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Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience

Multiple Choice

Introduction to Behavioral NeuroscienceMultiple Choice

17.1 Cells and Messengers of the Immune System

1.
The innate immune response:
  1. is specialized to each specific pathogen.
  2. ramps up slowly and adapts over time.
  3. has a similar response to all pathogens.
  4. uses T cells.
2 .
The adaptive immune response:
  1. consists of cells and physical barriers.
  2. is rapid and similar to each pathogen.
  3. is carried out primarily by neutrophils and macrophages.
  4. is specialized to each specific pathogen.
3.
Which of the following are ways macrophages attack pathogens?
  1. Eating pathogens
  2. Releasing complement proteins
  3. Showing a piece of the pathogen to adaptive immune cells so that they can attack it too
  4. All of these
4 .
What is the role of macrophages?
  1. To make antibodies
  2. To directly kill infected cells
  3. To phagocytose pathogens
  4. Spit their DNA out in nets to draw pathogens in
5.
T cells:
  1. make antibodies.
  2. directly kill infected cells.
  3. phagocytose pathogens.
  4. spit their DNA out in nets to draw pathogens in.
6 .
The cells that “remember” a pathogen you have encountered before so that your next adaptive immune response is stronger are:
  1. B cells.
  2. Monocytes.
  3. Macrophages.
  4. Neutrophils.
7.
Recognizing self-antigens is critical to preventing your immune system from attacking your own cells. How do your cells tell T cells not to attack them?
  1. By presenting some self-antigen via MHC I
  2. By presenting some self-antigen via MHC II
  3. By presenting some pathogen antigen via MHC I
  4. By presenting some pathogen antigen via MHC II
8 .
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is frequently used by neuroimmunologists to study sickness and inflammation responses. What is LPS?
  1. A live bacterium that causes infection and fever
  2. A piece of a bacterial cell component that causes an immune response but no actual infection
  3. A vaccine that stimulates B cells
  4. An antibody
9.
Which cells will you find in the brain of a typical healthy human?
  1. Microglia
  2. Neutrophils
  3. T cells
  4. B cells

17.2 What Does Your Immune System Have to Do with Your Behavior?

10 .
Sickness behaviors are caused by:
  1. the loss of infected cells.
  2. the pathogens infecting our neurons.
  3. our immune system response to pathogens.
  4. pathogens overwhelming our innate and adaptive immune responses.
11.
Blocking the cytokine response to illness will most likely:
  1. increase sickness behaviors.
  2. decrease sickness behaviors.
  3. not affect sickness behaviors.
12 .
Sickness behaviors:
  1. are stereotyped and do not change.
  2. only change in response to temperature changes.
  3. have only been studies in animal models, not humans.
  4. are adaptable and can change with different environmental factors.
13.
Which of the following diseases may be associated with immune dysfunction?
  1. Schizophrenia
  2. Depression
  3. PTSD
  4. All of these

17.3 How Does the Brain Talk to the Immune System?

14 .
Which of the following is NOT a major reason that early researchers thought the brain had no immune system?
  1. The BBB kept most innate and adaptive immune cells out of the brain
  2. There were no diseases that affected the brain
  3. Transplants in the brain were not generally immune rejected
  4. MHC expression levels were very low under healthy conditions
15.
Which of the following statements is false?
  1. The brain is immune privileged and has no immune response capabilities
  2. The brain has a lymphatic system that allows interaction of T cells with neurons
  3. The brain has resident immune cells that are critical to normal functioning and development
  4. The BBB prevents entry of most peripheral immune cells into the brain under normal conditions
16 .
The HPA axis ________ the immune system response.
  1. induces
  2. is induced by
  3. both induces and is induced by
  4. is unrelated to
17.
Stress-induced activation of the immune system happens in response to which?
  1. Physical stressors like an injury
  2. Psychological stressors like sitting in traffic
  3. Both physical and psychological stressors
  4. Only the most severe stressors
18 .
Long-term, uncontrolled stress can lead to:
  1. immunosuppression.
  2. immunoactivation.
  3. immunoprivilege.
  4. immunocorrection.
19.
What appears to be critical to the beneficial effects of exercise as a stressor that activates the immune system?
  1. Exercise has a clear resolution point at which the stressor ends and the immune activation resolves
  2. Exercise leads to a smaller immune response than other stressors
  3. Exercise lead to a larger immune response than other stressors
  4. Exercise does not activate the HPA

17.4 What Do Immune System Signals Do Once They Reach the Brain?

20 .
Which of the following are roles that microglia play in the brain?
  1. Eliminating synapses
  2. Helping with development
  3. Attacking pathogens
  4. All of these
21.
Microglia can:
  1. prune whole synapses.
  2. cleave specific proteins off synapses.
  3. eat cells and parts of cells.
  4. Do all of these things.
22 .
What technique helped researchers discover that microglia are constantly moving?
  1. Activating them with optogenetics
  2. Activating them with chemogenetics
  3. Watching them with a microscope
  4. Genetic knockdown models
23.
During development, neurons and microglia come from:
  1. neuroectoderm.
  2. the fetal yolk sack.
  3. different parts of the embryo.
  4. the endoderm.
24 .
Maternal immune activation is associated with:
  1. neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring.
  2. offspring with a better immune system.
  3. no real effect on offspring.
  4. impaired maternal immune response to later pathogen exposure.
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