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University Physics Volume 3

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University Physics Volume 3Index
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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. Optics
    1. 1 The Nature of Light
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Propagation of Light
      3. 1.2 The Law of Reflection
      4. 1.3 Refraction
      5. 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
      6. 1.5 Dispersion
      7. 1.6 Huygens’s Principle
      8. 1.7 Polarization
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    2. 2 Geometric Optics and Image Formation
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
      3. 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
      4. 2.3 Images Formed by Refraction
      5. 2.4 Thin Lenses
      6. 2.5 The Eye
      7. 2.6 The Camera
      8. 2.7 The Simple Magnifier
      9. 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
      10. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    3. 3 Interference
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference
      3. 3.2 Mathematics of Interference
      4. 3.3 Multiple-Slit Interference
      5. 3.4 Interference in Thin Films
      6. 3.5 The Michelson Interferometer
      7. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    4. 4 Diffraction
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Single-Slit Diffraction
      3. 4.2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction
      4. 4.3 Double-Slit Diffraction
      5. 4.4 Diffraction Gratings
      6. 4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution
      7. 4.6 X-Ray Diffraction
      8. 4.7 Holography
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
  3. Modern Physics
    1. 5 Relativity
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
      3. 5.2 Relativity of Simultaneity
      4. 5.3 Time Dilation
      5. 5.4 Length Contraction
      6. 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
      7. 5.6 Relativistic Velocity Transformation
      8. 5.7 Doppler Effect for Light
      9. 5.8 Relativistic Momentum
      10. 5.9 Relativistic Energy
      11. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    2. 6 Photons and Matter Waves
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
      3. 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
      4. 6.3 The Compton Effect
      5. 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
      6. 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
      7. 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    3. 7 Quantum Mechanics
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Wave Functions
      3. 7.2 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
      4. 7.3 The Schrӧdinger Equation
      5. 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box
      6. 7.5 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
      7. 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    4. 8 Atomic Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
      3. 8.2 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron
      4. 8.3 Electron Spin
      5. 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
      6. 8.5 Atomic Spectra and X-rays
      7. 8.6 Lasers
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    5. 9 Condensed Matter Physics
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
      3. 9.2 Molecular Spectra
      4. 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
      5. 9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals
      6. 9.5 Band Theory of Solids
      7. 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
      8. 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
      9. 9.8 Superconductivity
      10. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    6. 10 Nuclear Physics
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
      3. 10.2 Nuclear Binding Energy
      4. 10.3 Radioactive Decay
      5. 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
      6. 10.5 Fission
      7. 10.6 Nuclear Fusion
      8. 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    7. 11 Particle Physics and Cosmology
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
      3. 11.2 Particle Conservation Laws
      4. 11.3 Quarks
      5. 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
      6. 11.5 The Standard Model
      7. 11.6 The Big Bang
      8. 11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
  4. A | Units
  5. B | Conversion Factors
  6. C | Fundamental Constants
  7. D | Astronomical Data
  8. E | Mathematical Formulas
  9. F | Chemistry
  10. G | The Greek Alphabet
  11. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
  12. Index
Symbols
α α -particles 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
α α -rays 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
β-ray 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
γ-rays 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
A
aberration 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
absorber 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
absorption spectrum 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
acceptor impurity 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
accommodation 2.5 The Eye
activity 10.3 Radioactive Decay
Albert Einstein Introduction
ALICE detector 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
alpha ( α α ) rays 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
alpha decay 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
amorphous solids 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
amplifier 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
angular magnification 2.7 The Simple Magnifier
angular momentum orbital quantum number 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
angular momentum projection quantum number 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
anti-symmetric function 7.1 Wave Functions
antielectrons 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
antineutrino 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
antiparticle 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
aperture 4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution
apparent depth 2.3 Images Formed by Refraction
atomic bomb 10.5 Fission
atomic mass 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
atomic mass unit 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
atomic nucleus 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
atomic number 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
atomic orbital 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
B
Balmer 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Balmer formula 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Balmer series 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Bardeen 9.8 Superconductivity
baryon number 11.2 Particle Conservation Laws
baryons 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
base current 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
BCS theory 9.8 Superconductivity
Becquerel 10.3 Radioactive Decay
becquerels 10.3 Radioactive Decay
