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9.1 Somatosensory Receptors

Boyd, I. A. (1980). The isolated mammalian muscle spindle. Trends in Neurosciences, 3(11), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(80)90096-X

Caterina, M. J., Schumacher, M. A., Tominaga, M., Rosen, T. A., Levine, J. D., & Julius, D. (1997). The capsaicin receptor: A heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature, 389(6653), 816–824. https://doi.org/10.1038/39807

Coste, B., Mathur, J., Schmidt, M., Earley, T. J., Ranade, S., Petrus, M. J., Dubin, A. E., & Patapoutian, A. (2010). Piezo1 and Piezo2 are essential components of distinct mechanically activated cation channels. Science (New York, N.Y.), 330(6000), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193270

Crawford, L. K., & Caterina, M. J. (2020). Functional anatomy of the sensory nervous system: Updates from the neuroscience bench. Toxicologic Pathology, 48(1), 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623319869011

Haberberger, R. V., Barry, C., Dominguez, N., & Matusica, D. (2019). Human dorsal root ganglia. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 13, 271. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00271

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Hunt, S. P., & Mantyh, P. W. (2001). The molecular dynamics of pain control. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/35053509

Johansson, R. S., & Vallbo, Å. B. (1983). Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand. Trends in Neurosciences, 6(C), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(83)90011-5

Julius, D. (2013). TRP channels and pain. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 29, 355–384. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101011-155833

Julius, D., & Basbaum, A. I. (2001). Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature, 413(6852), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1038/35093019

Koerber, H. R., & Mendell, L. M. (1988). Functional specialization of central projections from identified primary afferent fibers. Journal of Neurophysiology, 60(5), 1597–1614. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.60.5.1597

Lin, Y. T., & Chen, J. C. (2018). Dorsal root ganglia isolation and primary culture to study neurotransmitter release. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE, 140, 57569. https://doi.org/10.3791/57569

Proske, U. (1979). The golgi tendon organ. Trends in Neurosciences, 2, 7–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(79)90004-3

Samanta, A., Hughes, T. E. T., & Moiseenkova-Bell, V. Y. (2018). Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Sub-cellular Biochemistry, 87, 141–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7757-9_6

9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System

Bushnell, M. C., Ceko, M., & Low, L. A. (2013). Cognitive and emotional control of pain and its disruption in chronic pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(7), 502–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3516

Jones, S. L., & Gebhart, G. F. (1988). Inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission from the midbrain, pons and medulla in the rat: Activation of descending inhibition by morphine, glutamate and electrical stimulation. Brain Research, 460(2), 281–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(88)90373-3

Joseph, S. C., & Loukas, M. (2015). History of the dermatomes. Nerves and Nerve Injuries, 1, 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-410390-0.00037-8

Mai, J. K., & Majtanik, M. (2019). Toward a common terminology for the thalamus. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 12, 114. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2018.00114

Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1965). Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science (New York, N.Y.), 150(3699), 971–979. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.150.3699.971

Millan, M. J. (2002). Descending control of pain. Progress in Neurobiology, 66(6), 355–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0082(02)00009-6

Sandkühler, J., Fu, Q. G., & Zimmermann, M. (1987). Spinal pathways mediating tonic or stimulation-produced descending inhibition from the periaqueductal gray or nucleus raphe magnus are separate in the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 58(2), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.2.327

Sheridan, N., & Tadi, P. (2023). Neuroanatomy, thalamic nuclei. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

Willis, W. D., Jr. (1985). The pain system: The neural basis of nociceptive transmission in the mammalian nervous system. Pain and Headache, 8, 1–346.

