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Biology for AP® Courses

Index

Biology for AP® CoursesIndex
Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. The Chemistry of Life
    1. 1 The Study of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Science of Biology
      3. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
      3. 2.2 Water
      4. 2.3 Carbon
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 3 Biological Macromolecules
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
      3. 3.2 Carbohydrates
      4. 3.3 Lipids
      5. 3.4 Proteins
      6. 3.5 Nucleic Acids
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  3. The Cell
    1. 4 Cell Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Studying Cells
      3. 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
      4. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      5. 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      6. 4.5 Cytoskeleton
      7. 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Components and Structure
      3. 5.2 Passive Transport
      4. 5.3 Active Transport
      5. 5.4 Bulk Transport
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 6 Metabolism
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
      3. 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
      4. 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
      5. 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
      6. 6.5 Enzymes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 7 Cellular Respiration
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
      3. 7.2 Glycolysis
      4. 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
      5. 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
      6. 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
      7. 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
      8. 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 8 Photosynthesis
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
      3. 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
      4. 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 9 Cell Communication
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
      3. 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
      4. 9.3 Response to the Signal
      5. 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 10 Cell Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Cell Division
      3. 10.2 The Cell Cycle
      4. 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
      5. 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      6. 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  4. Genetics
    1. 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      3. 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      3. 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      4. 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
      3. 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 14 DNA Structure and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
      3. 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
      4. 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
      5. 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
      6. 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      7. 14.6 DNA Repair
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 15 Genes and Proteins
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 The Genetic Code
      3. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
      4. 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
      5. 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
      6. 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 16 Gene Regulation
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
      3. 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
      4. 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
      5. 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
      6. 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
      7. 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
      8. 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Biotechnology
      3. 17.2 Mapping Genomes
      4. 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
      5. 17.4 Applying Genomics
      6. 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  5. Evolutionary Processes
    1. 18 Evolution and Origin of Species
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 Understanding Evolution
      3. 18.2 Formation of New Species
      4. 18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 19 The Evolution of Populations
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Population Evolution
      3. 19.2 Population Genetics
      4. 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
      3. 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      4. 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  6. Biological Diversity
    1. 21 Viruses
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
      3. 21.2 Virus Infection and Hosts
      4. 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
      5. 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
      1. Introduction
      2. 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
      3. 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes
      4. 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
      5. 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
      6. 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  7. Plant Structure and Function
    1. 23 Plant Form and Physiology
      1. Introduction
      2. 23.1 The Plant Body
      3. 23.2 Stems
      4. 23.3 Roots
      5. 23.4 Leaves
      6. 23.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
      7. 23.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  8. Animal Structure and Function
    1. 24 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 24.1 Animal Form and Function
      3. 24.2 Animal Primary Tissues
      4. 24.3 Homeostasis
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 25 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 25.1 Digestive Systems
      3. 25.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
      4. 25.3 Digestive System Processes
      5. 25.4 Digestive System Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 26 The Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 26.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
      3. 26.2 How Neurons Communicate
      4. 26.3 The Central Nervous System
      5. 26.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
      6. 26.5 Nervous System Disorders
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 27 Sensory Systems
      1. Introduction
      2. 27.1 Sensory Processes
      3. 27.2 Somatosensation
      4. 27.3 Taste and Smell
      5. 27.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
      6. 27.5 Vision
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 28 The Endocrine System
      1. Introduction
      2. 28.1 Types of Hormones
      3. 28.2 How Hormones Work
      4. 28.3 Regulation of Body Processes
      5. 28.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
      6. 28.5 Endocrine Glands
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 29 The Musculoskeletal System
      1. Introduction
      2. 29.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
      3. 29.2 Bone
      4. 29.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
      5. 29.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 30 The Respiratory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 30.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
      3. 30.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
      4. 30.3 Breathing
      5. 30.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    8. 31 The Circulatory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 31.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
      3. 31.2 Components of the Blood
