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Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience

Multiple Choice

Introduction to Behavioral NeuroscienceMultiple Choice

19.1 What are the Different Psychological Processes Associated with Attention?

1.
When might a visual search process be effortless and quick?
  1. When the object being searched for is asymmetrical
  2. When the object being searched for has a distinct color or shape
  3. When the object being searched for is a combination of color and shape
  4. When the object being searched for is far away
2 .
Which of the following is a characteristic of endogenous attention?
  1. It requires conscious awareness and deliberation
  2. It involves the automatic capture of attention by novel stimuli
  3. It refers to the phenomenon of bottom-up attentional control
  4. It is the process of focusing on external stimuli effortlessly
3.
Normally, consciousness varies with sleep-wake cycles. Which of the following situations shows that the two can be dissociated?
  1. Individuals who are under anesthesia but who are not awake
  2. People who cannot control the content of their dreams
  3. Patients with narcolepsy
  4. Patients in a persistent vegetative state

19.2 How is Attention Implemented in the Brain?

4 .
What is one of the main functions of the ascending reticular activation system (ARAS)?
  1. Activating retinal neurogenesis
  2. Generating upward (ascending) saccades
  3. Controlling working memory
  4. Regulating sleep/wake cycles
5.
Which of the following is an impairment associated with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
  1. Visual neglect for the left visual field
  2. Hemianopia for the left visual field
  3. Deficits in shifting attention from one location to another
  4. Representational neglect
6 .
Which of the following tasks would be most impacted by temporarily disrupting activity in the monkey superior colliculus?
  1. Deciding whether a banana is ripe based on a conjunction search involving color and texture
  2. Maintaining arousal during portions of the day normally associated with sleep
  3. Deciding whether a predator in peripheral vision is moving towards or away from them
  4. Recognizing places in their local visual environment
7.
If someone scanned your brain while you were daydreaming, without any specific task or goal in mind, which brain network would be mostly likely engaged?
  1. The default mode network
  2. The dorsal attentional network
  3. The representational neglect network
  4. The error monitoring network
8 .
Imagine that you are closely watching a computer monitor at the Department of Motor Vehicles that will cue you whether you should go to the customer service agent just to the left or to the right of the monitor for your appointment. Which brain network would most likely be engaged by the computer monitor in this situation?
  1. The default mode network
  2. The fusiform face area
  3. The dorsal attentional network
  4. The ventral attentional network

19.3 What Happens to Unattended Information?

9.
What does the phenomenon of inattentional blindness suggest about the influence of top-down attentional goals on our perception?
  1. Top-down attentional goals have no impact on blindness
  2. Little of the sensory information in our visual world escapes our conscious awareness
  3. Bottom-up information is immune to intentional blindness
  4. Much of the sensory information in our visual world escapes our conscious awareness
10 .
How does task difficulty affect the allocation of attention, according to the perceptual load theory?
  1. Low load tasks require less attention
  2. High load tasks require more attention
  3. Both A and B
  4. None of the above
11.
In the context of visual processing, to what does the term “retinotopic organization” refer?
  1. The correspondence of the spatial arrangement of information on the retina and in visual brain regions
  2. The correspondence of the temporal arrangement of information on the retina and in visual brain regions
  3. The spatial arrangement of the retina relative to the cornea
  4. The synchronization of neural firing across rods and cones on the retina
12 .
Imagine you are in a bustling coffee shop, and you are trying to focus on a conversation with a friend at your table. Simultaneously, there is background noise, including nearby conversations, the barista's activities, and the hum of coffee machines. In this real-world dichotic listening situation, which of the following statements is true?
  1. You can easily filter out the background noise and focus solely on your friend's conversation because dichotic listening is not perceptually difficult
  2. You may catch a few words or sounds from the nearby conversation, but your attention is primarily on your friend
  3. Your attention is evenly distributed between your friend's conversation and the various background sounds because dichotomous listening tasks are low perceptual load
  4. You are equally likely to attend to both the background noise and your friend's conversation
13.
In the context of attention and perceptual load, which of the following real-life scenarios best illustrates a situation with low perceptual load?
  1. Identifying and tracking a red circle on a computer screen that’s crowded with one red circle and many blue circles
  2. Watching a critically acclaimed foreign film with subtitles at lunchtime in the campus dining hall
  3. Navigating through a crowded airport while checking departure screens, listening to announcements, and maneuvering through the crowd
  4. Solving a complex mathematical problem with multiple variables and equations
14 .
One example of the cocktail party effect is when you are at a crowded party, you might hear someone across the room say the name of your high school even if you weren’t paying attention to their conversation. Which of the following predictions would be true about this effect based on the perceptual load theory?
  1. If the conversation that you’re currently in is boring, then you’ll be less likely to hear the name of your high school because fewer attentional resources will be available
  2. If the conversation that you’re listening to is especially interesting, then you’ll be more likely to hear the name of your high school, because additional attentional resources will be devoted to the current conversation
  3. If the conversation that you’re listening to is especially interesting, then you’ll be less likely to hear the name of your high school, because additional attentional resources will be devoted to the background conversations
  4. If the conversation that you’re currently in is boring, then you’ll be more likely to hear the name of your high school because more attentional resources will be available