Willis, W. D., & Westlund, K. N. (1997). Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society, 14(1), 2–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004691-199701000-00002

9.3 Pain and Itch

Bair, M. J., Robinson, R. L., Katon, W., & Kroenke, K. (2003). Depression and pain comorbidity: A literature review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(20), 2433–2445. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.20.2433

Baliki, M. N., Chialvo, D. R., Geha, P. Y., Levy, R. M., Harden, R. N., Parrish, T. B., & Apkarian, A. V. (2006). Chronic pain and the emotional brain: Specific brain activity associated with spontaneous fluctuations of intensity of chronic back pain. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 26(47), 12165–12173. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3576-06.2006

Bautista, D. M., Wilson, S. R., & Hoon, M. A. (2014). Why we scratch an itch: The molecules, cells and circuits of itch. Nature Neuroscience, 17(2), 175–182. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3619

Borsook, D., & Becerra, L. (2009). Emotional pain without sensory pain--dream on?. Neuron, 61(2), 153–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.003

Cook, C. D., & Nickerson, M. D. (2005). Nociceptive sensitivity and opioid antinociception and antihyperalgesia in Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic male and female rats. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 313(1), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.104.077792

Dance, A. (2019). Why the sexes don't feel pain the same way. Nature, 567(7749), 448–450. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00895-3

Dominguez, C. A., Kouya, P. F., Wu, W. P., Hao, J. X., Xu, X. J., & Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. (2009). Sex differences in the development of localized and spread mechanical hypersensitivity in rats after injury to the infraorbital or sciatic nerves to create a model for neuropathic pain. Gender Medicine, 6 Suppl 2, 225–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genm.2009.01.003

Dong, X., & Dong, X. (2018). Peripheral and central mechanisms of itch. Neuron, 98(3), 482–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.023

Gaumond, I., Arsenault, P., & Marchand, S. (2002). The role of sex hormones on formalin-induced nociceptive responses. Brain Research, 958(1), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03661-2

Gilam, G., Gross, J. J., Wager, T. D., Keefe, F. J., & Mackey, S. C. (2020). What is the relationship between pain and emotion? Bridging constructs and communities. Neuron, 107(1), 17–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.024

Gong, W. Y., Li, C. G., Cheng, C., & Fan, K. (2021). Open reduction and internal fixation of femoral fracture without anesthesia in patient with congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 22(7), 1709–1710. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnaa423

Goodwin, G., & McMahon, S. B. (2021). The physiological function of different voltage-gated sodium channels in pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22(5), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00444-w

Greenspan, J. D., Slade, G. D., Bair, E., Dubner, R., Fillingim, R. B., Ohrbach, R., Knott, C., Mulkey, F., Rothwell, R., & Maixner, W. (2011). Pain sensitivity risk factors for chronic TMD: Descriptive data and empirically identified domains from the OPPERA case control study. The Journal of Pain, 12(11 Suppl), T61–T74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.08.006

Hilderink, P. H., Burger, H., Deeg, D. J., Beekman, A. T., & Oude Voshaar, R. C. (2012). The temporal relation between pain and depression: Results from the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(9), 945–951. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182733fdd

Hoffmann, D. E., Fillingim, R. B., & Veasley, C. (2022). The woman who cried pain: Do sex-based disparities still exist in the experience and treatment of pain?. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 50(3), 519–541. https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2022.91

Ikoma, A., Steinhoff, M., Ständer, S., Yosipovitch, G., & Schmelz, M. (2006). The neurobiology of itch. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(7), 535–547. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1950

IsHak, W. W., Wen, R. Y., Naghdechi, L., Vanle, B., Dang, J., Knosp, M., Dascal, J., Marcia, L., Gohar, Y., Eskander, L., Yadegar, J., Hanna, S., Sadek, A., Aguilar-Hernandez, L., Danovitch, I., & Louy, C. (2018). Pain and depression: A systematic review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 26(6), 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000198

Kim, S. J., Calejesan, A. A., Li, P., Wei, F., & Zhuo, M. (1999). Sex differences in late behavioral response to subcutaneous formalin injection in mice. Brain Research, 829(1-2), 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01353-0

LaCroix-Fralish, M. L., Tawfik, V. L., & DeLeo, J. A. (2005). The organizational and activational effects of sex hormones on tactile and thermal hypersensitivity following lumbar nerve root injury in male and female rats. Pain, 114(1-2), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.006

