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Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience

Index

Introduction to Behavioral NeuroscienceIndex
Symbols
“magnocellular” cells 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
“parvocellular” ganglion cells 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
11-cis retinal 6.2 The Retina
2-AG 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats, 9.4 Pain Relief
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
5-hydroxytryptophan 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
5HT-1A 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
A
a peripheral nervous system (PNS) 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
abducting 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
Ablation 9.4 Pain Relief
acceleration 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
accessory olfactory bulb 8.3 The Olfactory System
accessory olfactory system 8.3 The Olfactory System
ACE2 8.3 The Olfactory System
Acetylcholine 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
acetylcholinesterase 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats, 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
achromatic ganglion cells 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
acquisition 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
across-fiber pattern coding 8.2 The Gustatory System
actin 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation, 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
Action potentials 2.1 Neural Communication
action tremor 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
activational 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
acupuncture 9.4 Pain Relief
Acute 12.1 What Is Stress?
adaptation 8.3 The Olfactory System
adducts 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
adenylyl cyclase III (ACIII) 8.3 The Olfactory System
afferent 1.1 Building a Nervous System
agonistic behaviors 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
agouti-related peptide (AgRP) 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
allometrically 4.3 How Do Brains Vary in Size?
Allometry 4.3 How Do Brains Vary in Size?
allostasis 12.1 What Is Stress?, 16.1 Principles of Homeostasis
Allostatic (over)load 12.4 Clinical Implications of Stress
allosteric modulators 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
alpha motoneurons 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
Alzheimer’s disease 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats, 8.3 The Olfactory System, 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
Amacrine cells 6.2 The Retina
AMPA receptors 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids, 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
amplitude 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals, 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
ampullae 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
ampullary crest 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
amygdala 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 8.3 The Olfactory System, 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response, 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response, 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?, 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
amylin 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
amyloid fibrils 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
anandamide 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
anemia 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
anencephaly 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
anhedonia 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
animal models 12.1 What Is Stress?
anorexia nervosa 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
anorexigenic 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
anosagnosia 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
anosmia 8.3 The Olfactory System
antagonist 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Anterior 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
anterior cingulate cortex 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
anterior corticospinal 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) 8.3 The Olfactory System
anterior, middle and posterior cerebral 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
anterograde amnesia 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
anterolateral system 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
antibodies 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
antigen 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
antigen presenting cells (APC) 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
antipsychotics 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
Anxiolytics 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
aperiodic 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
Aplysia 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
ApoE4 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
apoptosis 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
appetitive responses 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
Appraisal 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
appraisal dimensions 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
appraisal-based theories 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
aqueduct 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
aqueous humor 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
arachidonic acid 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
arachnoid mater 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
arachnoid villi 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
arcuate nucleus 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
Area 25 (the subcallosal cingulate or SCC) 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
area MT 6.5 Extrastriate Cortex
aromatic amino acid decarboxylase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
arousal 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
arrhythmic 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
articulators 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
Ascending 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
ascending reticular activation system (ARAS) 19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?
associative 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
associative learning 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
astrocytes 1.1 Building a Nervous System, 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
Atypical 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
auricles 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
autonomic ganglia 1.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: PNS
autonomic nervous system 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response, 17.3 How Does the Brain Talk to the Immune System?
autonomic nervous system (ANS) 1.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: PNS
autonomic specificity 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
autoreceptor 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
axon collaterals 1.1 Building a Nervous System
axon hillock 1.1 Building a Nervous System
axon terminals 1.1 Building a Nervous System
axonal reflex 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
axons 1.1 Building a Nervous System
azimuth 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
Aβ fibers 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
Aδ fibers 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
B
B cells 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
ballistic 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
Barnes maze 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
basal ganglia 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems, 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems, 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
Basal ganglia (nuclei) 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
basilar artery 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
basilar membrane 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
benzodiazepines (BZDs) 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
bilateral 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
binding affinity 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
binding problem 6.6 Unsolved Questions In Visual Perception
binding site 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
binge drinking 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
binocular neurons 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
bioavailability 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
biological inheritance 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
bipolar cells 6.2 The Retina
birth-dating techniques 4.5 How Can Diverse Species Help Us Make Inferences about Human Neurobiology?
blastocoel 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
blastocyst 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
blastopore lip 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
blood-brain barrier 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
blood-brain barrier (BBB) 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System, 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
blood-brain-barrier (BBB) 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
blue/yellow ganglion cells 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
bodily or physiological states 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
body maps 13.2 What Category of Feelings Are Considered as the “Basic Emotions”?
borders 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
bottom-up 6.6 Unsolved Questions In Visual Perception
bottom-up theory 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
bradykinesia 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
brain disease model of addiction 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
Brain organoids 4.6 How Can Brain Organoids Help Us Make Inferences about Brain Evolution?
