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Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience

Multiple Choice

Introduction to Behavioral NeuroscienceMultiple Choice

3.1 General Neurochemistry Principles

1.
Which of the following statements is false?
  1. The synaptic communication process often fails because the vesicles are empty.
  2. Neurotransmitters become inactive in the presence of oxygen.
  3. All neurotransmitters are catabolized after being released.
  4. Neurotransmitters may be converted into inactive chemicals while being stored inside synaptic vesicles.
2 .
The fusion of a synaptic vesicle at the axonal terminal requires:
  1. the action of voltage-dependent sodium channels.
  2. the inhibition of potassium channels.
  3. the opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels.
  4. an elevation in the intracellular concentration of potassium ions.
3.
G-Protein coupled receptors are ________ that are ________.
  1. lipids / ion channels
  2. part of a large family of proteins / linked to nearby ion channels
  3. mostly limited to limbic brain regions / used to prevent the fusion of synaptic vesicles
  4. mostly postsynaptic / responsive to endocannabinoids

3.2 Neurotransmitters Made from Amino Acids

4 .
The production of dopamine begins inside the ________ of the neuron with the production of ________.
  1. cytoplasm / L-DOPA
  2. synaptic vesicle / L-DOPA
  3. cytoplasm / tyrosine
  4. synaptic vesicle / norepinephrine
5.
The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase requires the presence of ________ ions to function properly.
  1. calcium
  2. iron
  3. magnesium
  4. potassium
6 .
L-DOPA is converted into ________ by the removal of a molecule of ________.
  1. dopamine / carbon dioxide
  2. norepinephrine / oxygen
  3. norepinephrine / oxygen
  4. dopamine / hydroxyl
7.
Dopamine neurons ________than norepinephrine neurons.
  1. project to more brain areas
  2. are more numerous
  3. contain more copper
  4. contain more zinc
8 .
The enzyme Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase is active within the ________ and produces ________.
  1. cytoplasm / norepinephrine
  2. synaptic vesicle / dopamine
  3. cytoplasm / dopamine
  4. synaptic vesicle / epinephrine
9.
Dopamine-beta-Hydroxylase is found within the ________ and converts dopamine into ________.
  1. synaptic vesicle / norepinephrine
  2. cytoplasm / norepinephrine
  3. synaptic vesicle / L-DOPA
  4. synaptic vesicle / epinephrine
10 .
The purpose of ascorbic acid inside of the synaptic vesicles is to:
  1. act as a co-factor for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.
  2. act as an anti-oxidizing agent.
  3. act as an anti-reducing agent.
  4. keep the pH of the vesicle acidic.
11.
The function of any receptor:
  1. depends upon the region of the brain the receptor is located.
  2. is largely independent of the nature of its second messenger.
  3. is determined by the water solubility of its components.
  4. is related to the identity of its receptor, e.g., dopamine will always close sodium channels.
12 .
The function of any neurotransmitter depends on:
  1. the function of the structures in which they are located.
  2. whether the transmitter is lipid or water soluble.
  3. the number of amine and carboxyl groups that are on the carbon chain backbone.
  4. whether they bind to an ion channel or a G-protein linked receptor.
13.
Dopamine in the substantia nigra contain a dark substance that concentrates ________ makes these neurons vulnerable to ________.
  1. copper / insecticides
  2. iron carbon dioxide
  3. iron / oxygen
  4. zinc oxidates / low pH
14 .
Serotonin neurons project ________ to control ________.
  1. down-ward into the spinal cord / the autonomic nervous system
  2. into the thalamus / incoming pain signals
  3. into the cortex / movement
  4. into the basal ganglia / learning and memory
15.
The neurotransmitter serotonin is built from a molecule of the amino acid tryptophan by the addition of a ________ followed by the removal of a molecule of ________.
  1. amine group / hydroxyl
  2. methyl / carbon dioxide
  3. carbon dioxide / hydroxyl
  4. hydroxyl / carbon dioxide
16 .
Melatonin:
  1. is produced from the amino acid tyrosine.
  2. influences learning and memory.
  3. is released soon after we fall asleep.
  4. release increases with age.
17.
Most of the serotonin released from the axonal terminal is:
  1. re-absorbed by the axonal terminal, repackaged into synaptic vesicles, and re-released again.
  2. catabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase.
  3. converted into 5-Hydroxyindole acetic acid.
  4. removed from the brain.
18 .
Neurons that produce neuropeptides:
  1. are found throughout the brain.
  2. release on neuropeptides.
  3. are only found in the brainstem.
  4. tend to have a very slow firing rate as compared to other neural systems.
19.
Which of the following statements is not true of endorphins?
  1. They modulate the pain signal carried from the periphery.
  2. They regulate numerous neuroendocrine or neuroimmune functions.
  3. Because they are naturally occurring humans do not become addicted to them.
  4. They are released in response to laughing, eating, and listening to music.
20 .
The two most common neurotransmitters in the brain are:
  1. serotonin and dopamine.
  2. acetylcholine and GABA.
  3. GABA and glutamate.
  4. GABA and serotonin.
21.
Released glutamate is:
  1. removed from the synapse by excitatory amino acid transporters.
  2. removed from the synapse by reuptake into the axonal terminal.
  3. removed from the synapse into astrocytes where it will be destroyed and excreted as a metabolite.
  4. removed from synapse by reuptake and converted into glutamine before being repackaged in vesicles.
22 .
Most neurons spontaneously fire off action potentials due to their tendency to constantly leak potassium ions. The brain takes advantage of this tendency and processes information primarily:
  1. via the control of intracellular calcium-ion levels.
  2. via the balance of ion-channel and G-protein linked channels.
  3. via the actions of glutamate-induced excitation.
  4. via the actions of GABA-induced inhibition.

3.3 Neurotransmitters Made from Fats

23.
Acetylcholine is made by transferring a molecule of acetic acid on to a molecule of choline. The acetic group is derived from ________, the choline is derived from ________ the fatty acid lecithin. Consuming additional choline ________.
  1. glucose / lecithin / does not produce more acetylcholine
  2. vitamin C / membrane lipids / increases acetylcholine production
  3. lecithin / glucose / does not produce more acetylcholine
  4. acetyl hydroxyl / glucose / increases acetylcholine production
24 .
Released acetylcholine is inactivated by ________; available choline is ________ while acetate is ________.
  1. monoamine oxidase / allowed to passively diffuse away / removed from the synapse by reuptake
  2. acetylcholinesterase / mostly removed from the synapse by reuptake / is removed by local astrocytes
  3. choline acetyltransferase / allowed to passively diffuse away / removed from the synapse by reuptake
  4. choline acetyltransferase / mostly removed from the synapse by reuptake / allowed to passively diffuse away
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