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Physics

Index

PhysicsIndex
  1. Preface
  2. 1 What is Physics?
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
    3. 1.2 The Scientific Methods
    4. 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  3. 2 Motion in One Dimension
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement
    3. 2.2 Speed and Velocity
    4. 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs
    5. 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  4. 3 Acceleration
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Acceleration
    3. 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  5. 4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Force
    3. 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia
    4. 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion
    5. 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  6. 5 Motion in Two Dimensions
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
    3. 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
    4. 5.3 Projectile Motion
    5. 5.4 Inclined Planes
    6. 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
    7. Key Terms
    8. Section Summary
    9. Key Equations
    10. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    11. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  7. 6 Circular and Rotational Motion
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity
    3. 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion
    4. 6.3 Rotational Motion
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  8. 7 Newton's Law of Gravitation
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
    3. 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  9. 8 Momentum
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
    3. 8.2 Conservation of Momentum
    4. 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  10. 9 Work, Energy, and Simple Machines
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem
    3. 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy
    4. 9.3 Simple Machines
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  11. 10 Special Relativity
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity
    3. 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  12. 11 Thermal Energy, Heat, and Work
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
    3. 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer
    4. 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  13. 12 Thermodynamics
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium
    3. 12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work
    4. 12.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
    5. 12.4 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  14. 13 Waves and Their Properties
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 Types of Waves
    3. 13.2 Wave Properties: Speed, Amplitude, Frequency, and Period
    4. 13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  15. 14 Sound
    1. Introduction
    2. 14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
    3. 14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
    4. 14.3 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
    5. 14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  16. 15 Light
    1. Introduction
    2. 15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
    3. 15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  17. 16 Mirrors and Lenses
    1. Introduction
    2. 16.1 Reflection
    3. 16.2 Refraction
    4. 16.3 Lenses
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  18. 17 Diffraction and Interference
    1. Introduction
    2. 17.1 Understanding Diffraction and Interference
    3. 17.2 Applications of Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  19. 18 Static Electricity
    1. Introduction
    2. 18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
    3. 18.2 Coulomb's law
    4. 18.3 Electric Field
    5. 18.4 Electric Potential
    6. 18.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
    7. Key Terms
    8. Section Summary
    9. Key Equations
    10. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    11. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  20. 19 Electrical Circuits
    1. Introduction
    2. 19.1 Ohm's law
    3. 19.2 Series Circuits
    4. 19.3 Parallel Circuits
    5. 19.4 Electric Power
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  21. 20 Magnetism
    1. Introduction
    2. 20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
    3. 20.2 Motors, Generators, and Transformers
    4. 20.3 Electromagnetic Induction
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  22. 21 The Quantum Nature of Light
    1. Introduction
    2. 21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
    3. 21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
    4. 21.3 The Dual Nature of Light
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  23. 22 The Atom
    1. Introduction
    2. 22.1 The Structure of the Atom
    3. 22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
    4. 22.3 Half Life and Radiometric Dating
    5. 22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
    6. 22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
    7. Key Terms
    8. Section Summary
    9. Key Equations
    10. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Performance Task
    11. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  24. 23 Particle Physics
    1. Introduction
    2. 23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
    3. 23.2 Quarks
    4. 23.3 The Unification of Forces
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  25. A | Reference Tables
  26. Index
A
aberration16.3 Lenses
absolute zero11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
absorption spectrum22.1 The Structure of the Atom
Acceleration2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs, Introduction, Introduction, 3.1 Acceleration, 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs, 4.1 Force, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion, 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion, 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion
acceleration due to gravity3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs
Accuracy1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
acoustics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
activity22.3 Half Life and Radiometric Dating
air resistance5.3 Projectile Motion
alpha (α) decay22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
alpha particle22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
alternating current19.1 Ohm's law
ampere19.1 Ohm's law
amplitude5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion, 13.1 Types of Waves, 14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength, 15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
amplitude modulation15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
analytical method5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
Anger camera22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
angle of incidence16.1 Reflection
angle of reflection16.1 Reflection
angle of refraction16.2 Refraction
angle of rotation6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity
angular acceleration6.3 Rotational Motion, 8.2 Conservation of Momentum
angular momentum8.2 Conservation of Momentum
angular velocity6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity, 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion
annihilation22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion, 23.2 Quarks
Antimatter23.2 Quarks
antinode13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference, 14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
Antoine Henri Becquerel22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
aphelion7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
arc length6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity
atomic number22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
atoms1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
Average acceleration3.1 Acceleration
Average speed2.2 Speed and Velocity
Average velocity2.2 Speed and Velocity
B
baryons23.2 Quarks
beat frequency14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
Beats14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
becquerel22.3 Half Life and Radiometric Dating
beta ( β β ) decay22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
Big Bang23.3 The Unification of Forces
binding energy10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity, 21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
blackbody21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
Boltzmann constant12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work
bottom23.2 Quarks
C
capacitor18.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
carbon-14 dating22.3 Half Life and Radiometric Dating
carrier particles23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
Celsius scale11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
