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Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience

Multiple Choice

Introduction to Behavioral NeuroscienceMultiple Choice

16.1 Principles of Homeostasis

1.
How might set points for specific factors change over a 24-hour circadian period?
  1. They always remain constant throughout the day and night
  2. They typically decrease during the day and increase at night
  3. They may fluctuate slightly depending on the factor and the organism
  4. They vary based on environmental conditions
2 .
What is the purpose of negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis?
  1. To amplify deviations from set points
  2. To reduce the need for optimal values of a life-sustaining factor
  3. To counteract deviations and restore optimal set point values
  4. To maintain physiological conditions outside a normal range
3.
Sometimes drivers pass by a highway patrol system that automatically measures their speed and displays how fast they are driving. If driving over the speed limit, most drivers will slow down. This can be considered an example of:
  1. A negative feedback loop
  2. Allostasis
  3. Homeostasis
  4. An autonomic response
4 .
Many laptop computers now have systems that automatically increase the brightness of the screen if the outside environment is well lit and that decrease the brightness of the screen if the outside environment becomes dim. This system can be considered an example of:
  1. Allostasis
  2. A bidirectional homeostatic system
  3. An effector system
  4. A control center
5.
During an immediate threat to survival, what does allostasis allow an organism to do?
  1. Maintain internal physiological conditions within the normal range
  2. Increase the speed by which control and effector systems counteract deviations from a set point
  3. Persevere against short-term challenges by temporarily adjusting set points
  4. Ignore environmental challenges for a brief period
6 .
________ allows animals to maintain a stable internal environment.
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Allostasis
  3. Adaptation
  4. Positive feedback
7.
The neuroendocrine system regulates homeostasis by releasing ________ that affect target organs throughout the brain and body.
  1. neurotrophic factors
  2. cytokines
  3. small molecule neurotransmitters
  4. hormones

16.2 Neural Control of Blood Oxygenation Levels

8 .
How does the medullary respiratory control center (MRCC) indirectly sense blood oxygenation levels?
  1. By measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide
  2. By directly sensing oxygen in the lungs
  3. By detecting changes in heart rate
  4. By measuring the pH (acidity) of the blood
9.
How does the medullary cardiovascular control center (MCCC) affect heart rate?
  1. It has no effect on heart rate
  2. It increases heart rate
  3. It decreases heart rate
  4. It either increases or decreases heart rate depending on blood oxygenation levels
10 .
What would be the effect of administering isoproterenol, a drug that mimics the effects of norepinephrine, on the heart?
  1. Heart rate increases
  2. Heart rate decreases
  3. No effect on heart rate
  4. Parasympathetic activity decreases

16.3 Neural Control of Core Body Temperature

11.
What is the primary source of heat for endothermic animals?
  1. Metabolism
  2. The environment
  3. Sunlight
  4. Thermal vents
12 .
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in thermoregulation?
  1. Decrease body heat
  2. Induce panting
  3. Stimulate sweating
  4. Increase body heat

16.4 Neural Control of Feeding Behavior

13.
The release of the hormone ________ is inversely proportional to the stretch of the stomach.
  1. ghrelin
  2. CCK
  3. amylin
  4. leptin
14 .
If the ________ nerve is severed, an animal would not receive information about stomach stretch from nerve endings surrounding the stomach.
  1. phrenic
  2. vagus
  3. glossopharyngeal
  4. hypoglossal
15.
Artificial stimulation of the OVLT would cause an increase in the release of ________ from the pituitary gland.
  1. POMC
  2. AgRP
  3. ADH
  4. PYY
16 .
What is the main effect of leptin on appetite?
  1. Increases hunger
  2. Decreases hunger
  3. Has no effect on hunger
  4. Induces cravings for specific foods
17.
Why might drinking a large volume of water make you feel temporarily full?
  1. Water has a calming effect on the nervous system
  2. Stomach expansion in response to water
  3. Water causes the release of appetite suppressing hormones
  4. Ingesting water activates NTS neurons in the brainstem
18 .
If the vagus nerve was severed, how could the brain continue to receive information about stomach volume?
  1. The sympathetic nervous system
  2. The parasympathetic nervous system
  3. Levels of CCK in the bloodstream
  4. Levels of ghrelin in the bloodstream
19.
Immediately after a meal
  1. The activity of POMC neurons is high and you experience a feeling of hunger
  2. The activity of POMC neurons is high and you experience a feeling of fullness
  3. The activity of AgRP neurons is high you experience a feeling of hunger
  4. The activity of AgRP neurons is high you experience a feeling of fullness

16.5 Neural Control of Drinking Behavior

20 .
Dysregulation of the ADH system can lead to a disorder called ________, causing severe dehydration and thirst.
  1. Diabetes insipidus
  2. Hypoxia
  3. Obesity
  4. Diabetes mellitus
21.
Which neural population is involved in sensing blood osmolarity?
  1. AgRP neurons
  2. SFO neurons
  3. POMC neurons
  4. POA neurons
22 .
What is the feed-forward mechanism in the context of osmotic balance?
  1. A response that occurs after water is absorbed into the bloodstream
  2. A response that occurs independent of neural activity
  3. A response that occurs before a change in blood osmolarity actually occurs
  4. An osmotic response caused by external stimuli
23.
If blood plasma osmolarity is high all the following responses will occur, except:
  1. Increased ADH release
  2. Increased water reabsorption in the kidneys
  3. Increased release of ghrelin
  4. Increased motivation to drink
24 .
If a cell is surrounded by a solution with a greater osmolarity than the inside of the cell, then
  1. Water will flow out of the cell
  2. Water will flow into the cell
  3. The cell will become swollen
  4. The cell will have a normal shape
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