brain systems 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
brainstem 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
breakpoint 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
Broca’s area 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
Bulimia nervosa 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
C
C-fibers 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
calcium channels 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
calcium dependent cell adhesion molecules 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
calcium-activated chloride channels 8.3 The Olfactory System
calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
caloric vestibular stimulation 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
cannabinoid (CB) receptor 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
Capsaicin 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors, 9.4 Pain Relief
cataplexy 15.4 Disorders of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
catechol-O-methyltransferase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
categorical 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
cauda equina 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
caudal 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
caudate and putamen 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
caudate nucleus 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
Cell adhesion molecules 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
center 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
central canal 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
central nervous system (CNS) 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
central pattern generation 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
Central pattern generator (CPG) 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
central sulcus 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
centralization 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
cephalization 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
cerebellar ataxia 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
cerebellum 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems, 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
cerebral aqueduct 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
cerebral commissures 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
cerebral cortex 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?
cerebral hemispheres 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
cerebral nuclei 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
cervical 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
cervicothalamic tract 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
cGMP 6.2 The Retina
change blindness 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
Channelrhodopsins-2 (ChR2) 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
chemesthesis 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems, 8.4 Chemethesis, Spices, and Solitary Chemosensory Cells
chemokines 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
cholecystokinin (CCK) 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
choline acetyltransferase 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
chorea, 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
choroid 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
chronic 12.1 What Is Stress?
chronic relapse 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
Chronic sleep deficiency 15.5 Circadian Rhythms and Society
Chronic sleep deprivation 15.5 Circadian Rhythms and Society
Chronobiology Introduction
chronomedicine 15.5 Circadian Rhythms and Society
Chronotherapy 15.5 Circadian Rhythms and Society
chronotype 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
cingulate gyrus 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
CIP 9.3 Pain and Itch
CIPA 9.3 Pain and Itch
Circadian 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
circadian rhythms 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
Circalunar 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
Circannual 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
circatidal 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
circumvallate papillae 8.2 The Gustatory System
circumventricular organs 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
classical conditioning 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
classical steroid hormone signaling mechanism 11.3 Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior: Genetic, Hormonal, and Environmental Mechanisms
claustroamygdala-DVR hypothesis 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?
cleavage 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
clock gene 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
coactivation 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
coccyx 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
cochlea 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
cochlear nucleus 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
Cocktail Party Effect 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
cogwheel 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
coincidence detector 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
collagen fibers 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
commissural 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
common chemical sense 8.4 Chemethesis, Spices, and Solitary Chemosensory Cells
competitive enzyme inhibition 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
complement cascade 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
complementary colors 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
complex cells 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
complex harmonic motion 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
compressed 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
Conditioned responses 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
Conditioned stimuli 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
conditioned taste aversion 8.2 The Gustatory System
conductive hearing loss 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
Congenital 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
conjunction search 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
connectome 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
Consciousness 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
consolidation 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems, 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
constitutive activity 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Constructionist theories 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
contralateral 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?, 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
contralesional 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
contrast 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
controllability 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
conventional antipsychotics 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
converges 6.6 Unsolved Questions In Visual Perception
copper 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
core emotions 13.2 What Category of Feelings Are Considered as the “Basic Emotions”?
cornea 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
coronal 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
corpus callosum 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
cortical layers 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
corticobulbar 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
corticonuclear 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
corticotropin releasing hormone 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
covert attention 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
cowhage spicules 9.3 Pain and Itch
Cramps 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
critical periods 5.4 Experience Dependent Plasticity, 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
crystalline lens 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
CT 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
cues 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
cupula 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
Cushing’s syndrome 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels 8.3 The Olfactory System
cyclooxygenase 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
cytochrome oxidase blobs 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
cytokines 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
D
Daylight Savings Time (DST) 15.5 Circadian Rhythms and Society
dead zone 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
decibels of sound pressure level 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
declarative memories 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
Decompression 9.4 Pain Relief
decussates 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
deep brain stimulation (DBS) 9.4 Pain Relief
deep-brain stimulation (DBS) 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
defasciculation 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
default mode network (DMN) 19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?
delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) 15.4 Disorders of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
delta sleep 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
delta waves 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
dendrites 1.1 Building a Nervous System
dendritic spines 1.1 Building a Nervous System, 1.1 Building a Nervous System
dependence 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
depolarized resting potential 6.2 The Retina
depolymerization 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
depotentiation 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
depressants 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
depression 9.3 Pain and Itch
dermatome 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
descending tracts 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
Development 11.1 Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism
Diacylglycerol 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
diacylglycerol lipase 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V-TR 9.3 Pain and Itch
dichotomous listening 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
diencephalon 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
differentiation 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
diffract 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
diffusible dyes 4.4 How Do Connections Differ Across Species?
diffusion MRI 4.4 How Do Connections Differ Across Species?, 4.4 How Do Connections Differ Across Species?
direct pathway 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
directionally selective 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
disinhibition 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
distress 12.1 What Is Stress?
diurnal 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
DNA 1.1 Building a Nervous System
DNA methylation 11.3 Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior: Genetic, Hormonal, and Environmental Mechanisms
dopamine 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles, 11.4 Sex Differences in Brain Circuits and Susceptibility to Psychiatric Disease
dopamine-beta-hydroxylase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
Dorsal 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
dorsal attentional network (DAN) 19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?
dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
dorsal pathway 6.5 Extrastriate Cortex
dorsal root ganglia 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
dorsal root ganglion 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
dorsal root. 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
dorsal roots 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
dose-response curve 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
double dissociation 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
double simultaneous stimulation 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
Dravet syndrome 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
DRG 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
drug-drug interactions 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
dura mater 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
Duration 12.1 What Is Stress?
duration of action 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
dynamic 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
dysmetria 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
dysphagia 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
dystonia 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
E
early selection 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
eating disorders 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
echolocation 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
ecological inheritance 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
ectoderm 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
ectotherms 16.3 Neural Control of Core Body Temperature
Efferent 1.1 Building a Nervous System
electroencephalography (EEG) 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
electromagnetic spectrum 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
electromotive 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
electromyography (EMG) 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
electrooculography 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
elevation 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
emotion regulation 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
encephalocele 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
endocannabinoids 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
endogenous 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
endogenous attention 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
endogenous opioid system 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
endolymph 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?, 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
endoplasmic reticulum 1.1 Building a Nervous System
endorphins 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids, 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
endotherms 16.3 Neural Control of Core Body Temperature
endstopping 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
engram 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
ensemble 6.6 Unsolved Questions In Visual Perception
enteral 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
enteric 1.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: PNS
entorhinal cortex 8.3 The Olfactory System
entrainment 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
environmental dependency syndrome 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
enzymes 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
EOG 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
ephrins 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
epigenetic 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
epinephrine 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
episodic memory 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
error monitoring 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
error-related negativity 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
Eustachian tube 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
eustress 12.1 What Is Stress?
excitatory amino acid transporters 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
executive function 5.4 Experience Dependent Plasticity, 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
exencephaly 5.4 Experience Dependent Plasticity
exogenous 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
exogenous attention 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
external auditory meatus 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
external ear 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
exteroception 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
extinction 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction, 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
extrafusal 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
extrastriate 6.5 Extrastriate Cortex
extrastriate visual areas 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
F
face patches 6.5 Extrastriate Cortex
familial 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
fascicles 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
fatty acid amide hydrolase 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
feed-forward mechanism 16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
feedback 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
Fertilization 11.1 Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAD) 5.4 Experience Dependent Plasticity
fetal yolk sac 17.4 What Do Immune System Signals Do Once They Reach the Brain?
fever 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
field homology 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?
field/population EPSP (pEPSP) 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
filiform papillae 8.2 The Gustatory System
filopodia 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
filtering 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
fissures 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
fixation point 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
Flanker Task 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
flavor 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
flexure 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
flip flop switch 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
fMRI 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
fMRI and Resting states 4.4 How Do Connections Differ Across Species?
foliate papillae 8.2 The Gustatory System
food-caching 18.3 Explicit Memories: Episodic and Semantic Memories
forebrain vocal nuclei 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
formants 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
fornix 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
fourth ventricle 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
fovea 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
free nerve endings 8.4 Chemethesis, Spices, and Solitary Chemosensory Cells, 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
free-running 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
frequency 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals, 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
frontal 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
full agonist 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
functional anatomy 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
functional architecture 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 13.2 What Category of Feelings Are Considered as the “Basic Emotions”?
fundamental frequency 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
fungiform papillae 8.2 The Gustatory System
fusiform face area 6.5 Extrastriate Cortex
fusiform face area (FFA) 19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?
G
G proteins 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
G-protein coupled receptors 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
GABA 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
gain 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
Gamete Production 11.1 Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism
gametes 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
gamma motoneurons 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
ganglia 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System, 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
ganglionic eminences 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
gastrulation 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
Gate control theory 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
geniculo-hypothalamic tract 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
germ layers 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
ghrelin 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
glia 1.1 Building a Nervous System
gliogenesis 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
gliogenic 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
globus pallidus 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
globus pallidus internal (GPi) 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
glomerulus 8.3 The Olfactory System
glucocorticoid receptor 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
glutamate 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
glutamic acid decarboxylase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
glutamine 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
glymphatic system 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
Gnostic neurons 6.6 Unsolved Questions In Visual Perception
Go/No-Go task 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
Golf 8.3 The Olfactory System
Golgi apparatus 1.1 Building a Nervous System
Golgi stain 1.1 Building a Nervous System
Golgi tendon organ 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors, 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
Golgi tendon organs. 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
gonads 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
grade shifts 4.3 How Do Brains Vary in Size?
grandmother cells 6.6 Unsolved Questions In Visual Perception
gray 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
gray matter 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
green fluorescent protein (GFP) 1.1 Building a Nervous System
grey matter 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?
