11.1 Understanding Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Dimorphism
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11.2 Mechanisms of Sexual Determination and Differentiation
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11.3 Sex Differences in Brain and Behavior: Genetic, Hormonal, and Environmental Mechanisms
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Sandstrom, N. J., & Williams, C. L. (2001). Memory retention is modulated by acute estradiol and progesterone replacement. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115(2), 384–393.
Walker, D. M., Zhou, X., Cunningham, A. M., Lipschultz, A. P., Ramakrishnan, A., Cates, H. M., Bagot, R. C., Shen, L., Zhang, B., & Nestler, E. J. (2022). Sex-specific transcriptional changes in response to adolescent social stress in the brain’s reward circuitry. Biological Psychiatry, 91(1), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.964.
Wallentin, M., Skakkebæk, A., Bojesen, A., Fedder, J., Laurberg, P., Østergaard, J. R., Hertz, J. M., Pedersen, A. D., & Gravholt, C. H. (2016). Klinefelter syndrome has increased brain responses to auditory stimuli and motor output, but not to visual stimuli or Stroop adaptation. NeuroImage: Clinical, 11(February), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2016.02.002.
11.4 Sex Differences in Brain Circuits and Susceptibility to Psychiatric Disease
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Bangasser, D. A., & Wiersielis, K. R. (2018). Sex differences in stress responses: A critical role for corticotropin-releasing factor. Hormones, 17(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0002-z.
Berman, N. E. J., Puri, V., Chandrala, S., Puri, S., Macgregor, R., Liverman, C. S., & Klein, R. M. (2006). Serotonin in trigeminal ganglia of female rodents: Relevance to menstrual migraine. Headache, 46(8), 1230–1245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00528.x.
Bingaman, E. W., Magnuson, D. J., Gray, T. S., & Handa, R. J. (2008). Androgen inhibits the increases in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and CRH-immunoreactivity following gonadectomy. Neuroendocrinology, 59(3), 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1159/000126663.
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Calipari, E. S., Juarez, B., Morel, C., Walker, D. M., Cahill, M. E., Ribeiro, E., Roman-Ortiz, C., et al. (2017). Dopaminergic dynamics underlying sex-specific cocaine reward. Nature Communications, 8(January), 13877. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13877.
Dalla, C., Antoniou, K., Drossopoulou, G., Xagoraris, M., Kokras, N., Sfikakis, A., & Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Z. (2005). Chronic mild stress impact: Are females more vulnerable? Neuroscience, 135(3), 703–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.06.068.
Dumais, K. M., Bredewold, R., Mayer, T. E., & Veenema, A. H. (2013). Sex differences in oxytocin receptor binding in forebrain regions: Correlations with social interest in brain region- and sex-specific ways. Hormones and Behavior, 64(4), 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.08.012.
Duque-Wilckens, N., Steinman, M. Q., Busnelli, M., Chini, B., Yokoyama, S., Pham, M., Laredo, S. A., et al. (2018). Oxytocin receptors in the anteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis promote stress-induced social avoidance in female California mice. Biological Psychiatry, 83(3), 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.024.
Duque-Wilckens, N., Steinman, M. Q., Laredo, S. A., Hao, R., Perkeybile, A. M., Bales, K. L., & Trainor, B. C. (2016). Inhibition of vasopressin V1a receptors in the medioventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis has sex- and context-specific anxiogenic effects. Neuropharmacology, 110(Pt A), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.018.
Duque-Wilckens, N., Teis, R., Sarno, E., Stoelting, F., Khalid, S., Dairi, Z., Douma, A., et al. (2022). Early life adversity drives sex-specific anhedonia and meningeal immune gene expression through mast cell activation. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 103(July), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2022.03.009.
Duque-Wilckens, N., Torres, L. Y., Yokoyama, S., Minie, V. A., Tran, A. M., Petkova, S. P., Hao, R., et al. (2020). Extrahypothalamic oxytocin neurons drive stress-induced social vigilance and avoidance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(42), 26406–26413. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011890117.
Figueiredo, H. F., Dolgas, C. M., & Herman, J. P. (2002). Stress activation of cortex and hippocampus is modulated by sex and stage of estrus. Endocrinology, 143(7), 2534–2540. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.143.7.8888.
Goel, N., & Bale, T. L. (2008). Organizational and activational effects of testosterone on masculinization of female physiological and behavioral stress responses. Endocrinology, 149(12), 6399–6405. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-0433.
Haas, D. A., & George, S. R. (1989). Estradiol or ovariectomy decreases CRF synthesis in hypothalamus. Brain Research Bulletin, 23(3), 215–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(89)90150-0.
Han, J., Fan, Y., Zhou, K., Blomgren, K., & Harris, R. A. (2021). Uncovering sex differences of rodent microglia. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 18(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-021-02124-z.
Handa, R. J., & Weiser, M. J. (2014). Gonadal steroid hormones and the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 35(2), 197–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.11.001.
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H.-U. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1359.
Lenz, K. M., Pickett, L. A., Wright, C. L., Davis, K. T., Joshi, A., & McCarthy, M. M. (2018). Mast cells in the developing brain determine adult sexual behavior. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 38(37), 8044–8059. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1176-18.2018.
Mackey, E., Thelen, K. M., Bali, V., Fardisi, M., Trowbridge, M., Jordan, C. L., & Moeser, A. J. (2020). Perinatal androgens organize sex differences in mast cells and attenuate anaphylaxis severity into adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(38), 23751–23761. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915075117.
Oyola, M. G., & Handa, R. J. (2017). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes: Sex differences in regulation of stress responsivity. Stress, 20(5), 476–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2017.1369523.
Peng, G., Tian, J., Gao, X., Zhou, Y., & Qin, X. (2015). Research on the pathological mechanism and drug treatment mechanism of depression. Current Neuropharmacology, 13(4), 514–523. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x1304150831120428.
Rigney, N., Whylings, J., de Vries, G. J., & Petrulis, A. (2020). Sex differences in the control of social investigation and anxiety by vasopressin cells of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology, 111(6), 521–535. https://doi.org/10.1159/000509421.
Rincón-Cortés, M., & Grace, A. A. (2017). Sex-dependent effects of stress on immobility behavior and VTA dopamine neuron activity: Modulation by ketamine. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(10), 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx048.
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Steinman, M. Q., Laredo, S. A., Lopez, E. M., Manning, C. E., Hao, R. C., Doig, I. E., Campi, K. L., Flowers, A. E., Knight, J. K., & Trainor, B. C. (2015). Hypothalamic vasopressin systems are more sensitive to the long term effects of social defeat in males versus females. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51(January), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.009.
Wang, H., He, Y., Sun, Z., Ren, S., Liu, M., Wang, G., & Yang, J. (2022). Microglia in depression: An overview of microglia in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 19(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-022-02492-0.
Xiao, L., & Becker, J. B. (1994). Quantitative microdialysis determination of extracellular striatal dopamine concentration in male and female rats: Effects of estrous cycle and gonadectomy. Neuroscience Letters, 180(2), 155–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(94)90510-x.
Yang, E.-J., Frolinger, T., Iqbal, U., Estill, M., Shen, L., Trageser, K. J., & Pasinetti, G. M. (2024). The role of the Toll like receptor 4 signaling in sex-specific persistency of depression-like behavior in response to chronic stress. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 115(January), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.006.