central axis16.1 Reflection
centrifugal force6.2 Uniform Circular Motion
centripetal acceleration6.2 Uniform Circular Motion, 6.3 Rotational Motion
centripetal force6.2 Uniform Circular Motion
cesium atomic clock1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
chain reaction22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
change in momentum8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
charmed23.2 Quarks
chromatic aberration16.3 Lenses
circuit diagrams19.2 Series Circuits
Circular motion6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity, 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion
classical physics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
closed system9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy
closed-pipe resonator14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
coefficient of friction4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia
Colliding beams23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
collision8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
collisions8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
color23.2 Quarks
complex machine9.3 Simple Machines
component5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
Compton21.3 The Dual Nature of Light
Compton effect21.3 The Dual Nature of Light
concave lens16.3 Lenses
concave mirror16.1 Reflection
Condensation11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
conduction11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer, 18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
conductors18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
conservation8.2 Conservation of Momentum
Constant acceleration3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs
constructive interference13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
convection11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer
conventional current19.1 Ohm's law
converging lens16.3 Lenses
conversion factor1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
convex lens16.3 Lenses
convex mirror16.1 Reflection
Copernican model7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
corner reflector16.2 Refraction
Coulomb18.2 Coulomb's law
coulomb force23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
Coulomb’s constant18.2 Coulomb's law
Coulomb’s law18.2 Coulomb's law
critical angle16.2 Refraction
critical mass22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Curie temperature20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
cyclical process12.4 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators
cyclotron23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
D
damping14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
decay constant22.3 Half Life and Radiometric Dating
decibels14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
deformation5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
degree Celsius ( °C ( °C )11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
degree Fahrenheit ( °F ( °F )11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
dependent variable1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units, 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs
derived units1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
destructive interference13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
dielectric18.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
differential interference contrast (DIC)17.2 Applications of Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence
diffraction17.1 Understanding Diffraction and Interference
diffraction grating17.2 Applications of Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence
diffused16.1 Reflection
direct current19.1 Ohm's law
direction2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement
dispersion16.2 Refraction
displacement2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement, 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs, 3.1 Acceleration, 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs
distance2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement
diverging lens16.3 Lenses
domains20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
Doppler effect14.3 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
down23.2 Quarks
dynamics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications, 4.1 Force
E
E.O. Lawrence23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
eccentricity7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Edwin Hubble23.3 The Unification of Forces
efficiency output9.3 Simple Machines
Einstein21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
elastic collision8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
electric circuits19.2 Series Circuits
Electric current19.1 Ohm's law
electric eye21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
electric field15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum, 18.3 Electric Field
Electric motors20.2 Motors, Generators, and Transformers
electric potential18.4 Electric Potential
Electric potential energy18.4 Electric Potential
electric power19.4 Electric Power
electrical charge18.2 Coulomb's law
Electricity1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
electromagnet20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
electromagnetic force23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
electromagnetic radiation (EMR)15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
electromagnetism20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
electron18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
electron cloud model1.2 The Scientific Methods
Electroweak Epoch23.3 The Unification of Forces
electroweak theory23.3 The Unification of Forces
emf20.3 Electromagnetic Induction
emission spectrum22.1 The Structure of the Atom
energy9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem, 13.1 Types of Waves
energy-level diagram22.1 The Structure of the Atom
energy-mass curve22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
English units1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
Enrico Fermi23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
entropy12.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
equilibrium position5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
equivalent resistor19.2 Series Circuits
Ernest Rutherford22.1 The Structure of the Atom
ether10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity
excited states22.1 The Structure of the Atom
experiment1.2 The Scientific Methods
exponential relationship1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
external force4.1 Force
eyepiece16.3 Lenses
F
Fahrenheit scale11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
Faraday18.3 Electric Field
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
ferromagnetic20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
Feynman diagram23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
first law of thermodynamics12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work
flavors23.2 Quarks
Fletcher18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
focal length16.1 Reflection
focal point16.1 Reflection
Force4.1 Force, 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
force field18.3 Electric Field
frame of reference10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity
frame-dragging effect7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
frames of reference10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
Fraunhofer lines22.1 The Structure of the Atom
free-body diagram4.1 Force
freefall4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion
Freezing11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
Frequency5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion, 13.1 Types of Waves, 14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength, 15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
frequency modulation15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
friction4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia
fulcrum6.3 Rotational Motion, 9.3 Simple Machines
fundamental14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
fundamental physical1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
fusion reactors22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
G
GalileiIntroduction
Galileo2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement
gamma (γ) rays15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Gamma decay22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
gauge pressure14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
Geiger tube22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
General relativityIntroduction
generator20.2 Motors, Generators, and Transformers
geodetic effect7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
geometric optics16.1 Reflection
George Zweig23.2 Quarks
glass rods18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
gluon23.2 Quarks
gluons23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
Grand Unification Epoch23.3 The Unification of Forces