LaMotte, R. H., Dong, X., & Ringkamp, M. (2014). Sensory neurons and circuits mediating itch. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3641

Linton, S. J., & Shaw, W. S. (2011). Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain. Physical Therapy, 91(5), 700–711. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100330

Lu, Y. C., Chen, C. W., Wang, S. Y., & Wu, F. S. (2009). 17Beta-estradiol mediates the sex difference in capsaicin-induced nociception in rats. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 331(3), 1104–1110. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.109.158402

MacDonald, D. I., Sikandar, S., Weiss, J., Pyrski, M., Luiz, A. P., Millet, Q., Emery, E. C., Mancini, F., Iannetti, G. D., Alles, S. R. A., Arcangeletti, M., Zhao, J., Cox, J. J., Brownstone, R. M., Zufall, F., & Wood, J. N. (2021). A central mechanism of analgesia in mice and humans lacking the sodium channel NaV1.7. Neuron, 109(9), 1497–1512.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.012

Mogil, J. S. (2020). Qualitative sex differences in pain processing: Emerging evidence of a biased literature. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 21(7), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-020-0310-6

Mu, D., Deng, J., Liu, K. F., Wu, Z. Y., Shi, Y. F., Guo, W. M., Mao, Q. Q., Liu, X. J., Li, H., & Sun, Y. G. (2017). A central neural circuit for itch sensation. Science (New York, N.Y.), 357(6352), 695–699. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4918

Potenzieri, C., & Undem, B. J. (2012). Basic mechanisms of itch. Clinical and Experimental Allergy: Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 42(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03791.x

Presto, P., Mazzitelli, M., Junell, R., Griffin, Z., & Neugebauer, V. (2022). Sex differences in pain along the neuraxis. Neuropharmacology, 210, 109030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109030

Racine, M., Tousignant-Laflamme, Y., Kloda, L. A., Dion, D., Dupuis, G., & Choinière, M. (2012). A systematic literature review of 10 years of research on sex/gender and experimental pain perception - part 1: Are there really differences between women and men?. Pain, 153(3), 602–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.025

Racine, M., Tousignant-Laflamme, Y., Kloda, L. A., Dion, D., Dupuis, G., & Choinière, M. (2012). A systematic literature review of 10 years of research on sex/gender and pain perception - part 2: Do biopsychosocial factors alter pain sensitivity differently in women and men?. Pain, 153(3), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.026

Raja, S. N., Carr, D. B., Cohen, M., Finnerup, N. B., Flor, H., Gibson, S., Keefe, F. J., Mogil, J. S., Ringkamp, M., Sluka, K. A., Song, X. J., Stevens, B., Sullivan, M. D., Tutelman, P. R., Ushida, T., & Vader, K. (2020). The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain, 161(9), 1976–1982. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939

Reddy, V. B., Iuga, A. O., Shimada, S. G., LaMotte, R. H., & Lerner, E. A. (2008). Cowhage-evoked itch is mediated by a novel cysteine protease: A ligand of protease-activated receptors. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(17), 4331–4335. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0716-08.2008

Rolls, E. T. (2015). Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no single limbic system. Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 62, 119–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2013.12.005

Rosemberg, S., Marie, S. K., & Kliemann, S. (1994). Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV). Pediatric Neurology, 11(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-8994(94)90091-4

Ruau, D., Liu, L. Y., Clark, J. D., Angst, M. S., & Butte, A. J. (2012). Sex differences in reported pain across 11,000 patients captured in electronic medical records. The Journal of Pain, 13(3), 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2011.11.002

Sorge, R. E., & Strath, L. J. (2018). Sex differences in pain responses. Current Opinion in Physiology, 6, 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2018.05.006

Tappe-Theodor, A., & Kuner, R. (2019). A common ground for pain and depression. Nature Neuroscience, 22(10), 1612–1614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0499-8

