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Introduction to Behavioral Neuroscience

Multiple Choice

Introduction to Behavioral NeuroscienceMultiple Choice

10.1 The Physiological Actions Implementing Movement – Contraction of Muscles

1.
A skeletal muscle is composed of many multi-nucleated ________ which each contain bundles of ________, where contractile proteins are organized into ________.
  1. sarcomeres / myofibrils / muscle cells (fibers)
  2. muscle cells (fibers) / sarcomeres / myofibrils
  3. myofibrils / muscle cells (fibers) / sarcomeres
  4. muscle cells (fibers) / myofibrils / sarcomeres
2 .
The thin filament base attachment points that also demarcate the borders of each sarcomere in a myofibril are called:
  1. M-lines.
  2. Z-discs.
  3. A-bands.
  4. I-bands.
3.
Which contraction-associated protein is considered a “thick filament” and contains the globular heads within a myofibril?
  1. actin
  2. myosin
  3. troponin
  4. tropomyosin
4 .
Which contraction-associated protein initially covers binding sites expressed by the thin filaments that the globular heads of thick filaments bind to, and is moved away by another protein to initiate contraction?
  1. actin
  2. myosin
  3. troponin
  4. tropomyosin
5.
Which contraction-associated protein starts the cross-bridge cycle with its globular heads bound with adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?
  1. actin
  2. myosin
  3. troponin
  4. tropomyosin
6 .
Which ion is primarily involved in the initiation of massive muscle depolarization called a muscle action potential following the opening voltage-gated channels?
  1. calcium
  2. sodium
  3. potassium
  4. chloride
7.
Which of the below neuron types would synapse directly onto a muscle cell/fiber?
  1. lower motoneuron
  2. upper motoneuron
  3. pyramidal cell in motor cortex
  4. interneuron in spinal cord

10.2 Eliciting Contractions from Lower Levels – Lower Motoneurons and Reflex Arcs

8 .
A motor unit consists of:
  1. a muscle cell/fiber.
  2. a motoneuron and all the muscle cells/fibers with which it synapses.
  3. an anatomically defined muscle bundle such as the triceps muscle.
  4. all motoneurons that connect to muscle cells/fibers pulling a limb in the same direction.
9.
Neurons that make up the hypoglossal cranial nerve (#12), and a motoneuron from the ventrolateral spine, are both lower motoneurons because (by definition) they:
  1. are involved in motor control.
  2. reside in motoric-associated regions of the nervous system.
  3. project directly to muscles.
  4. release acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.
10 .
The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into choline and an acetyl group after release from motoneurons is called:
  1. nicotinamide.
  2. choline acetyltransferase.
  3. adrenaline.
  4. acetylcholinesterase.
11.
A disease that results from diminished expression of nicotinic receptors on motor end plates and corresponding jerky/slowed movement is called:
  1. myasthenia gravis.
  2. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
  3. hyperadrenalism.
  4. depressive neurosis.
12 .
Which type of sensory system is NOT involved in “proprioception?”
  1. Golgi tendon organs
  2. nociceptors
  3. spindle fibers
  4. intrafusal muscle fibers
13.
The ________ are sensitive to longitudinal pull or stretch of muscles and work by wrapping around differentially expanded ________ muscle cells/fibers which maintain different sensitivities to stretch within muscle masses.
  1. spindle fibers / intrafusal
  2. Golgi tendon organs / dead
  3. dorsal root ganglion neurons / extrafusal
  4. spindle fibers / extrafusal
14 .
Golgi tendon organs extend sinuous sensory fibers that intermingle with the ________ fibers making up muscle tendons. Thus, when muscles engage increasing ________, these sensory devices inform us of this (which can be considerably useful to unconscious appreciation of which limb currently holds our body weight during walking).
  1. glycogen / force
  2. collagen / stretch
  3. collagen / force
  4. keratin / stretch
15.
One sort of task described in your textbook that involves a complex dynamic coordination between skin touch receptors, Golgi tendon organs, and both upper and lower motoneurons would be:
  1. monkeys scratching their heads.
  2. monkeys swishing their tails around.
  3. monkeys swinging through the trees from branch to branch.
  4. monkeys eating a banana.

10.3 Our Brain Gets Involved – Responsibilities of Upper Motor Systems

16 .
Ascending targets of both the basal ganglia modifications and the cerebellar modifications (modified within the ventral anterior and ventral lateral thalamus), generate thalamocortical projections targeting the ________ cortices where preconscious habitual or practiced modifications and adjustments are added more specifically to our movement repertoires via ________ cortices.
  1. premotor / supplementary
  2. supplementary / occipital
  3. posterior parietal / temporal
  4. cingulate / premotor
17.
Which brain structure is NOT a part of the basal ganglia?
  1. caudate nucleus
  2. internal globus pallidus
  3. red nucleus
  4. all of the above
18 .
The basal ganglia specializes in combining proper muscle selection over time so that a motor sequence reproduces the same desired motion pattern every time it is elicited from our repertoire (like being able to draw Snoopy). When this skill becomes so established it requires little trial-and-error it is referred to as a:
  1. reflex.
  2. posture.
  3. rebound.
  4. habit.
19.
Which of the below brain diseases manifests “cogwheel rigidity” as a major part of its outward behavioral expression?
  1. Huntington’s disease
  2. Parkinson’s disease
  3. cerebellar ataxia
  4. Tourette’s syndrome
20 .
Dopamine is a(n) ________ neurotransmitter that ________.
  1. ionotropic / excites neurons that it influences like all excitatory neurotransmitters
  2. modulatory / acts as movement juice and biases all movement neuronal systems towards activation of movement
  3. modulatory / largely adjusts the way neurons within the caudate and putamen targets respond to more rapid ionotropic stimulation
  4. ionotropic / inhibits neurons that it influences like all inhibitory neurotransmitters
21.
The Parkinson’s disease treatment called deep brain stimulation targets either the ________ or select regions within the ________ or ________ thalamus for continuous rapid electrical stimulation in a manner that reversibly diminishes the distorted contributions of these structures to the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
  1. caudate / ventral posterolateral / ventral posteromedial
  2. globus pallidus external / ventral anterior / ventrolateral
  3. internal globus pallidus / ventral posterolateral / ventral posteromedial
  4. internal globus pallidus / ventral anterior / ventrolateral
22 .
Which of the below behavioral symptoms is generally NOT among those expressed after cerebellar damage?
  1. ataxia
  2. drunken gait
  3. resting tremor
  4. intention tremor
23.
Which descending axonal fiber tract derived from the motor cortices among those depicted below is responsible for activating brainstem areas such as those responsible for movement-associated cranial nerves?
  1. lateral corticospinal
  2. anterior corticospinal
  3. corticonuclear
  4. corticothalamic
24 .
Which descending axonal fiber tract derived from the motor cortices among those depicted below is responsible for activating mostly trunk movement areas of the spinal cord responsible for such things as posture, or performing a belly-dance?
  1. lateral corticospinal
  2. anterior corticospinal
  3. corticonuclear
  4. corticothalamic
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