Grand Unified Theory (GUT)23.3 The Unification of Forces
graph2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs, 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs
graphical5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
gravitational4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
gravitational constant7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
gravitational force4.1 Force, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion, 23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
Gravitational potential energy9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem
graviton23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces, 23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
Gravity3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion
ground state22.1 The Structure of the Atom
gun-type bomb22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
H
hadrons23.2 Quarks
half-life22.3 Half Life and Radiometric Dating
harmonic motion14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
harmonics14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
head5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
head-to-tail method5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
Hearing14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
Heat11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
heat capacity11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer
heat engine12.4 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators
Heat pumps12.4 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators
Heisenberg uncertainty principle22.1 The Structure of the Atom
hertz5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
Hideki Yukawa23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
Higgs boson23.2 Quarks
Higgs field23.2 Quarks
Hooke’s law5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
Huygens’s principle17.1 Understanding Diffraction and Interference
hydrogen-like atoms22.1 The Structure of the Atom
hypothesis1.2 The Scientific Methods
I
ideal gas law12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work
ideal mechanical advantage9.3 Simple Machines
illuminance15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
impulse8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
impulse-momentum theorem8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
in parallel19.3 Parallel Circuits
in series19.2 Series Circuits
incident ray16.2 Refraction
inclined plane9.3 Simple Machines
independent5.3 Projectile Motion
independent variable1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units, 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs
index of refraction16.2 Refraction
induction18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge, 20.3 Electromagnetic Induction
inelastic collision8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
Inertia4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia
inertial reference frame10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity
Inflationary Epoch23.3 The Unification of Forces
infrared (IR) radiation15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
infrasound14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
input work9.3 Simple Machines
instantaneous acceleration3.1 Acceleration
instantaneous speed2.2 Speed and Velocity
instantaneous velocity2.2 Speed and Velocity
insulator18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
interference15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
Internal energy12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work
Inverse proportionality1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
inverse relationship1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
inverse-square law18.2 Coulomb's law
Inversely proportional4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion
inversion13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
ionizing radiation22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
iridescence17.2 Applications of Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence
isolated system8.2 Conservation of Momentum
isotope22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
J
joule9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem
K
kelvin1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units, 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
Kelvin scale11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
KeplerIntroduction
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
kinematic equations3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs
kinematics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications, 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement, 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs, 4.1 Force
kinematics of rotational motion6.3 Rotational Motion
kinetic10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
kinetic energy8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem, 18.4 Electric Potential
Kinetic friction5.4 Inclined Planes
L
laminated-coil transformer20.2 Motors, Generators, and Transformers
Large Hadron Collider23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
laser17.2 Applications of Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
latent heat11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
latent heat of fusion11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
latent heat of vaporization11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
law of conservation of charge18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
law of conservation of energy9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy
law of conservation of momentum8.2 Conservation of Momentum, 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
law of inertia4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia
law of reflection16.1 Reflection
law of refraction16.1 Reflection
length contraction10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
Leptons23.2 Quarks
lever9.3 Simple Machines
lever arm6.3 Rotational Motion
light years15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
LightSail-121.3 The Dual Nature of Light
line graph1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
linear acceleration6.3 Rotational Motion
Linear momentum8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
linear relationships1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
liquid drop model22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
log-log plot1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
logarithmic (log) scale1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
longitudinal wave13.1 Types of Waves
longitudinal waves14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
loudness14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
Louis de Broglie22.1 The Structure of the Atom
lumens15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
luminous flux15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
lux15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
M
magnetic dipoles20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
magnetic field15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum, 20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
magnetic flux20.3 Electromagnetic Induction
magnetic induction20.3 Electromagnetic Induction
magnetic pole20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
Magnetism1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
magnetized20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
magnitude2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement
Manhattan Project22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Mass4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion, 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
mass defect10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
mass number22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
maximum height5.3 Projectile Motion
maximum height of a projectile5.3 Projectile Motion
Maxwell’s equations15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
mechanical advantage9.3 Simple Machines
mechanical energy9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem
mechanical waves13.1 Types of Waves
medium13.1 Types of Waves
Melting11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
meson23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
mesons23.2 Quarks
method of adding percents1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
metric system1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
metric units1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
Michelson–Morley experiment10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity
microwave radiation15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Millikan18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
model1.2 The Scientific Methods
modern physics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
moment of inertia8.2 Conservation of Momentum
momentum8.2 Conservation of Momentum, 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions, 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