      4. 31.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
      5. 31.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    9. 32 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
      1. Introduction
      2. 32.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
      3. 32.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
      4. 32.3 Excretion Systems
      5. 32.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
      6. 32.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    10. 33 The Immune System
      1. Introduction
      2. 33.1 Innate Immune Response
      3. 33.2 Adaptive Immune Response
      4. 33.3 Antibodies
      5. 33.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    11. 34 Animal Reproduction and Development
      1. Introduction
      2. 34.1 Reproduction Methods
      3. 34.2 Fertilization
      4. 34.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
      5. 34.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
      6. 34.5 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
      7. 34.6 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
      8. 34.7 Human Pregnancy and Birth
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  9. Ecology
    1. 35 Ecology and the Biosphere
      1. Introduction
      2. 35.1 The Scope of Ecology
      3. 35.2 Biogeography
      4. 35.3 Terrestrial Biomes
      5. 35.4 Aquatic Biomes
      6. 35.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 36 Population and Community Ecology
      1. Introduction
      2. 36.1 Population Demography
      3. 36.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
      4. 36.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
      5. 36.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
      6. 36.5 Human Population Growth
      7. 36.6 Community Ecology
      8. 36.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 37 Ecosystems
      1. Introduction
      2. 37.1 Ecology for Ecosystems
      3. 37.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      4. 37.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 38 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 38.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
      3. 38.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
      4. 38.3 Threats to Biodiversity
      5. 38.4 Preserving Biodiversity
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
  10. A | The Periodic Table of Elements
  11. B | Geological Time
  12. C | Measurements and the Metric System
  13. Index
Symbols
3' UTR 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
40S ribosomal subunit 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
5' cap 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
5' UTR 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
60S ribosomal subunit 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
7-methylguanosine cap 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
α-helix 3.4 Proteins
β-pleated sheet 3.4 Proteins
A
absorption spectrum 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
abstract 1.1 The Science of Biology
acetyl CoA 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
acid 2.2 Water
activation energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
activators 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
active site 6.5 Enzymes
Active transport 5.3 Active Transport
adenosine triphosphate 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
adhesion 2.2 Water
aerobic respiration 7.2 Glycolysis
aliphatic hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
alleles 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
allosteric inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
alternation of generations 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
Amino acids 3.4 Proteins
aminoacyl tRNA synthetases 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
amphiphilic 5.1 Components and Structure
Anabolic 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
anaerobic 7.2 Glycolysis
anaerobic cellular respiration 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
analyze 19 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 20 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
anaphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
aneuploid 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
Anions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
antenna proteins 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
antibiotic resistance 17.1 Biotechnology
anticodon 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
antiporter 5.3 Active Transport
apoptosis 9.3 Response to the Signal
applied science 1.1 The Science of Biology
Aquaporins 5.2 Passive Transport
aromatic hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
atom 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
atomic mass 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
atomic number 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Atoms 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
ATP 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
Autocrine signals 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Autoinducers 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
autosomes 12.2 Characteristics and Traits, 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
B
balanced chemical equation 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
base 2.2 Water
Basic science 1.1 The Science of Biology
binary (prokaryotic) fission 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
biochemistry 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
bioenergetics 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
biological macromolecules 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
biology 1.1 The Science of Biology
biomarker 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
biosphere 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Biotechnology 17.1 Biotechnology
blending theory of inheritance 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
blotting 17.1 Biotechnology
botany 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Buffers 2.2 Water
C
CAAT box 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
Calculate 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions
calorie 2.2 Water
Calvin cycle 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
capillary action 2.2 Water
Carbohydrates 3.2 Carbohydrates
carbon 2.3 Carbon, 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
carotenoids 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
carrier protein 5.2 Passive Transport
catabolic 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
catabolite activator protein (CAP) 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Cations 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
caveolin 5.4 Bulk Transport
cell 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
cell cycle 10.2 The Cell Cycle
cell cycle checkpoints 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
cell plate 10.2 The Cell Cycle
cell wall 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell-surface receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
cellular cloning 17.1 Biotechnology
Cellulose 3.2 Carbohydrates
centimorgans (cM) 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
Central Dogma 15.1 The Genetic Code
central vacuole 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
centrioles 10.2 The Cell Cycle
centromere 10.1 Cell Division
centrosome 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Channel proteins 5.2 Passive Transport
chaperones 3.4 Proteins
chemical bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
chemical energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
Chemical reactions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
chemical reactivity 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
chemical synapses 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Chemiosmosis 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
