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Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience

Multiple Choice

Introduction to Behavioral NeuroscienceMultiple Choice

4.1 How Do We Choose A Model System?

1.
We do we study model organisms?
  1. Humans are not interesting to study.
  2. They are computational approximations of real neural systems.
  3. What we learn can apply across species.
  4. We can conduct work in them without any regulatory approval.
2 .
IACUC review of proposed animal studies focuses on:
  1. ensuring that the animals do not feel pain and/or that measures are taken to minimize pain.
  2. keeping costs low for the researchers.
  3. checking that the researchers have sufficient funding to perform the research.
  4. All the above.
3.
To receive IACUC approval, an animal study must:
  1. benefit the animal.
  2. have potential value to society.
  3. use a large number of animals.
  4. use organoids.

4.2 How Do We Compare Brains?

4 .
Comparative neuroscience is typically studied at which scale?
  1. Micro
  2. Meso
  3. Macro
  4. All the above
5.
Organization of distinct grey and white matter:
  1. is the same in bird and mammal telencephalon.
  2. is found in bird but not in mammal telencephalon.
  3. is found in mammal but not in bird telencephalon.
  4. is not found in bird or mammal telencephalon.
6 .
Birds lack distinct grey and white matter in their telencephalon:
  1. because they don’t have myelin.
  2. because they don’t have neurons.
  3. because their neurons are organized in nuclei instead of layers.
  4. because the axons in birds are interspersed through among cell bodies and are not bundled together in large, distinct groups.
7.
In the isocortex-DVR hypothesis, what consideration drives how homologous regions of mammalian and avian brain are defined?
  1. Field homology of the cells that populate brain regions
  2. What cellular population from development eventually populates the area
  3. How the areas connect to other brain regions
  4. The physical shape of the brain regions
8 .
The bird DVR is homologous to what in mammalian brains?
  1. It depends on how you define homology
  2. The claustroamygdala complex
  3. The neocortex
  4. The hyperpallium

4.3 How Do Brains Vary in Size?

9.
Human brains have the most proportional brain volume dedicated to cortex among primates.
  1. True
  2. False
10 .
Differences in total brain size between species:
  1. explain a large portion of differences in cognitive capacity.
  2. explain only a tiny portion of differences in cognitive capacity.
  3. reveal that humans have the largest brains of any known animals.
  4. are overall small-that is, brains of most known species are around the same size.
11.
Imagine a species with a brain five times larger than a human’s brain. Based on the allometry of the cortex, how large would you expect the cortex to be, relative to that of a human?
  1. Also five times bigger
  2. More than five times bigger
  3. Less than five times bigger
  4. None of the above
12 .
The “grade shift” in cortical volume proportion in the brain among primates means:
  1. the primate cortex is larger than would be predicted just based on the primate’s total brain size.
  2. the primate cortex is smaller than would be predicted just based on the primate’s total brain size.
  3. the primate cortex is sized just as would be predicted just based on the primate’s total brain size.
  4. the primate cortex is homologous across species.

4.4 How Do Connections Differ Across Species?

13.
If you wanted to trace a neural pathway in mice, which technique would be best?
  1. Inorganic dyes used on postmortem tissue
  2. Tract-tracers injected in the brain region of interest
  3. Structural MR imaging
  4. Diffusion tensor imaging
14 .
Which kind of connection is most common in the brain?
  1. Local connections
  2. Long-range connections
  3. We don’t know
  4. Local connections for smaller brains and long-range connections for larger brains
15.
Which imaging technique is used to measure spontaneous brain activity in humans?
  1. Resting-state fMRI
  2. Task-based fMRI
  3. Structural MRI
  4. Diffusion MRI
16 .
What does functional MR imaging measure most directly?
  1. Blood fluctuations
  2. Neuronal activity
  3. Neuronal glucose uptake
  4. Diffusion of water molecules along axonal pathways
17.
What is a limit to using tract-tracers to define neural circuits?
  1. They cannot be ethically used in humans.
  2. They are labor intensive and therefore studies using them take a long time to do.
  3. They can only be used in live animals.
  4. All of these are limits to tract-tracers.
18 .
Anterograde tracers move:
  1. from cell body to the axon/axon terminals.
  2. from axon/axon terminal to the cell body.
  3. in both directions—to the axon and to the cell body.
19.
Connectivity in human brains is inferred from:
  1. Resting-state fMRI.
  2. Diffusion MRI.
  3. Information from model systems.
  4. All of these combined.

4.5 How Can Diverse Species Help Us Make Inferences about Human Neurobiology?

20 .
In the partner preference assay, a male vole spends more time near a female previously mated with than near a new female. What is most likely true about this male vole?
  1. The male vole is a member of a monogamous pair-bonding species.
  2. The male vole is a member of a polygamous species.
  3. The male vole is an odd exception to the rule; rodents usually prefer novel partners.
  4. It is a mystery what is going on here.
21.
Monogamous and polygamous voles are useful for studying pair-bonding because:
  1. their brains are very similar, yet they show very different behaviors.
  2. their brains are very different, yet they show very similar behaviors.
  3. they are more closely related to humans than other primates.
  4. they are the only species known to show monogamous pair bonding.

4.6 How Can Brain Organoids Help Us Make Inferences about Brain Evolution?

22 .
What are reason(s) we use organoids to study brain development?
  1. We can make them from many species, including those that are hard to study, like humans.
  2. They show many structural and gene expression similarities to the developing nervous system.
  3. They can be derived from individual human patients.
  4. All of these
23.
Brain organoids mimic many steps of neural development in real brains. If you gave a birth-date marker very early in organoid development then looked for that marker much later, where would you find it?
  1. In the inner layers of the organoid
  2. In the outer layers of the organoid
  3. Spread throughout the organoid
24 .
Imagine you wanted to study when different cell populations (neurons, glia) emerge during development in humans and great apes. You are going to use organoids to model neurodevelopment in these two species. Which technique would best help you study your question?
  1. Single cell RNAseq
  2. Bulk RNAseq
  3. MRI
  4. FACS
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