14.1 Basic Principles of Pharmacology
DeWire, S. M., Yamashita, D. S., Rominger, D. H., Liu, G., Cowan, C. L., Graczyk, T. M., Chen, X. T., Pitis, P. M., Gotchev, D., Yuan, C., Koblish, M., Lark, M. W., & Violin, J. D. (2013). A G protein-biased ligand at the μ-opioid receptor is potently analgesic with reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory dysfunction compared with morphine. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 344(3), 708–717. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.112.201616
14.2 Psychotherapeutics
Bitsko, R. H., Claussen, A. H., Lichstein, J., et al. (2022). Mental health surveillance among children — United States, 2013–2019. MMWR Supplements, 71(Suppl-2), 1–42.
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Boldrini, M., Santiago, A. N., Hen, R., Dwork, A. J., Rosoklija, G. B., Tamir, H., Arango, V., & John Mann, J. (2013). Hippocampal granule neuron number and dentate gyrus volume in antidepressant-treated and untreated major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(6), 1068–1077. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.5
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David, D. J., Samuels, B. A., Rainer, Q., Wang, J. W., Marsteller, D., Mendez, I., Drew, M., Craig, D. A., Guiard, B. P., Guilloux, J. P., Artymyshyn, R. P., Gardier, A. M., Gerald, C., Antonijevic, I. A., Leonardo, E. D., & Hen, R. (2009). Neurogenesis-dependent and -independent effects of fluoxetine in an animal model of anxiety/depression. Neuron, 62(4), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.017
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Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Carducci, M. A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., Cosimano, M. P., & Klinedinst, M. A. (2016). Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 30(12), 1181–1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513
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Löw, K., Crestani, F., Keist, R., Benke, D., Brünig, I., Benson, J. A., Fritschy, J. M., Rülicke, T., Bluethmann, H., Möhler, H., & Rudolph, U. (2000). Molecular and neuronal substrate for the selective attenuation of anxiety. Science (New York, N.Y.), 290(5489), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5489.131
Mayberg, H. S., Silva, J. A., Brannan, S. K., Tekell, J. L., Mahurin, R. K., McGinnis, S., & Jerabek, P. A. (2002). The functional neuroanatomy of the placebo effect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(5), 728–737. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.728
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Moncrieff, J., Cooper, R. E., Stockmann, T., Amendola, S., Hengartner, M. P., & Horowitz, M. A. (2023). The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Molecular Psychiatry, 28(8), 3243–3256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0
Moreno, F. A., Gelenberg, A. J., Heninger, G. R., Potter, R. L., McKnight, K. M., Allen, J., Phillips, A. P., & Delgado, P. L. (1999). Tryptophan depletion and depressive vulnerability. Biological Psychiatry, 46(4), 498–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00095-5
Moreno, F. A., Heninger, G. R., McGahuey, C. A., & Delgado, P. L. (2000). Tryptophan depletion and risk of depression relapse: a prospective study of tryptophan depletion as a potential predictor of depressive episodes. Biological Psychiatry, 48(4), 327–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00893-3
Murrough, J. W., Iosifescu, D. V., Chang, L. C., Al Jurdi, R. K., Green, C. E., Perez, A. M., Iqbal, S., Pillemer, S., Foulkes, A., Shah, A., Charney, D. S., & Mathew, S. J. (2013). Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(10), 1134–1142. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13030392
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Ringeisen, H., Edlund, M. J., Guyer, H., Geiger, P., Stambaugh, L. F., Dever, J. A., Liao, D., Carr, C. M., Peytchev, A., Reed, W., McDaniel, K., & Smith, T. K. (2023). Mental and substance use disorders prevalence study: Findings report. RTI International.