Wang, X., Traub, R. J., & Murphy, A. Z. (2006). Persistent pain model reveals sex difference in morphine potency. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 291(2), R300–R306. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00022.2006

Zhou, W., Jin, Y., Meng, Q., Zhu, X., Bai, T., Tian, Y., Mao, Y., Wang, L., Xie, W., Zhong, H., Zhang, N., Luo, M. H., Tao, W., Wang, H., Li, J., Li, J., Qiu, B. S., Zhou, J. N., Li, X., Xu, H., & Zhang, Z. (2019). A neural circuit for comorbid depressive symptoms in chronic pain. Nature Neuroscience, 22(10), 1649–1658. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-019-0468-2

9.4 Pain Relief

Atakan, Z. (2012). Cannabis, a complex plant: Different compounds and different effects on individuals. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 2(6), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125312457586

Bagley, E. E., & Ingram, S. L. (2020). Endogenous opioid peptides in the descending pain modulatory circuit. Neuropharmacology, 173, 108131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108131

Bouchet, C. A., & Ingram, S. L. (2020). Cannabinoids in the descending pain modulatory circuit: Role in inflammation. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 209, 107495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107495

Corder, G., Castro, D. C., Bruchas, M. R., & Scherrer, G. (2018). Endogenous and exogenous opioids in pain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 41, 453–473. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061522

Finn, D. P., Haroutounian, S., Hohmann, A. G., Krane, E., Soliman, N., & Rice, A. S. C. (2021). Cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and pain: A review of preclinical studies. Pain, 162(Suppl 1), S5–S25. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002268

Fontaine, D. (2021). Spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain. Revue Neurologique, 177(7), 838–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2021.07.014

Gatchel, R. J., Peng, Y. B., Peters, M. L., Fuchs, P. N., & Turk, D. C. (2007). The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directions. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 581–624. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.581

Gatzinsky, K., Bergh, C., Liljegren, A., Silander, H., Samuelsson, J., Svanberg, T., & Samuelsson, O. (2020). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex in management of chronic neuropathic pain: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 21(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1515/sjpain-2020-0054

Hill, K. P., Palastro, M. D., Johnson, B., & Ditre, J. W. (2017). Cannabis and pain: A clinical review. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2(1), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2017.0017

Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1

Hussein, A. E., Esfahani, D. R., Moisak, G. I., Rzaev, J. A., & Slavin, K. V. (2018). Motor cortex stimulation for deafferentation pain. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 22(6), 45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-018-0697-1

Klinger, R., Colloca, L., Bingel, U., & Flor, H. (2014). Placebo analgesia: Clinical applications. Pain, 155(6), 1055–1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.12.007

Klinger, R., Stuhlreyer, J., Schwartz, M., Schmitz, J., & Colloca, L. (2018). Clinical use of placebo effects in patients with pain disorders. International Review of Neurobiology, 139, 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.015

Knotkova, H., Hamani, C., Sivanesan, E., Le Beuffe, M. F. E., Moon, J. Y., Cohen, S. P., & Huntoon, M. A. (2021). Neuromodulation for chronic pain. Lancet (London, England), 397(10289), 2111–2124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00794-7

Lefaucheur, J. P. (2017). The complex relationship between pain and motor cortex. Brain Stimulation, 10(2), 382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.130

Lossignol, D. (2019). Cannabinoids: A new approach for pain control?. Current Opinion in Oncology, 31(4), 275–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0000000000000523

McCracken, L. M., & Turk, D. C. (2002). Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatment for chronic pain: Outcome, predictors of outcome, and treatment process. Spine, 27(22), 2564–2573. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200211150-00033

Melzack, R. (2001). Pain and the neuromatrix in the brain. Journal of Dental Education, 65(12), 1378–1382.