beta ( β β ) rays 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
beta decay 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
Betelgeuse 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
Bethe 10.6 Nuclear Fusion
Big Bang 11.6 The Big Bang
binding energy (BE) 10.2 Nuclear Binding Energy
binding energy per nucleon (BEN) 10.2 Nuclear Binding Energy
birefringent 1.7 Polarization
blackbody 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
blackbody radiation 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
Blu-Ray player 8.6 Lasers
body-centered cubic (BCC) 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
Bohr 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom, 10.5 Fission
Bohr magneton 8.2 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron
Bohr model 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
Bohr radius of hydrogen 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
bond length 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
Born interpretation 7.1 Wave Functions
boson 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
Brackett series 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Bragg 4.6 X-Ray Diffraction, 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves, 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
Bragg planes 4.6 X-Ray Diffraction
braking radiation 8.5 Atomic Spectra and X-rays
breakdown voltage 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
breeder reactor 10.5 Fission
Brewster’s angle 1.7 Polarization
Brewster’s law 1.7 Polarization
C
Cameras 2.6 The Camera
carbon-14 dating 10.3 Radioactive Decay
Cassegrain design 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
CD player 8.6 Lasers
Chadwick 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
chain reaction 10.5 Fission
charge-coupled device (CCD) 2.6 The Camera
chart of the nuclides 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
chemical group 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
chromatic aberrations 2.4 Thin Lenses
cladding 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
classical (Galilean) velocity addition 5.6 Relativistic Velocity Transformation
coherent waves 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference
collector current 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
color 11.3 Quarks
coma 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
complex function 7.1 Wave Functions
compound microscope 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
Compton 6.3 The Compton Effect
Compton effect 6.3 The Compton Effect
Compton shift 6.3 The Compton Effect
Compton wavelength 6.3 The Compton Effect
concave 2.4 Thin Lenses
concave mirror 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
conduction band 9.5 Band Theory of Solids
constructive interference 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference
converging lens 2.4 Thin Lenses
convex 2.4 Thin Lenses
convex mirror 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
Cooper 9.8 Superconductivity
Cooper pair 9.8 Superconductivity
Copenhagen interpretation 7.1 Wave Functions
cornea 2.5 The Eye
Cornell Electron Storage Ring 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
corner reflector 1.2 The Law of Reflection
correspondence principle 7.1 Wave Functions, 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box
cosmic microwave background radiation 11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe
cosmological principle 11.6 The Big Bang
cosmology 11.6 The Big Bang
covalent bond 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table, 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
critical angle 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
critical magnetic field 9.8 Superconductivity
critical mass 10.5 Fission
critical temperature 9.8 Superconductivity
criticality 10.5 Fission
curie (Ci) 10.3 Radioactive Decay
curved mirror 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
cut-off frequency 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
cut-off wavelength 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
cyclotron 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
D
dark energy 11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe
dark matter 11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe
daughter nucleus 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
Davisson 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
Davisson–Germer experiment 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
de Broglie 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
de Broglie wave 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
de Broglie’s hypothesis of matter waves 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
decay 10.3 Radioactive Decay
decay constant 10.3 Radioactive Decay
decay series 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
density of states 9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals
depletion layer 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
destructive interference 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference
destructive interference for a single slit 4.1 Single-Slit Diffraction
deuterium 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
diamonds 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
diffraction 4.1 Single-Slit Diffraction
diffraction grating 4.4 Diffraction Gratings
diffraction limit 4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution
Diffused light 1.2 The Law of Reflection
diopters 2.5 The Eye
Dirac 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
direction of polarization 1.7 Polarization
dissociation energy 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds, 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
diverging lens 2.4 Thin Lenses
DNA 4.6 X-Ray Diffraction
donor impurity 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
doping 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
double-slit interference experiment 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
drift velocity 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
E
Einstein 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
electric dipole transition 9.2 Molecular Spectra
electron affinity 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
electron configuration 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
electron microscopy 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
electron number density 9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals
electroweak force 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
emission spectrum 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
emitter 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
endoscope 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
energy band 9.5 Band Theory of Solids
energy gap 9.5 Band Theory of Solids
energy levels 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box
energy of a photon 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
energy quantum number 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box
energy spectrum of hydrogen 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
energy-time uncertainty principle 7.2 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
