by:
  1. providing study participants with a SELF-REPORT survey.
  2. measuring the intensity and duration of a subject’s personal emotion with EEG.
  3. equipping study participants with Galvanic Skin Conductance (GSR) electrodes to detect emotional reactions to highly arousing videos or pictures.
  4. Only b and c

13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?

18 .
Skin conductance response (SCR) is a reliable indicator of physiological changes since this type of measurement:
  1. is accurate in identifying the source of the arousal from changes in heart rate, blood pressure or respiration.
  2. can detect general elevations in sympathetic nervous system activity.
  3. is useful in denoting when parasympathetic activity dominates over sympathetic nervous system activity.
  4. None of the above
19.
Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy (1938) removed large parts of the brain in monkeys to produce the well-known Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Which brain region was NOT removed in this type of surgery?
  1. Temporal lobe
  2. Amygdala
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Hypothalamus
20 .
Animals or humans who develop the Kluver-Bucy syndrome also display:
  1. difficulty in identifying objects by sight, the sound of stimuli or touch.
  2. binge or overeating.
  3. high levels of anxiety.
  4. complete loss of appetite.

13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression

21.
The thalamus plays a major role in emotions by receiving and processing:
  1. interoceptive signals from the body.
  2. exteroceptive signals from the environment.
  3. changes in emotional state.
  4. Only a and b
22 .
The thalamus automatically initiates behavioral, emotional, and physiological responses through influences on which of the following:
  1. hypothalamus.
  2. nucleus accumbens.
  3. amygdala.
  4. Only a and c
23.
One of the first clues prompting scientists in the 1950s to examine the role of neurotransmitters in depression originated from:
  1. observations of primates given the drug reserpine.
  2. observations of humans with tuberculosis that were sanctioned to a sanitorium.
  3. new evidence showing the beneficial effects of dopamine on mood.
  4. None of the above
24 .
Michael Koenigs’ group in 2008 initiated a large-scale study to determine if abnormal activity in the different regions of the prefrontal cortex contributes to the emotional symptoms common to depression. The results of this study indicate:
  1. participants with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage were diagnosed with little or no depression on the BDI.
  2. participants with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damage displayed high levels of depression on the BDI scale.
  3. ventromedial prefrontal cortex damaged participants displayed high levels of depression d. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex damaged participants show little or no depression
  4. Only a and b
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