grid cells 18.3 Explicit Memories: Episodic and Semantic Memories
growth cone 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
gustation 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
gustatory nucleus 8.2 The Gustatory System
gustatory nucleus, are arranged anatomically by the incoming nerve and which part of the oral cavity it innervates. 8.2 The Gustatory System
gustatory receptor neurons 8.2 The Gustatory System
gyri 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
H
habituation 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
hair cells 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?, 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
half-life 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Hallucinogens 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
harmonic series 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
head direction cells 18.3 Explicit Memories: Episodic and Semantic Memories
hedonia hypothesis 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
hemianopia 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
hemispheric rivalry hypothesis 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
heterodimerize 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
high load 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
high-acuity 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
high-order control 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
hippocampal theta rhythm 18.3 Explicit Memories: Episodic and Semantic Memories
hippocampus 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response, 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response, 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?, 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
Histamine 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids, 9.3 Pain and Itch
histamine-N-methyltransferase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
Histone modification 11.3 Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior: Genetic, Hormonal, and Environmental Mechanisms
homeostasis 2.5 Our Deep but Still Incomplete Understanding of Neural Signaling, 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?, Introduction
homeostatic 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
homology 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?
homosynaptic 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
homovanillic acid 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
homunculus 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System, 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
horizontal 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
Horizontal cells 6.2 The Retina
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
hydrocephalus 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
hyperreflexia 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
hypertonic 16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
hypofrontality 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis 17.3 How Does the Brain Talk to the Immune System?
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
hypothalamus 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
hypotonic 16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
I
imipramine 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
Immunofluorescence 1.1 Building a Nervous System
immunosuppression 17.3 How Does the Brain Talk to the Immune System?
impedance 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
inattentional blindness 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
incentive salience theory 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
incus 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
indirect pathway 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
induced pluripotent stem cells 4.6 How Can Brain Organoids Help Us Make Inferences about Brain Evolution?
infantile amnesia 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
inferior 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
inferior colliculus 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
inferotemporal cortex 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex, 6.5 Extrastriate Cortex
inflammation 12.4 Clinical Implications of Stress
inflammatory priming 12.4 Clinical Implications of Stress
Infradian 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
Inhalation 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
inhibitory control 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
innate 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
inner cell mass 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
inner ear 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
inner hair cells 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
Insomnia 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
Institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) 4.1 How Do We Choose A Model System?
insula cortex 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
integrins 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
intention tremor 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
interaural level difference 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
interaural time delay 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
interference 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
interictal epileptiform discharges 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
interindividual variability 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
interoception 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
intrafusal 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
Intranasal 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Intravenous (IV) 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Intravenous self-administration (IVSA) 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells (ipRGCs) 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
inverse agonist 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
inverted-U curve 12.1 What Is Stress?
Ionotropic receptors 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles, 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
iproniazid 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
Ipsilateral 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation, 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
ipsilesional 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
isocortex-DVR hypothesis 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?
isotonic 16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
IT 6.5 Extrastriate Cortex
J
junctional folds 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
K
kainate receptors 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
knee-jerk reflex 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
Korsakoff’s syndrome 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
L
L 6.2 The Retina
L-DOPA 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
L-histidine decarboxylase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
labeled line coding 8.2 The Gustatory System
lamellipodium 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
larynx 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
late selection 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
lateral 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
lateral corticospinal 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
lateral geniculate nucleus 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
lateral lemniscus 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
lateral olfactory tract 8.3 The Olfactory System
lateral superior olive 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
lateral ventricles 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
layer 4 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
layers 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?
lengthening contractions 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
leptin 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
Levodopa (L-DOPA) 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
ligand 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
Ligand-gated channels 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
light-dark choice test 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
limbic system 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
line bisection task 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
line cancellation task 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
lipid-solubility 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
lipopolysaccharide 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
lissencephaly 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
locus coeruleus (LC) 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
long 6.2 The Retina
long-term depression (LTD) 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
long-term memories 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
long-term potentiation (LTP) 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
longitudinal fissure 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
loudness 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
low load 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
lower 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
lower motor neurons 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
lower motor neurons (LMNs). 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
LPS 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
lumbar 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
lymphatic system 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
lymphocytes 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
lysosomes 1.1 Building a Nervous System
M
M 6.2 The Retina
M1 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
macrophage 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
macula 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
magnetic stimulation 9.4 Pain Relief
Major depressive disorder (MDD) 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
major histocompatibility complex 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
malleus 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
massage 9.4 Pain Relief
mast cells 11.4 Sex Differences in Brain Circuits and Susceptibility to Psychiatric Disease
maternal immune activation (MIA) 17.4 What Do Immune System Signals Do Once They Reach the Brain?
