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Physics

19.4 Electric Power

Physics19.4 Electric Power
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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. 1 What is Physics?
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Physics: Definitions and Applications
    3. 1.2 The Scientific Methods
    4. 1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  3. 2 Motion in One Dimension
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement
    3. 2.2 Speed and Velocity
    4. 2.3 Position vs. Time Graphs
    5. 2.4 Velocity vs. Time Graphs
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  4. 3 Acceleration
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Acceleration
    3. 3.2 Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  5. 4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Force
    3. 4.2 Newton's First Law of Motion: Inertia
    4. 4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion
    5. 4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  6. 5 Motion in Two Dimensions
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
    3. 5.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
    4. 5.3 Projectile Motion
    5. 5.4 Inclined Planes
    6. 5.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
    7. Key Terms
    8. Section Summary
    9. Key Equations
    10. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    11. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  7. 6 Circular and Rotational Motion
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity
    3. 6.2 Uniform Circular Motion
    4. 6.3 Rotational Motion
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  8. 7 Newton's Law of Gravitation
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
    3. 7.2 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  9. 8 Momentum
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 Linear Momentum, Force, and Impulse
    3. 8.2 Conservation of Momentum
    4. 8.3 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  10. 9 Work, Energy, and Simple Machines
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem
    3. 9.2 Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy
    4. 9.3 Simple Machines
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  11. 10 Special Relativity
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Postulates of Special Relativity
    3. 10.2 Consequences of Special Relativity
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  12. 11 Thermal Energy, Heat, and Work
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 Temperature and Thermal Energy
    3. 11.2 Heat, Specific Heat, and Heat Transfer
    4. 11.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  13. 12 Thermodynamics
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Equilibrium
    3. 12.2 First law of Thermodynamics: Thermal Energy and Work
    4. 12.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy
    5. 12.4 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  14. 13 Waves and Their Properties
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 Types of Waves
    3. 13.2 Wave Properties: Speed, Amplitude, Frequency, and Period
    4. 13.3 Wave Interaction: Superposition and Interference
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  15. 14 Sound
    1. Introduction
    2. 14.1 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
    3. 14.2 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
    4. 14.3 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
    5. 14.4 Sound Interference and Resonance
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  16. 15 Light
    1. Introduction
    2. 15.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
    3. 15.2 The Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  17. 16 Mirrors and Lenses
    1. Introduction
    2. 16.1 Reflection
    3. 16.2 Refraction
    4. 16.3 Lenses
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  18. 17 Diffraction and Interference
    1. Introduction
    2. 17.1 Understanding Diffraction and Interference
    3. 17.2 Applications of Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence
    4. Key Terms
    5. Section Summary
    6. Key Equations
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  19. 18 Static Electricity
    1. Introduction
    2. 18.1 Electrical Charges, Conservation of Charge, and Transfer of Charge
    3. 18.2 Coulomb's law
    4. 18.3 Electric Field
    5. 18.4 Electric Potential
    6. 18.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
    7. Key Terms
    8. Section Summary
    9. Key Equations
    10. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    11. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  20. 19 Electrical Circuits
    1. Introduction
    2. 19.1 Ohm's law
    3. 19.2 Series Circuits
    4. 19.3 Parallel Circuits
    5. 19.4 Electric Power
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Key Equations
    9. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    10. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  21. 20 Magnetism
    1. Introduction
    2. 20.1 Magnetic Fields, Field Lines, and Force
    3. 20.2 Motors, Generators, and Transformers
    4. 20.3 Electromagnetic Induction
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  22. 21 The Quantum Nature of Light
    1. Introduction
    2. 21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
    3. 21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
    4. 21.3 The Dual Nature of Light
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Key Equations
    8. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Problems
      4. Performance Task
    9. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  23. 22 The Atom
    1. Introduction
    2. 22.1 The Structure of the Atom
    3. 22.2 Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity
    4. 22.3 Half Life and Radiometric Dating
    5. 22.4 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
    6. 22.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity: Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation
    7. Key Terms
    8. Section Summary
    9. Key Equations
    10. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Performance Task
    11. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  24. 23 Particle Physics
    1. Introduction
    2. 23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
    3. 23.2 Quarks
    4. 23.3 The Unification of Forces
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Chapter Review
      1. Concept Items
      2. Critical Thinking Items
      3. Performance Task
    8. Test Prep
      1. Multiple Choice
      2. Short Answer
      3. Extended Response
  25. A | Reference Tables
  26. Index

Section Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

  • Define electric power and describe the electric power equation
  • Calculate electric power in circuits of resistors in series, parallel, and complex arrangements

Teacher Support

Teacher Support

The learning objectives in this section will help your students master the following standards:

  • (5) Science concepts. The student knows the nature of forces in the physical world. The student is expected to:
    • (F) design, construct, and calculate in terms of current through, potential difference across, resistance of, and power used by electric circuit elements connected in both series and parallel combinations.

In addition, the High School Physics Laboratory Manual addresses content in this section in the lab titled: Work, Energy and Power in Circuits, as well as the following standards:

  • (6) Science concepts. The student knows that changes occur within a physical system and applies the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. The student is expected to:
    • (C) calculate the mechanical energy of, power generated within, impulse applied to, and momentum of a physical system.