equilibrium separation distance 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
even function 7.1 Wave Functions
event 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
exchange symmetry 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds, 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
excited energy states of a hydrogen atom 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
expectation value 7.1 Wave Functions
eyepiece 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes, 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
F
face-centered cubic (FCC) 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
far point 2.5 The Eye
Farsightedness 2.5 The Eye
Fermi 10.5 Fission, 10.5 Fission
Fermi energy 9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals
Fermi factor 9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals
Fermi temperature 9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals
fermion 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
Feynman 11.5 The Standard Model
Feynman diagram 11.5 The Standard Model
Fiber optics 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
field emission 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
fine structure 8.3 Electron Spin
first focus 2.3 Images Formed by Refraction
first postulate 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
fission 10.5 Fission
Fizeau 1.1 The Propagation of Light
Fluorescence 8.5 Atomic Spectra and X-rays
focal length 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
focal plane 2.4 Thin Lenses
focal point 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
forward bias configuration 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
Foucault 1.1 The Propagation of Light
Fraunhofer 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Fraunhofer lines 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
free electron model 9.4 Free Electron Model of Metals
Fresnel Introduction
fringes 3.2 Mathematics of Interference
fundamental force 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
G
Gabor 4.7 Holography
Galilean relativity 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
Galilean transformation 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
Galileo 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
gamma ( γ γ ) rays 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
gamma decay 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
Gamow 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
Gell-Mann 11.3 Quarks
geometric optics 1.1 The Propagation of Light
Germer 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
gluon 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
grand unified theory 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
ground state 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
ground state energy 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box
ground state energy of the hydrogen atom 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
group velocity 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
H
hadron 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
Hahn 10.5 Fission
half-life 10.3 Radioactive Decay
Heisenberg 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
Heisenberg uncertainty principle 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality, 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle 7.2 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Hermite polynomial 7.5 The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
high bandwidth 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
high dose 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
hole 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
hologram 4.7 Holography
holography 4.7 Holography
horizontally polarized 1.7 Polarization
Hubble Space Telescope 4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution
Hubble telescope 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
Hubble’s constant 11.6 The Big Bang
Hubble’s law 11.6 The Big Bang
Humphreys series 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Hund 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
Huygens 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference
Huygens’s principle 1.6 Huygens’s Principle, 4.1 Single-Slit Diffraction
hybridization 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
Hydrogen-like ions 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
hyperfine structure 8.3 Electron Spin
hyperopia 2.5 The Eye
I
image distance 2.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
image focus 2.3 Images Formed by Refraction
imaginary number 7.3 The Schrӧdinger Equation
impurity atom 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
impurity band 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
incoherent 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference
index of refraction 1.1 The Propagation of Light
inelastic scattering 6.3 The Compton Effect
inertial frame of reference 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
infinite square well 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box
interference fringes 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference
interferometer 3.5 The Michelson Interferometer
ionic bond 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table, 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
ionization energy 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
ionization limit of the hydrogen atom 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
iridescence 4.4 Diffraction Gratings
isotopes 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
J
junction transistor 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
K
Keck telescope 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
L
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
laser 8.6 Lasers
lattice 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
law of reflection 1.2 The Law of Reflection
law of refraction 1.3 Refraction
Length contraction 5.4 Length Contraction
lens maker’s equation 2.4 Thin Lenses
lepton 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
lepton number 11.2 Particle Conservation Laws
lifetime 10.3 Radioactive Decay
light cone 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
linear accelerator 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
linear magnification 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 1.7 Polarization
liquid drop model 10.5 Fission
Lorentz factor 5.3 Time Dilation
Lorentz transformation 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
low dose 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
Lyman series 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
M
Madelung constant 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
magnetic orbital quantum number 8.2 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron
magnetogram 8.2 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron
magnification 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
magnifying glass 2.7 The Simple Magnifier
majority carrier 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
Malus’s law 1.7 Polarization
mass defect 10.2 Nuclear Binding Energy
mass number 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