MCS 9.4 Pain Relief
MDD 9.3 Pain and Itch
mechanically-activated cation channels 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
mechanoreceptors 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
Medial 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
medial lemniscus 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
medial superior olive 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
medical condition 9.3 Pain and Itch
medulla oblongata 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
medullary cardiovascular control center (MCCC) 16.2 Neural Control of Blood Oxygenation Levels
medullary respiratory control center (MRCC) 16.2 Neural Control of Blood Oxygenation Levels
Meissner’s corpuscle 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
melanopsin 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
meninges 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System, 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
Merkel disk 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
mesencephalon (midbrain) 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
mesocortical pathway 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
mesolimbic pathway 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
mesor 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
Metabotropic receptors 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
metencephalon 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
microdialysis 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
microglia 1.1 Building a Nervous System, 11.4 Sex Differences in Brain Circuits and Susceptibility to Psychiatric Disease, 12.4 Clinical Implications of Stress
midbrain 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
middle 6.2 The Retina
middle ear 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
mild 12.1 What Is Stress?
mild cognitive impairment 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
mineralocorticoid receptor 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
mitochondria 1.1 Building a Nervous System
Mitral cells 8.3 The Olfactory System
model system 4.1 How Do We Choose A Model System?
moderate 12.1 What Is Stress?
Modulation 9.4 Pain Relief
monoacylglycerol lipase 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
monoamine oxidase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
monoamine oxidase (MAO) 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
monocyte 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
Morris water maze 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
mossy fiber pathway 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
motor cortex 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
Motor cortex stimulation 9.4 Pain Relief
motor field 19.4 What is the Relationship between Attention and Eye Movements?
motor neuron 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
motor sequence 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
motor unit 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
Mouthfeel 8.5 Influences That Shape Perception of Smell and Flavor
MRI 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
mRNA 1.1 Building a Nervous System
mucunain 9.3 Pain and Itch
multipotency 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
muscle ensemble 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
muscle fiber 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
muscle spindle 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
Muscle spindles 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
myasthenia gravis 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
myelencephalon 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
Myelin 1.1 Building a Nervous System
myelination 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
myofibrils 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
myosin 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
N
N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
Naloxone 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
Narcolepsy 15.4 Disorders of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
narcotics 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
narrowly tuned 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
Negative feedback 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
negative reinforcement 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
negative stress 12.1 What Is Stress?
negative symptoms 14.2 Psychotherapeutics, 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
Nerve cords 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
nerves 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
netrin 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
neural circuits 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
neural crest cells 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
neural folds 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
neural groove 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
neural inducers 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
neural induction 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
neural nets 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
neural plasticity 5.4 Experience Dependent Plasticity
neural plate 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
neural stem cells 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
neural tube 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
neuraxis 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
Neurodegeneration 12.4 Clinical Implications of Stress
neuroectoderm 17.4 What Do Immune System Signals Do Once They Reach the Brain?
neurofibrillary tangles 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
neurogenesis 4.5 How Can Diverse Species Help Us Make Inferences about Human Neurobiology?, 4.5 How Can Diverse Species Help Us Make Inferences about Human Neurobiology?, 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
neurogenic inflammation 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
neuroglandular junctions 1.1 Building a Nervous System
neuroimaging 4.4 How Do Connections Differ Across Species?
neuroinflammation 12.4 Clinical Implications of Stress
neuromuscular junction 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
neuromuscular junctions 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
neuromuscular junctions) 1.1 Building a Nervous System
neurons 1.1 Building a Nervous System
Neuropathic pain 9.3 Pain and Itch
neuropeptides 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
Neuropsychopharmacology Introduction
Neurosteroids 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
Neurotransmitter 2.1 Neural Communication
neurotransmitters 1.1 Building a Nervous System, 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles, 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
neurotrophic model 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
neurotrophins 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
neurulation 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
Neutrophils 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
nicotinic receptors 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
NMDA receptor 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
NMDA receptors 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
Nociceptive pain 9.3 Pain and Itch
nociceptor 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
nocturnal 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
node 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
noggin 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
non-24 hour sleep/wake disorder 15.4 Disorders of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
non-REM 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
non-tasters 8.5 Influences That Shape Perception of Smell and Flavor
nonphotic 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
noradrenergic system 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
norepinephrine 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles, 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
nuclei 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System, 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?
nucleus 1.1 Building a Nervous System
nucleus accumbens 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
nucleus accumbens (NAc) 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
nucleus of the solitary tract 8.2 The Gustatory System
nucleus of the trapezoid body 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
nystagmus 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
O
Obesity 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
object-based neglect 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
occipital 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
ocular dominance 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
ocular dominance columns 5.4 Experience Dependent Plasticity
odorants 8.3 The Olfactory System
off response 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
off-center 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
off-center ganglion cell 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
olfactory bulb 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 8.3 The Olfactory System
olfactory epithelium 8.3 The Olfactory System
olfactory receptors 8.3 The Olfactory System
Olfactory sensory neurons 8.3 The Olfactory System
olfactory system 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
oligodendrocytes 1.1 Building a Nervous System
on-center 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
on-center ganglion cell 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
operant conditioning 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?, 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
opponent colors 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
opponent-color cells 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
opsin 6.2 The Retina
optic disk 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
optic nerve 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
optical recording 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
optogenetics 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
Oral 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
orbitofrontal cortex 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
orexigenic 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
orexin 15.4 Disorders of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
organ of Corti 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
organ vasculosum of the lateral terminalis 16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
organizational 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
orientation columns 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
orientation pinwheels 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
orthonasal 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
osmolarity 16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
osmosis 16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
OTC 9.4 Pain Relief
otoconia 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
otolith organs 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
ototoxic 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
outer hair cells 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
oval window 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
ovaries 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
overstretching 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
overt attention 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
oxytocin 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
P
Pacinian corpuscle 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
Pain 9.3 Pain and Itch
Pain disorders 9.3 Pain and Itch
Papez Circuit 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
parahippocampal place area (PPA) 19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?