Section Key Terms

electric power

Power is associated by many people with electricity. Every day, we use electric power to run our modern appliances. Electric power transmission lines are visible examples of electricity providing power. We also use electric power to start our cars, to run our computers, or to light our homes. Power is the rate at which energy of any type is transferred; electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred in a circuit. In this section, we’ll learn not only what this means, but also what factors determine electric power.

To get started, let’s think of light bulbs, which are often characterized in terms of their power ratings in watts. Let us compare a 25-W bulb with a 60-W bulb (see Figure 19.20). Although both operate at the same voltage, the 60-W bulb emits more light intensity than the 25-W bulb. This tells us that something other than voltage determines the power output of an electric circuit.

Incandescent light bulbs, such as the two shown in Figure 19.20, are essentially resistors that heat up when current flows through them and they get so hot that they emit visible and invisible light. Thus the two light bulbs in the photo can be considered as two different resistors. In a simple circuit such as a light bulb with a voltage applied to it, the resistance determines the current by Ohm’s law, so we can see that current as well as voltage must determine the power.

The left image shows a 25-W light bulb, whereas the right image shows a 60-W light bulb.
Figure 19.20 On the left is a 25-W light bulb, and on the right is a 60-W light bulb. Why are their power outputs different despite their operating on the same voltage?

The formula for power may be found by dimensional analysis. Consider the units of power. In the SI system, power is given in watts (W), which is energy per unit time, or J/s

W= J s . W= J s .
19.47

Recall now that a voltage is the potential energy per unit charge, which means that voltage has units of J/C

V= J C . V= J C .
19.48

We can rewrite this equation as J=V×C J=V×C and substitute this into the equation for watts to get

W= J s = V×C s =V× C s . W= J s = V×C s =V× C s .

But a Coulomb per second (C/s) is an electric current, which we can see from the definition of electric current, I= ΔQ Δt I= ΔQ Δt , where Δ Δ Q is the charge in coulombs and Δ Δ t is time in seconds. Thus, equation above tells us that electric power is voltage times current, or

P=IV. P=IV.

This equation gives the electric power consumed by a circuit with a voltage drop of V and a current of I.

For example, consider the circuit in Figure 19.21. From Ohm’s law, the current running through the circuit is

I= V R = 12V 100Ω =0.12A. I= V R = 12V 100Ω =0.12A.
19.49

Thus, the power consumed by the circuit is

P=VI=( 12V )( 0.12A )=1.4W. P=VI=( 12V )( 0.12A )=1.4W.
19.50

Where does this power go? In this circuit, the power goes primarily into heating the resistor in this circuit.

A circuit diagram with one resistor and one battery is shown.
Figure 19.21 A simple circuit that consumes electric power.

In calculating the power in the circuit of Figure 19.21, we used the resistance and Ohm’s law to find the current. Ohm’s law gives the current: I=V/R I=V/R , which we can insert into the equation for electric power to obtain

P=IV=( V R )V= V 2 R . P=IV=( V R )V= V 2 R .

This gives the power in terms of only the voltage and the resistance.

We can also use Ohm’s law to eliminate the voltage in the equation for electric power and obtain an expression for power in terms of just the current and the resistance. If we write Ohm’s law as V=IR V=IR and use this to eliminate V in the equation P=IV P=IV, we obtain

P=IV=I( IR )= I 2 R. P=IV=I( IR )= I 2 R.

This gives the power in terms of only the current and the resistance.

Thus, by combining Ohm’s law with the equation P=IV P=IV for electric power, we obtain two more expressions for power: one in terms of voltage and resistance and one in terms of current and resistance. Note that only resistance (not capacitance or anything else), current, and voltage enter into the expressions for electric power. This means that the physical characteristic of a circuit that determines how much power it dissipates is its resistance. Any capacitors in the circuit do not dissipate electric power—on the contrary, capacitors either store electric energy or release electric energy back to the circuit.

To clarify how voltage, resistance, current, and power are all related, consider Figure 19.22, which shows the formula wheel. The quantities in the center quarter circle are equal to the quantities in the corresponding outer quarter circle. For example, to express a potential V in terms of power and current, we see from the formula wheel that V=P/I V=P/I .

A formula wheel relating power, voltage, current, and resistance.
Figure 19.22 The formula wheel shows how volts, resistance, current, and power are related. The quantities in the inner quarter circles equal the quantities in the corresponding outer quarter circles.

Worked Example

Find the Resistance of a Lightbulb

A typical older incandescent lightbulb was 60 W. Assuming that 120 V is applied across the lightbulb, what is the current through the lightbulb?

Strategy

We are given the voltage and the power output of a simple circuit containing a lightbulb, so we can use the equation P=IV P=IV to find the current I that flows through the lightbulb.

Discussion

This is a significant current. Recall that household power is AC and not DC, so the 120 V supplied by household sockets is an alternating power, not a constant power. The 120 V is actually the time-averaged power provided by such sockets. Thus, the average current going through the light bulb over a period of time longer than a few seconds is 0.50 A.