monochromatic17.1 Understanding Diffraction and Interference
monochromators17.2 Applications of Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence
motion2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement, 2.2 Speed and Velocity
Murray Gell-Mann23.2 Quarks
N
natural frequency14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
negative acceleration3.1 Acceleration
negative charges18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
net external force4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion, 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
net force4.1 Force, 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion, 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
neutrino22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity, 23.2 Quarks
NewtonIntroduction, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion
Newton’s first law of motion4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia
Newton’s laws of motionIntroduction, 4.1 Force
Newton’s second law of motion1.2 The Scientific Methods, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion
Newton’s third law of motion4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
Newton’s universal law of gravitation7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
Niels Bohr22.1 The Structure of the Atom
node14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
nodes13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
nonohmic19.1 Ohm's law
normal force4.1 Force, 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia, 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
north pole20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
nuclear fission22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Nuclear fusion22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Nuclear physics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
nuclear strong force22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
nucleons22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity, 23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
nuclide22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
O
objectives16.3 Lenses
observation1.2 The Scientific Methods
ocular16.3 Lenses
Ohm’s law19.1 Ohm's law
ohmic19.1 Ohm's law
oil-drop18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
open-pipe resonator14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
optics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
order of magnitude1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
oscillate5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
output work9.3 Simple Machines
overtones14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
P
pair production23.2 Quarks
parfocal16.3 Lenses
Particle physicsIntroduction
particle-wave duality21.3 The Dual Nature of Light
Pascal’s principle1.2 The Scientific Methods
perihelion7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
period5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion, 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, 13.1 Types of Waves
Periodic motion5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
periodic wave13.1 Types of Waves
permanent magnet20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
permittivity of free space18.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
Peter Higgs23.2 Quarks
phase change11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
phase diagram11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
photoelectric effect21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
photoelectron21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
photon23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
photon momentum21.3 The Dual Nature of Light
photons21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
photovoltaic cells21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
physical models1.2 The Scientific Methods
physical science5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
physics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
pigment15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
pion23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
pitch14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
pivot point6.3 Rotational Motion
Planck21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
Planck Epoch23.3 The Unification of Forces
Planck’s constant21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
planetary model of the atom22.1 The Structure of the Atom
plasma11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
plum pudding model22.1 The Structure of the Atom
point charge18.3 Electric Field
point masses8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
polarization18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
polarized light15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
position2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement, 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs, 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs
positive charges18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
positron23.2 Quarks
Positron emission tomography22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
postulates10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity
potential difference18.4 Electric Potential
potential energy9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem, 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity, 18.4 Electric Potential
Power9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem, 14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
Precision1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
pressure12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work
primary and secondary coils20.2 Motors, Generators, and Transformers
principles1.2 The Scientific Methods
projectile5.3 Projectile Motion
Projectile motion5.3 Projectile Motion
Proper length10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
proportionality4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion
proton decay23.3 The Unification of Forces
proton-proton cycle22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
protons18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
Ptolemaic model7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
pulley9.3 Simple Machines
pulse wave13.1 Types of Waves
Q
quadratic relationship1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
quantized21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
quantum21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
quantum chromodynamics23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces, 23.2 Quarks
quantum electrodynamics23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
quantum mechanics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications, 21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
Quark Era23.3 The Unification of Forces
quarks23.2 Quarks
R
rad22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
Radar15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
radian6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity
radiation11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer
radio waves15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
radioactive22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
Radioactive dating22.3 Half Life and Radiometric Dating
radioactive decay22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
Radioactivity22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
radiopharmaceutical22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
Radiotherapy22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
radius of curvature6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity
rarefactions14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
rate2.2 Speed and Velocity
ray16.1 Reflection
Rayleigh criterion17.2 Applications of Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence
real image16.1 Reflection
reciprocal9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem
recoil8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
reference frame2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement
reflection13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference, 16.1 Reflection
refracted ray16.2 Refraction
refraction13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
relative biological effectiveness22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
relative speed10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
Relativistic10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
relativistic energy10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
relativistic factor10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
Relativistic momentum10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
RelativityIntroduction
Resistance19.1 Ohm's law
resistor19.2 Series Circuits
resolution17.2 Applications of Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence
resonance14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
resonate14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