parasympathetic 1.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: PNS
parasympathetic nervous system 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response, 17.3 How Does the Brain Talk to the Immune System?
parenteral 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
parietal 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
Parkinson’s disease 8.3 The Olfactory System
parosmia 8.3 The Olfactory System
partial agonist 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
pathogens 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
PCBs 11.3 Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior: Genetic, Hormonal, and Environmental Mechanisms
peptide YY (PYY) 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
perception 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
perceptual load theory 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
perforant path 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
periaqueductal gray (PAG) 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
perilymph 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
period 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
periodic 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
Peripheral nerve stimulation 9.4 Pain Relief
perseveration 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
PET 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
phagocyte 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
pharmacodynamics 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
pharmacokinetics 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
phase 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals, 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
phase difference 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
phase relationship 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
phase response curve 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
phenolethanolamine-N-methyltransferase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
pheromones 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
phonation 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
phone 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
phoneme 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
phospholipase D 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
photoreceptors 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System, 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
phototransduction 6.2 The Retina
physical 12.1 What Is Stress?
Physical therapy 9.4 Pain Relief
pia mater 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
piezo channels 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
place cells 18.3 Explicit Memories: Episodic and Semantic Memories
place code 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
placebo 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
placebo effect 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
plasticity 5.4 Experience Dependent Plasticity
polymerization 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
polymodal nociceptors 8.4 Chemethesis, Spices, and Solitary Chemosensory Cells
polyneuronal innervation 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
polysomnogram (PSG) 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
pons 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
pop out 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
positive stress 12.1 What Is Stress?
positive symptoms 14.2 Psychotherapeutics, 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
posterior 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
posterior parietal cortex 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
postsynaptic neuron 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
power stroke 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
pre-optic area (POA) 16.3 Neural Control of Core Body Temperature
predictability 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
prefrontal cortex 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
prefrontal cortex (PFC) 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
prefrontal cortices 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
premotor cortices 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
premotor theory of attention 19.4 What is the Relationship between Attention and Eye Movements?
pressure 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
presynaptic neuron 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
primary afferents 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
primary appraisals 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
primary gustatory cortex (GC) 8.2 The Gustatory System
primary motor (M1) 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
primary motor cortex 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
primary motor cortex (M1) 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
primary visual cortex 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
primitive hematopoiesis 17.4 What Do Immune System Signals Do Once They Reach the Brain?
primitive streak 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
prism adaptation 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) 16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior
procedural memory 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored, 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
Process C 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
Process S 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
prodrugs 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
proglial 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
progressive ratio schedule 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) 19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?
proneural 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
proprioception 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
proprioceptors 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
prosencephalon (forebrain) 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
Prosopagnosia 6.6 Unsolved Questions In Visual Perception
prostaglandins 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
protease-activated receptors (PAR) 9.3 Pain and Itch
pruning 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
pruriceptors 9.3 Pain and Itch
pruritus 9.3 Pain and Itch
psychological 12.1 What Is Stress?
psychological factors 9.3 Pain and Itch
psychometric curve 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
Psychopharmacology Introduction
psychosis 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
psychostimulants 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
Psychotherapeutics 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
pulvinar 19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?
Punishments 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
putamen 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
R
radial symmetry 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM or REM sleep) 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
rapid steroid hormone signaling mechanism 11.3 Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior: Genetic, Hormonal, and Environmental Mechanisms
rarefied 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
re-uptake 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
Recall 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
receiver 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
receptive field 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
receptive fields 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
receptor 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
receptors 6.2 The Retina
reconsolidation 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
Reconstruction 9.4 Pain Relief
red nucleus 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
red/green ganglion cells 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
refinement 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
reflex arc 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
reflexes 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
reinstatement 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation 9.4 Pain Relief
representational neglect 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
reproductive mating instincts 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
Resilience 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
resonance 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
respiratory depression 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
resting states fMRI 4.4 How Do Connections Differ Across Species?
resting tremor 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
retention 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
reticular formation 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
retina 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
retinal ganglion cells 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
retinohypothalamic tract 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
retinorecipient core 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
retinotopic 19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?
retrograde amnesia 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
retrograde neurotransmission 3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats
retronasal olfaction 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
reuptake 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
reverberation 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
reward prediction error hypothesis 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
rhodopsin 6.2 The Retina
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
rhythm 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
rhythmic shell 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
ribbon synapse 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
ribosomes 1.1 Building a Nervous System
rigor mortis 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
RNA sequencing 4.6 How Can Brain Organoids Help Us Make Inferences about Brain Evolution?