Worked Example

Boot Warmers

To warm your boots on cold days, you decide to sew a circuit with some resistors into the insole of your boots. You want 10 W of heat output from the resistors in each insole, and you want to run them from two 9-V batteries (connected in series). What total resistance should you put in each insole?

Strategy

We know the desired power and the voltage (18 V, because we have two 9-V batteries connected in series), so we can use the equation P= V 2 /R P= V 2 /R to find the requisite resistance.

Discussion

Let’s see how much current would run through this circuit. We have 18 V applied across a resistance of 32 Ω Ω, so Ohm’s law gives

I= V R = 18V 32Ω =0.56A. I= V R = 18V 32Ω =0.56A.
19.53

All batteries have labels that say how much charge they can deliver (in terms of a current multiplied by a time). A typical 9-V alkaline battery can deliver a charge of 565 mAâ‹…h mAâ‹…h (so two 9 V batteries deliver 1,130 mAâ‹…h mAâ‹…h ), so this heating system would function for a time of

t= 1130× 10 −3 A⋅h 0.56A =2.0h. t= 1130× 10 −3 A⋅h 0.56A =2.0h.
19.54

Worked Example

Power through a Branch of a Circuit

Each resistor in the circuit below is 30 Ω Ω . What power is dissipated by the middle branch of the circuit?

A complex circuit diagram with six resistors and multiple branches is shown.

Strategy

The middle branch of the circuit contains resistors R 3  and  R 5 R 3  and  R 5 in series. The voltage across this branch is 12 V. We will first find the equivalent resistance in this branch, and then use P= V 2 /R P= V 2 /R to find the power dissipated in the branch.

Discussion

Let’s see if energy is conserved in this circuit by comparing the power dissipated in the circuit to the power supplied by the battery. First, the equivalent resistance of the left branch is

R left = 1 1/ R 1 +1/ R 2 + R 4 = 1 1/ 30Ω +1/ 30Ω +30Ω=45Ω. R left = 1 1/ R 1 +1/ R 2 + R 4 = 1 1/ 30Ω +1/ 30Ω +30Ω=45Ω.
19.56

The power through the left branch is

P left = V 2 R left = ( 12V ) 2 45Ω =3.2W. P left = V 2 R left = ( 12V ) 2 45Ω =3.2W.
19.57

The right branch contains only R 6 R 6 , so the equivalent resistance is R right = R 6 =30Ω R right = R 6 =30Ω . The power through the right branch is

P right = V 2 R right = ( 12V ) 2 30Ω =4.8W. P right = V 2 R right = ( 12V ) 2 30Ω =4.8W.
19.58

The total power dissipated by the circuit is the sum of the powers dissipated in each branch.

P= P left + P middle + P right =2.4W+3.2W+4.8W=10.4W P= P left + P middle + P right =2.4W+3.2W+4.8W=10.4W
19.59

The power provided by the battery is

P=IV. P=IV.
19.60

where I is the total current flowing through the battery. We must therefore add up the currents going through each branch to obtain I. The branches contributes currents of

I left = V R left = 12V 45Ω = 0.2667A I middle = V R middle = 12V 60Ω = 0.20A I right = V R right = 12V 30Ω = 0.40A. I left = V R left = 12V 45Ω = 0.2667A I middle = V R middle = 12V 60Ω = 0.20A I right = V R right = 12V 30Ω = 0.40A.
19.61

The total current is

I= I left + I middle + I right =0.2667A+0.20A+0.40A=0.87A. I= I left + I middle + I right =0.2667A+0.20A+0.40A=0.87A.
19.62

and the power provided by the battery is

P=IV=( 0.87A )( 12V )=10.4W. P=IV=( 0.87A )( 12V )=10.4W.
19.63

This is the same power as is dissipated in the resistors of the circuit, which shows that energy is conserved in this circuit.

Practice Problems

16.

What is the formula for the power dissipated in a resistor?

  1. The formula for the power dissipated in a resistor is P= I V . P= I V .
  2. The formula for the power dissipated in a resistor is P= V I . P= V I .
  3. The formula for the power dissipated in a resistor is P = IV.
  4. The formula for the power dissipated in a resistor is P = I2V.
17.

What is the formula for power dissipated by a resistor given its resistance and the voltage across it?

  1. The formula for the power dissipated in a resistor is P= R V 2 P= R V 2
  2. The formula for the power dissipated in a resistor is P= V 2 R P= V 2 R
  3. The formula for the power dissipated in a resistor is P= V 2 R P= V 2 R
  4. The formula for the power dissipated in a resistor is P= I 2 R P= I 2 R

Check your Understanding

18.

Which circuit elements dissipate power?

  1. capacitors
  2. inductors
  3. ideal switches
  4. resistors
19.
Explain in words the equation for power dissipated by a given resistance.
  1. Electric power is proportional to the current through the resistor multiplied by the square of the voltage across the resistor.
  2. Electric power is proportional to the square of current through the resistor multiplied by the voltage across the resistor.
  3. Electric power is proportional to the current through the resistor divided by the voltage across the resistor.
  4. Electric power is proportional to the current through the resistor multiplied by the voltage across the resistor.
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