Melzack, R. (2005). Evolution of the neuromatrix theory of pain. The Prithvi Raj Lecture: Presented at the third World Congress of World Institute of Pain, Barcelona 2004. Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute of Pain, 5(2), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-2500.2005.05203.x

Mundt, J. M., Roditi, D., & Robinson, M. E. (2017). A comparison of deceptive and non-deceptive placebo analgesia: Efficacy and ethical consequences. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 51(2), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9854-0

Nüssel, M., Hamperl, M., Maslarova, A., Chaudhry, S. R., Köhn, J., Stadlbauer, A., Buchfelder, M., & Kinfe, T. (2021). Burst motor cortex stimulation evokes sustained suppression of thalamic stroke pain: A narrative review and single-case overview. Pain and Therapy, 10(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-020-00221-0

Peng, Y. B., Ling, Q. D., Ruda, M. A., & Kenshalo, D. R. (2003). Electrophysiological changes in adult rat dorsal horn neurons after neonatal peripheral inflammation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01019.2002

Ramos-Fresnedo, A., Perez-Vega, C., Domingo, R. A., Cheshire, W. P., Middlebrooks, E. H., & Grewal, S. S. (2022). Motor cortex stimulation for pain: A narrative review of indications, techniques, and outcomes. Neuromodulation: Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society, 25(2), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2021.10.025

Rock, A. K., Truong, H., Park, Y. L., & Pilitsis, J. G. (2019). Spinal cord stimulation. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, 30(2), 169–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2018.12.003

Ruda, M. A., Ling, Q. D., Hohmann, A. G., Peng, Y. B., & Tachibana, T. (2000). Altered nociceptive neuronal circuits after neonatal peripheral inflammation. Science (New York, N.Y.), 289(5479), 628–631. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5479.628

Schafer, S. M., Geuter, S., & Wager, T. D. (2018). Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: A dual-process model informed by insights from cross-species comparisons. Progress in Neurobiology, 160, 101–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.008

Schmidt, G. L. (2019). The use of spinal cord stimulation/neuromodulation in the management of chronic pain. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 27(9), e401–e407. https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-17-00829

Sdrulla, A. D., Guan, Y., & Raja, S. N. (2018). Spinal cord stimulation: Clinical efficacy and potential mechanisms. Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute of Pain, 18(8), 1048–1067. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12692

Senatus, P., Zurek, S., & Deogaonkar, M. (2020). Deep brain stimulation and motor cortex stimulation for chronic pain. Neurology India, 68(Supplement), S235–S240. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.302471

Stockings, E., Campbell, G., Hall, W. D., Nielsen, S., Zagic, D., Rahman, R., Murnion, B., Farrell, M., Weier, M., & Degenhardt, L. (2018). Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of people with chronic noncancer pain conditions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and observational studies. Pain, 159(10), 1932–1954. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001293

Sun, L., Peng, C., Joosten, E., Cheung, C. W., Tan, F., Jiang, W., & Shen, X. (2021). Spinal cord stimulation and treatment of peripheral or central neuropathic pain: Mechanisms and clinical application. Neural Plasticity, 2021, 5607898. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5607898

Tan, L. L., & Kuner, R. (2021). Neocortical circuits in pain and pain relief. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22(8), 458–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-021-00468-2

Vase, L., & Wartolowska, K. (2019). Pain, placebo, and test of treatment efficacy: A narrative review. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 123(2), e254–e262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.01.040

Wager, T. D., & Atlas, L. Y. (2015). The neuroscience of placebo effects: Connecting context, learning and health. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(7), 403–418. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3976

Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F., Deshpande, S., Di Nisio, M., Duffy, S., Hernandez, A. V., Keurentjes, J. C., Lang, S., Misso, K., Ryder, S., Schmidlkofer, S., Westwood, M., & Kleijnen, J. (2015). Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 313(24), 2456–2473. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358

Zang, Y., Zhang, Y., Lai, X., Yang, Y., Guo, J., Gu, S., & Zhu, Y. (2021). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for neuropathic pain on the non-motor cortex: An evidence mapping of systematic reviews. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM, 2021, 3671800. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3671800

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