Rostral 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
round window 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
rTMS 9.4 Pain Relief
Ruffini endings 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
S
S 6.2 The Retina
saccade 19.4 What is the Relationship between Attention and Eye Movements?
saccule 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
sacral 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
sagittal 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
sarcolemma 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
sarcomeres 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
sarcoplasmic reticulum 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
scala media 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
scala tympani 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
scala vestibuli 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
Schaffer collateral pathway 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
schizophrenia 9.3 Pain and Itch, 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
Schwann cells 1.1 Building a Nervous System
sclera 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
SCN 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
SCS 9.4 Pain Relief
secondary appraisals 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
secondary gustatory cortex 8.2 The Gustatory System
secondary messenger 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
segmentation 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
seizure disorders 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
selective attention 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
self-monitoring 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
self-ordered pointing task 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
self-renew 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
semaphorins 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
semicircular canals 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
sender 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
sensilla 8.2 The Gustatory System
sensitization 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
sensorineural hearing loss 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
sensory ganglia 1.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: PNS
septum 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
sequencing 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
serotonergic system 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
serotonin 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles, 11.4 Sex Differences in Brain Circuits and Susceptibility to Psychiatric Disease
severe 12.1 What Is Stress?
Severity 12.1 What Is Stress?
sex chromosomes 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
sex determination 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
sex differences 11.1 Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism
sex-determining region Y 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
sexual conflict 11.1 Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism
sexual differentiation 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
sexual dimorphism 11.1 Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism
sexual reproduction 11.1 Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism
Shift work 15.5 Circadian Rhythms and Society
short 6.2 The Retina
Short-term memories 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
shortening contractions 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
Sickness behaviors 17.2 What Does Your Immune System Have to Do with Your Behavior?
sigmoidal 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
Signal integration 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
signals 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
silent synapses 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) 8.5 Influences That Shape Perception of Smell and Flavor
sinusoid 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
size principle 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
sleep hygiene 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?, 15.5 Circadian Rhythms and Society
sleep inertia 15.4 Disorders of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
sleep paralysis 15.4 Disorders of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
sleep spindles 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
slow wave sleep 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
smell 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
social 12.1 What Is Stress?
social bonds 4.5 How Can Diverse Species Help Us Make Inferences about Human Neurobiology?
social buffering 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
social inheritance 12.3 Interindividual Variability and Resilience in Response to Stress
Social jetlag 15.5 Circadian Rhythms and Society
solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) 8.4 Chemethesis, Spices, and Solitary Chemosensory Cells
soma 1.1 Building a Nervous System
somatic nervous system (SNS) 1.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: PNS
somatosensory cortex (S1) 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System, 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
somatotopically 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
somesthesis 8.4 Chemethesis, Spices, and Solitary Chemosensory Cells
spatial neglect 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
spectrum 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals, 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
speech 7.1 Acoustic Cues and Signals
speed cells 18.3 Explicit Memories: Episodic and Semantic Memories
Spemann-Mangold organizer 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
spinal cord dorsal horn neurons 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
Spinal cord stimulation 9.4 Pain Relief
spindle fibers 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs, 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
spinocerebellar tracts 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems, 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
spinohypothalamic tract 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
spinomesencephalic tract 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
spinoreticular tract 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
spinothalamic tract 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
spiral ganglion 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?, 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
sporadic 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored
Stage 1 non-REM sleep 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
Stage 2 non-REM sleep 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
Stage 3 non-REM sleep 15.3 Regulation of Sleep
stapedius 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
stapes 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
static 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
stereocilia 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
steroid hormone 5.4 Experience Dependent Plasticity
steroid hormones 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
Stimulants 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
stress 12.1 What Is Stress?
stress response 12.1 What Is Stress?
stress-related disorders 12.4 Clinical Implications of Stress
stressor 12.1 What Is Stress?, 17.3 How Does the Brain Talk to the Immune System?
striatum 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
Stroop task 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
Subchronic 12.1 What Is Stress?
subfornical organ (SFO) 16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior
subjective day 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
subjective night 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
substance use disorder (SUD) 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
substantia nigra 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
substantia nigra pars compacta 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
subthalamic nucleus 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
sulci 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 5.2 Growth and Development of the Early Brain
Superior 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
superior colliculus 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
superior colliculus (SC) 19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?
supertasters 8.5 Influences That Shape Perception of Smell and Flavor
supporting cells 8.3 The Olfactory System
suprachiasmatic nucleus 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
surround 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
switch cost 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
Sylvian fissure 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
sympathetic 1.5 The Peripheral Nervous System: PNS
sympathetic nervous system 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response, 17.3 How Does the Brain Talk to the Immune System?
sympatho-adrenomedullary system 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
sympatho-neural system 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
synapse 1.1 Building a Nervous System, 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles, 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
synaptic cleft 1.1 Building a Nervous System, 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
synaptic pruning 17.4 What Do Immune System Signals Do Once They Reach the Brain?
synaptic vesicles 3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles
synaptogenesis 4.5 How Can Diverse Species Help Us Make Inferences about Human Neurobiology?, 4.5 How Can Diverse Species Help Us Make Inferences about Human Neurobiology?