19.4 What is the Relationship between Attention and Eye Movements?

15.
What is a saccade?
  1. A rapid eye movement to change the point of fixation
  2. A planned, but unexecuted eye movement
  3. Both A and B
  4. None of the above
16 .
Which of the following statements is true concerning the premotor theory?
  1. The motor cortex is primarily responsible for deploying attention
  2. Attentional systems develop prior to motor systems
  3. There is a link between covert attention and some aspects of motor programming in the brain
  4. The premotor cortex is associated specifically with the arousal component of attention
17.
An early formulation of the premotor theory of attention was dubbed which of the following?
  1. The oculomotor retinotopy hypothesis
  2. The perceptual load hypothesis
  3. The oculomotor readiness hypothesis
  4. The perceptual readiness hypothesis

19.5 How Do Clinical Disorders Affect Attentional Function?

18 .
In the context of spatial neglect, to what does the term “contralesional” refer?
  1. Brain damage that contradicts a medical diagnosis
  2. Brain damage that results in problems with the opposite side of space
  3. Brain damage that, contradictorily, results in problems with the same side of space
  4. A medical diagnosis that is contraindicated
19.
According to the hemispheric rivalry hypothesis, how does neglect arise after damage to one hemisphere?
  1. Damage allows for the revival of the hemisphere drawing attention
  2. Attention is drawn disproportionately to the contralesional side
  3. Attention is drawn disproportionately to the ipsilesional side
  4. Neglect rivals perception in terms of attentional detail
20 .
You are a neurologist examining a neglect patient who has damage to the right parietal cortex. Which symptom is most likely to occur in the patient?
  1. Dividing a line by putting the midway point too far to the left (i.e., the neglected side)
  2. Failing to eat the food on the ipsilesional side of their plate
  3. Dividing a line by putting the midway point too far to the right (i.e., the non-neglected side)
  4. Crossing out all of the lines on the contralesional side of a piece of paper
21.
Which of the following is the best description of a difference between someone with hemianopia and spatial neglect?
  1. Neglect patients are typically anosagnosic, but hemianopic patients are typically not
  2. Hemianopic patients are typically anosagnosic, but neglect patients are typically not
  3. Hemianopia typically results from right parietal lobe damage, whereas neglect typically results from left parietal damage
  4. Hemianopia can occur in different frames of reference, whereas neglect can only occur in one frame of reference

19.6 How Do We Use Executive Functions to Make Decisions and Achieve Goals?

22 .
How does task switching affect performance compared to staying focused on a single task?
  1. Performance on each task will become faster and/or more accurate
  2. Performance on each task will become slower and/or less accurate
  3. People over time will be able to perform faster saccades
  4. People over time will be able to perform slower saccades
23.
Which of the following scenarios best describes the behavior of a patient with environmental dependency syndrome?
  1. A musician who repairs a musical instrument that fell off the wall of their home office
  2. A musician who mounts a musical instrument to the wall of their home office
  3. A musician who plays a musical instrument mounted to the wall during a doctor’s appointment
  4. A musician who plays a musical instrument behind a wall during an orchestra audition
24 .
How would a drug that elevates dopamine above normal levels in the prefrontal cortex affect performance on the Towers of London task?
  1. It would result in worse color naming
  2. It would result in better color naming
  3. It would result in better planning and sequencing
  4. It would result in worse planning and sequencing
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