Ross, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., Su, Z., Corby, P., & Schmidt, B. L. (2016). Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 30(12), 1165–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675512
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2020). National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2022. Retrieved from https://datafiles.samhsa.gov/
Tornese, P., Sala, N., Bonini, D., Bonifacino, T., La Via, L., Milanese, M., Treccani, G., Seguini, M., Ieraci, A., Mingardi, J., Nyengaard, J. R., Calza, S., Bonanno, G., Wegener, G., Barbon, A., Popoli, M., & Musazzi, L. (2019). Chronic mild stress induces anhedonic behavior and changes in glutamate release, BDNF trafficking and dendrite morphology only in stress vulnerable rats. The rapid restorative action of ketamine. Neurobiology of Stress, 10, 100160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100160
Vargas, M. V., Dunlap, L. E., Dong, C., Carter, S. J., Tombari, R. J., Jami, S. A., Cameron, L. P., Patel, S. D., Hennessey, J. J., Saeger, H. N., McCorvy, J. D., Gray, J. A., Tian, L., & Olson, D. E. (2023). Psychedelics promote neuroplasticity through the activation of intracellular 5-HT2A receptors. Science (New York, N.Y.), 379(6633), 700–706. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adf0435
Wang, J. W., David, D. J., Monckton, J. E., Battaglia, F., & Hen, R. (2008). Chronic fluoxetine stimulates maturation and synaptic plasticity of adult-born hippocampal granule cells. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(6), 1374–1384. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3632-07.2008
14.3 Neural Circuitry of Drug Reward
Berridge, K. C., Venier, I. L., & Robinson, T. E. (1989). Taste reactivity analysis of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced aphagia: Implications for arousal and anhedonia hypotheses of dopamine function. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7044.103.1.36
Berridge, K. C. (2012). From prediction error to incentive salience: Mesolimbic computation of reward motivation. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 35(7), 1124–1143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.07990.x
Di Chiara, G., & Imperato, A. (1988). Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85(14), 5274–5278. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.14.5274
Kalivas, P. W., & O'Brien, C. (2008). Drug addiction as a pathology of staged neuroplasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(1), 166–180. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301564
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2023). National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2021. Retrieved from https://datafiles.samhsa.gov/
Schultz, W. (1986). Responses of midbrain dopamine neurons to behavioral trigger stimuli in the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 56(5), 1439–1461. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.56.5.1439
Schultz, W., Apicella, P., Scarnati, E., & Ljungberg, T. (1992). Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 12(12), 4595–4610. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04595.1992
Schultz, W., Apicella, P., & Ljungberg, T. (1993). Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 13(3), 900–913. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-03-00900.1993
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Wong, C., Hitzemann, R., & Pappas, N. R. (1999). Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D(2) receptors. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 291(1), 409–415.
Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F., Deshpande, S., Di Nisio, M., Duffy, S., Hernandez, A. V., Keurentjes, J. C., Lang, S., Misso, K., Ryder, S., Schmidlkofer, S., Westwood, M., & Kleijnen, J. (2015). Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 313(24), 2456–2473. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358
Wise, R. A. (1980). The dopamine synapse and the notion of ‘pleasure centers’ in the brain. Trends in Neurosciences, 3(4), 91–95.
14.4 Neurobiology of Addiction
Bolla, K. I., Eldreth, D. A., London, E. D., Kiehl, K. A., Mouratidis, M., Contoreggi, C., Matochik, J. A., Kurian, V., Cadet, J. L., Kimes, A. S., Funderburk, F. R., & Ernst, M. (2003). Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers performing a decision-making task. NeuroImage, 19(3), 1085–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00113-7
Bond, C., LaForge, K. S., Tian, M., Melia, D., Zhang, S., Borg, L., Gong, J., Schluger, J., Strong, J. A., Leal, S. M., Tischfield, J. A., Kreek, M. J., & Yu, L. (1998). Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters beta-endorphin binding and activity: Possible implications for opiate addiction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95(16), 9608–9613. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.16.9608
DiNieri, J. A., Wang, X., Szutorisz, H., Spano, S. M., Kaur, J., Casaccia, P., Dow-Edwards, D., & Hurd, Y. L. (2011). Maternal cannabis use alters ventral striatal dopamine D2 gene regulation in the offspring. Biological Psychiatry, 70(8), 763–769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.027
Ehrman, R., Ternes, J., O'Brien, C. P., & McLellan, A. T. (1992). Conditioned tolerance in human opiate addicts. Psychopharmacology, 108(1-2), 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245311
Ersche, K. D., Turton, A. J., Pradhan, S., Bullmore, E. T., & Robbins, T. W. (2010). Drug addiction endophenotypes: Impulsive versus sensation-seeking personality traits. Biological Psychiatry, 68(8), 770–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.015
Koob, G. F. (2008). A role for brain stress systems in addiction. Neuron, 59(1), 11–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.06.012
Martinez, D., Broft, A., Foltin, R. W., Slifstein, M., Hwang, D. R., Huang, Y., Perez, A., Frankle, W. G., Cooper, T., Kleber, H. D., Fischman, M. W., & Laruelle, M. (2004). Cocaine dependence and D2 receptor availability in the functional subdivisions of the striatum: Relationship with cocaine-seeking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 29(6), 1190–1202. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1300420
Moustafa, A. A., Parkes, D., Fitzgerald, L., Underhill, D., Garami, J., Levy-Gigi, E., ... & Misiak, B. (2021). The relationship between childhood trauma, early-life stress, and alcohol and drug use, abuse, and addiction: An integrative review. Current Psychology, 40, 579–584.
Siegel, S. (1999). Drug anticipation and drug addiction. The 1998 H. David Archibald Lecture. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 94(8), 1113–1124. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94811132.x
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2023). National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2021. Retrieved from https://datafiles.samhsa.gov/
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Hitzemann, R., Chen, A. D., Dewey, S. L., & Pappas, N. (1997). Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects. Nature, 386(6627), 830–833. https://doi.org/10.1038/386830a0
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