Maxwell's equations Introduction
mesons 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
metallic bonding 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
metastable state 8.6 Lasers
Michelson 1.1 The Propagation of Light, 3.5 The Michelson Interferometer
Michelson-Morley experiment 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
minority carrier 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
mirror equation 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
missing order 4.3 Double-Slit Diffraction
moderate dose 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
momentum operator 7.1 Wave Functions
monochromatic 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference, 8.6 Lasers
Moseley plot 8.5 Atomic Spectra and X-rays
Moseley’s law 8.5 Atomic Spectra and X-rays
muons 5.3 Time Dilation
myopia 2.5 The Eye
N
n-type semiconductor 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
nanotechnology 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
near point 2.5 The Eye
Nearsightedness 2.5 The Eye
net magnification 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
neutrino 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
neutron number 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
neutrons 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
Newton 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
Newton’s rings 3.4 Interference in Thin Films
Newtonian design 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
Newtonian mechanics Introduction
nonreflective coatings 3.4 Interference in Thin Films
normalization 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
normalization condition 7.1 Wave Functions
nuclear fusion 10.6 Nuclear Fusion
nuclear fusion reactor 10.6 Nuclear Fusion
nuclear model of the atom 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
nuclear reactor 10.5 Fission
nucleons 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
nucleosynthesis 10.6 Nuclear Fusion, 11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe
nuclide 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
O
object distance 2.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
object focus 2.3 Images Formed by Refraction
objective 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes, 2.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
odd function 7.1 Wave Functions
optical axis 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
optical power 2.5 The Eye
Optical stress analysis 1.7 Polarization
optically active 1.7 Polarization
orbital magnetic dipole moment 8.2 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron
order 3.2 Mathematics of Interference
P
p-n junction 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
p-type semiconductor 9.6 Semiconductors and Doping
parent nucleus 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
particle accelerator 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
particle detector 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
Paschen series 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Pauli’s exclusion principle 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table, 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
Penzias 11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe
periodic table 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
Pfund series 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
phasor diagram 4.2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction
photocurrent 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
photoelectric effect 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
photoelectrode 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
photoelectrons 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
photon 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
Planck 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
Planck’s constant 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
Planck’s hypothesis of energy quanta 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
plane mirror 2.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
Poisson’s spot Introduction
polarized 1.7 Polarization
polyatomic molecule 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
population inversion 8.6 Lasers
position operator 7.1 Wave Functions
positron 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
positron emission tomography (PET) 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
positrons 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
postulates of Bohr’s model 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
potential barrier 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
power intensity 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
Pozzi 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
principal maxima 3.3 Multiple-Slit Interference
principal quantum number 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box, 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
principal rays 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
probability density 7.1 Wave Functions
propagation vector 6.3 The Compton Effect
Proper length 5.4 Length Contraction
proper time 5.3 Time Dilation
proton-proton chain 10.6 Nuclear Fusion
protons 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
Q
Q value 10.6 Nuclear Fusion
quantized energies 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
quantum chromodynamics (QCD) 11.5 The Standard Model
quantum dot 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
quantum electrodynamics (QED) 11.5 The Standard Model
quantum number 6.1 Blackbody Radiation, 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
quantum phenomenon 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
quantum state of a Planck oscillator 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
quantum tunneling 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
quark 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
qubit 7.1 Wave Functions
R
rad 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
radial probability density function 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
radiation dose unit 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
radioactive dating 10.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive decay 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
radioactive decay law 10.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive tags 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
radioactivity 10.3 Radioactive Decay
radiopharmaceutical 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
radius of a nucleus 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
rainbow 1.5 Dispersion
ray 1.1 The Propagation of Light
ray model of light 1.1 The Propagation of Light
ray tracing 2.2 Spherical Mirrors, 2.4 Thin Lenses
Rayleigh criterion 4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution
Rayleigh–Jeans law 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
real image 2.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
redshift 11.6 The Big Bang
reduced Planck’s constant 6.3 The Compton Effect
refraction 1.3 Refraction
relative biological effectiveness 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