rest mass10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
restoring force5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
resultant5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
resultant vector5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
revolution6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity
Richard Feynman23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
right-hand rule20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
roentgen equivalent man22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
rotational inertia8.2 Conservation of Momentum
Rotational motion6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity
Rutherford18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
Rutherford scattering22.1 The Structure of the Atom
Rydberg constant22.1 The Structure of the Atom
S
scalar2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement, 2.2 Speed and Velocity, 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
scientific law1.2 The Scientific Methods
scientific method1.2 The Scientific Methods
Scientific models1.2 The Scientific Methods
Scientific notation1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
scintillators22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
screw9.3 Simple Machines
second law of thermodynamics12.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
semi-log plot1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
shock wave14.3 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
SI units1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
significant figures1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
simple harmonic motion5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
Simple machines9.3 Simple Machines
simple pendulum5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
Simultaneity10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity
Single-photon-emission computer tomography22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
slope1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
Snap Lab2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement
Snell’s law16.2 Refraction
solenoid20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
sonic boom14.3 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
Sound14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
sound intensity14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
sound intensity level14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
south pole20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
special relativityIntroduction, 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity
specific heat11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer
specular16.1 Reflection
speed2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement, 2.2 Speed and Velocity, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion, 14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
Spin6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity
Standard Model23.2 Quarks
standing waves13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
static friction5.4 Inclined Planes
statics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
stationary2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement
steady state19.2 Series Circuits
strange23.2 Quarks
strong nuclear force22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity, 23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
Sublimation11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
Super-Kamiokande23.3 The Unification of Forces
superforce23.3 The Unification of Forces
superposition13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
supersonic14.3 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
synchrotron23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
system4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia
systems4.1 Force
T
tagged22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
tail5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
tangent2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs
tangential acceleration6.3 Rotational Motion
Tangential velocity6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity, 6.3 Rotational Motion
temperature11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
tension4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
test charge18.3 Electric Field
The net external force4.1 Force
theory1.2 The Scientific Methods
Theory of Everything23.3 The Unification of Forces
theory of relativity1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
therapeutic ratio22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
thermal efficiency12.4 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators
thermal energy11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
thermal equilibrium12.1 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium
thermodynamics1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
thermonuclear bomb22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
thin-film interference15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
Thomson18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
three-dimensional models1.2 The Scientific Methods
thrust4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
time2.2 Speed and Velocity, 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs, 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs, 3.1 Acceleration, 3.1 Acceleration
Time dilation10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
top23.2 Quarks
torque6.3 Rotational Motion, 8.2 Conservation of Momentum
torsion balance18.2 Coulomb's law
total energy10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
total internal reflection16.2 Refraction
trajectory5.3 Projectile Motion
transformer20.2 Motors, Generators, and Transformers
translational acceleration8.2 Conservation of Momentum
transmutation22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
transverse wave13.1 Types of Waves
transverse waves14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
trend line1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
twin paradox10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
U
U.S. customary units1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
ultrasound14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
ultraviolet (UV) radiation15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
ultraviolet catastrophe21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
uncertainty1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
uniform circular motion6.2 Uniform Circular Motion
uniform electric field18.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
universal1.2 The Scientific Methods
universal laws4.1 Force
up23.2 Quarks
V
Van de Graaff18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
Van de Graaff generator23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
Vaporization11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
variables1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
vector2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement, 2.2 Speed and Velocity, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion, 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
vector addition5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
vector quantities3.1 Acceleration
Vector subtraction5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
Velocity2.2 Speed and Velocity, 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs, Introduction, 3.1 Acceleration, 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs, 4.1 Force, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion, 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion, 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
virtual image16.1 Reflection
visible light15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
voltage18.4 Electric Potential
W
W bosons23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
watts9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem
wave13.1 Types of Waves
wave velocity13.2 Wave Properties: Speed, Amplitude, Frequency, and Period
wavefronts17.1 Understanding Diffraction and Interference
wavelength13.2 Wave Properties: Speed, Amplitude, Frequency, and Period, 14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength, 15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
weak nuclear force23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
wedge9.3 Simple Machines
weight4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia, 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion, 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
Werner Heisenberg22.1 The Structure of the Atom
wheel and axle9.3 Simple Machines
work9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem
work–energy theorem9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem
X
X-rays15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Z
Z bosons23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
zeroth law of thermodynamics12.1 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium
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