T
T cell 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
TAS2R38 8.5 Influences That Shape Perception of Smell and Flavor
task switching 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
taste 8.1 The Chemical Senses are Several Distinct Sensory Systems
taste buds. 8.2 The Gustatory System
taste pore 8.2 The Gustatory System
taste receptor cells (TRCs) 8.2 The Gustatory System
tectorial membrane 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
tectum 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
tegmentum 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
telencephalon 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS, 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?
temporal 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
TENS 9.4 Pain Relief
tensor tympani 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
teratogens 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
testes 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
testosterone 11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
thalamus 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?, 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
THC 9.4 Pain Relief
The Disembodied Lady 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
therapeutic window 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
thermal-TRPs 8.4 Chemethesis, Spices, and Solitary Chemosensory Cells
thermoTRPs 16.3 Neural Control of Core Body Temperature
third ventricle 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
thoracic 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
three primary colors 6.3 Visual Processing Begins in Bipolar, Horizontal, Amacrine and Ganglion Cells
threshold plot 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
thymus 17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System
timbre 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
time cells 18.3 Explicit Memories: Episodic and Semantic Memories
tip link 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
tolerance 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
tongue 8.2 The Gustatory System
tonotopic organization 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
tonotopy 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
top-down 6.6 Unsolved Questions In Visual Perception, 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?, 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
top-down theory 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
topography 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
Tourette's syndrome 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
Tower of London (ToL) 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
tract-tracers 4.4 How Do Connections Differ Across Species?, 4.4 How Do Connections Differ Across Species?
tracts 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
transcranial electrical stimulation 9.4 Pain Relief
transcranial magnetic stimulation 19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?
transcription/translation feedback loops 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 9.4 Pain Relief
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) 9.4 Pain Relief
Transdermal 14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
transient receptor potential (TRP) 9.1 Somatosensory Receptors
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel 8.4 Chemethesis, Spices, and Solitary Chemosensory Cells
translational research 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
translocate 15.2 Where Are Rhythms in the Brain?
transplantation assays 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
traumatic 12.1 What Is Stress?
treatment-resistant depression (TRD) 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
tricyclic antidepressants 13.4 Mood and Emotional Disorders Associated with Depression
trisynaptic loop 18.4 Synaptic Mechanisms of Long-Term Memory
Trk receptors 5.3 Synapse Formation and Maturation
tropomyosin 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
troponin 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
tryptophan hydroxylase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
Tufted cells 8.3 The Olfactory System
two-factor theory 13.1 Foundational and Contemporary Theories of Emotion
tympanic membrane 7.2 How Does Acoustic Information Enter the Brain?
type 12.1 What Is Stress?
Type I (slow) 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
Type II taste receptor cells 8.2 The Gustatory System
Type IIA (fast) 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
tyrosine hydroxylase 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
U
Ultradian 15.1 What Are Circadian Rhythms?
unconditioned response 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
unconditioned stimulus 18.2 Implicit Memories: Associative vs. Nonassociative Learning
unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) 14.2 Psychotherapeutics
upper 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
upper motor neurons (UMNs) 10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs
utricle 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
V
VA/VL complex 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
vagus (X) nerve 8.2 The Gustatory System
vagus nerve 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 17.3 How Does the Brain Talk to the Immune System?
vector 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
venous sinuses 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
ventral 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
ventral anterior/ventrolateral (VA/VL) complex 10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems
ventral attentional network (VAN) 19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?
ventral horns 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
ventral medial prefrontal cortex 13.3 What Is the Contribution of Brain Structures in Emotional States?
ventral pathway 6.5 Extrastriate Cortex
ventral posterior lateral (VPL) 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
ventral posterior medial (VPM) 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus (VPMpc) 8.2 The Gustatory System
ventral roots 1.3 The Central Nervous System: CNS
ventral tegmental area 12.2 Neural Mechanisms and Circuitry of the Stress Response
ventral tegmental area (VTA) 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function, 14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
ventricles 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System, 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
vermis 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
vertebrae 5.1 Gastrulation and Formation of the Neural Tube (Neurulation)
vertebral arteries 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System
vesicular GABA transporter 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
vestibular ganglion 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
vestibular nuclear complex 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
vestibulocollic reflex 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
vestibulospinal reflex 7.4 Balance: A Sense of Where You Are
vigilance 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
visible spectrum 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
visual field 6.4 The Thalamus and Primary Visual Cortex
visual pigment molecules 6.2 The Retina
visual search 19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?
Vitamin C 3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids
vitreous humor 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
vomeronasal organ 8.3 The Olfactory System
vowels 7.3 How Does the Brain Process Acoustic Information?
W
wavelength 6.1 An Overview of the Visual System
Wernicke’s area 1.4 The Brain: Structure and Function
white matter 1.2 Organization of the Nervous System, 4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?, 9.2 Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
withdrawal 14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
working memory 18.1 Memory is Classified Based on Time Course and Type of Information Stored, 19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?
Z
Z-disk 10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles
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