Relativistic kinetic energy 5.9 Relativistic Energy
Relativistic momentum 5.8 Relativistic Momentum
relativistic velocity addition 5.6 Relativistic Velocity Transformation
repulsion constant 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
resolution 4.5 Circular Apertures and Resolution
resonant tunneling 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
resonant-tunneling diode 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
Rest energy 5.9 Relativistic Energy
rest frame 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
rest mass 5.8 Relativistic Momentum
retina 2.5 The Eye
reverse bias configuration 9.7 Semiconductor Devices
Rigel 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
Roemer 1.1 The Propagation of Light
roentgen equivalent man (rem) 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
rotational energy level 9.2 Molecular Spectra
Ruska 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
Rutherford 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Rutherford gold foil experiment 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Rydberg constant for hydrogen 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
Rydberg formula 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
S
scanning electron microscope (SEM) 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
scanning tunneling microscope (STM) 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
scattering angle 6.3 The Compton Effect
Schrieffer 9.8 Superconductivity
Schrödinger 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
Schrödinger’s cat 7.1 Wave Functions
Schrödinger’s equation 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
Schrӧdinger’s time-dependent equation 7.3 The Schrӧdinger Equation
Schrӧdinger’s time-independent equation 7.3 The Schrӧdinger Equation
second focus 2.3 Images Formed by Refraction
second postulate of special relativity 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
secondary maximum 3.3 Multiple-Slit Interference
selection rule 9.2 Molecular Spectra
selection rules 8.5 Atomic Spectra and X-rays
semiconductor 9.5 Band Theory of Solids
shell 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
sievert (Sv) 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
sign conventions 2.4 Thin Lenses
simple cubic 9.3 Bonding in Crystalline Solids
simple magnifier 2.7 The Simple Magnifier
Simultaneity 5.2 Relativity of Simultaneity, 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
single-photon-emission CT (SPECT) 10.7 Medical Applications and Biological Effects of Nuclear Radiation
single-slit diffraction pattern 4.1 Single-Slit Diffraction
small-angle approximation 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
Snell 1.3 Refraction
Snell’s law 1.3 Refraction
soap bubble 3.4 Interference in Thin Films
space-time 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
special theory of relativity 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
spectroscopic dispersion 4.4 Diffraction Gratings
spectroscopic notation 8.1 The Hydrogen Atom
speed of light 5.1 Invariance of Physical Laws, 5.9 Relativistic Energy
spherical aberration 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
spin projection quantum number 8.3 Electron Spin
spin quantum number 8.3 Electron Spin
spin-flip transitions 8.3 Electron Spin
spin-orbit coupling 8.3 Electron Spin
Standard Model 11.5 The Standard Model
standing wave state 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box
state reduction 7.1 Wave Functions
stationary state 7.4 The Quantum Particle in a Box
Stefan–Boltzmann constant 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
Stefan’s law 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
Stern-Gerlach experiment 8.3 Electron Spin
stimulated emission 8.6 Lasers
stopping potential 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
strangeness 11.2 Particle Conservation Laws
Strassman 10.5 Fission
strong nuclear force 10.1 Properties of Nuclei, 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
subshell 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
synchrotron 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
synchrotron radiation 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
T
theory of everything 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
thin lenses 2.4 Thin Lenses
thin-film interference 3.4 Interference in Thin Films
thin-lens approximation 2.4 Thin Lenses
thin-lens equation 2.4 Thin Lenses
Thomson 6.4 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
thought experiment 5.2 Relativity of Simultaneity
Time dilation 5.3 Time Dilation
time-modulation factor 7.3 The Schrӧdinger Equation
Tonomura 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
Total energy 5.9 Relativistic Energy
total internal reflection 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
transition metal 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
transmission electron microscope (TEM) 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
transmission probability 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
transuranic element 10.4 Nuclear Reactions
tritium 10.1 Properties of Nuclei
tunnel diode 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
tunneling probability 7.6 The Quantum Tunneling of Particles through Potential Barriers
twin paradox 5.3 Time Dilation, 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
two-slit interference 7.1 Wave Functions
type I superconductor 9.8 Superconductivity
type II superconductor 9.8 Superconductivity
U
ultraviolet catastrophe 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
unpolarized 1.7 Polarization
V
valence band 9.5 Band Theory of Solids
valence electron 8.4 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
Van de Graaff accelerator 11.4 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
van der Waals bond 9.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
vertex 2.2 Spherical Mirrors
vertically polarized 1.7 Polarization
vibrational energy level 9.2 Molecular Spectra
virtual image 2.1 Images Formed by Plane Mirrors
virtual particle 11.5 The Standard Model
von Laue 4.6 X-Ray Diffraction
W
W and Z boson 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
wave function 7.1 Wave Functions
wave function collapse 7.1 Wave Functions
wave number 6.3 The Compton Effect
wave optics 1.6 Huygens’s Principle, Introduction
wave packet 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality, 7.2 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
wave quantum mechanics 6.5 De Broglie’s Matter Waves
wave-particle duality 6.6 Wave-Particle Duality
weak nuclear force 11.1 Introduction to Particle Physics
Wheeler 10.5 Fission
width of the central peak 4.2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction
Wien’s displacement law 6.1 Blackbody Radiation
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) 11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe
Wilson 11.7 Evolution of the Early Universe
work function 6.2 Photoelectric Effect
world line 5.5 The Lorentz Transformation
X
X-ray diffraction 4.6 X-Ray Diffraction
Y
Young 3.1 Young's Double-Slit Interference
Z
Zeeman effect 8.2 Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron
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