chemoautotrophs 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
chiasmata 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
chitin 3.2 Carbohydrates
chlorophyll 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Chlorophyll a 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
chlorophyll b 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
chloroplast 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
chromatids 10.1 Cell Division
chromatin 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
chromosome inversion 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
Chromosomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells, 10.1 Cell Division
cilia 4.5 Cytoskeleton
cis-acting element 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
citric acid cycle 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
clathrin 5.4 Bulk Transport
cleavage furrow 10.2 The Cell Cycle
codominance 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
codons 15.1 The Genetic Code
coenzymes 6.5 Enzymes
cofactors 6.5 Enzymes
cohesin 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
cohesion 2.2 Water
colinear 15.1 The Genetic Code
community 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Compare 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions
competitive inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries 17.2 Mapping Genomes
compounds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
concentration gradient 5.2 Passive Transport
conclusion 1.1 The Science of Biology
condensin 10.2 The Cell Cycle
consensus 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
construct a mathematical model 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
contig 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Continuous variation 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
control group 1.1 The Science of Biology
core enzyme 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
covalent bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
crossover 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
cyclic AMP (cAMP) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
cyclin-dependent kinases 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
cyclins 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
cytochrome complex 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
Cytogenetic mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
Cytokinesis 10.2 The Cell Cycle
cytoplasm 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cytoskeleton 4.5 Cytoskeleton
cytosol 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
D
Deductive reasoning 1.1 The Science of Biology
degenerate 15.1 The Genetic Code
dehydration synthesis 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
denaturation 3.4 Proteins
denature 6.5 Enzymes
deoxynucleotide 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
dephosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
Describe 19 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 19 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 20 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
Describe a model 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
Descriptive (or discovery) science 1.1 The Science of Biology
Design a plan 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions
desmosomes 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
diacylglycerol (DAG) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
dicer 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
dideoxynucleotides 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Diffusion 5.2 Passive Transport
dihybrid 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
dimer 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
dimerization 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
diploid 10.1 Cell Division
diploid-dominant 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
Disaccharides 3.2 Carbohydrates
discontinuous variation 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
discussion 1.1 The Science of Biology
dissociation 2.2 Water
DNA microarrays 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
dominant lethal 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Dominant traits 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
downstream 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
E
ecosystem 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
electrochemical gradient 5.3 Active Transport
electrogenic pump 5.3 Active Transport
electrolytes 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electromagnetic spectrum 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
electron configuration 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electron microscopes 4.1 Studying Cells
electron orbitals 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electron transfer 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electron transport chain 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
electronegativity 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Electrons 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electrophoresis 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
Elements 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Enantiomers 2.3 Carbon
endergonic reactions 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
endocrine cells 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
endocrine signals 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Endocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
energy coupling 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
enhancers 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
enthalpy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
entropy 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
Enzyme-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Enzymes 3.4 Proteins
epigenetic 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
epistasis 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
equilibrium 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
eukaryotes 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
eukaryotic cells 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
euploid 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
Evaluate 20 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 20 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 20 Science Practice Challenge Questions
evaporation 2.2 Water
evolution 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
exergonic reactions 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
Exocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
exons 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
Explain 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
exponential growth 36.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
expressed sequence tag (EST) 17.2 Mapping Genomes
extracellular domain 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
extracellular matrix 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
F
F1 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
F2 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
facilitated transport 5.2 Passive Transport
FACT 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
false negative 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
falsifiable 1.1 The Science of Biology
Feedback inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
fermentation 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
fertilization 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
fixation 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
flagella 4.5 Cytoskeleton
fluid mosaic model 5.1 Components and Structure
foreign DNA 17.1 Biotechnology
free energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
FtsZ 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
Functional groups 2.3 Carbon
G
G-protein-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
G0 phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
G1 phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
G2 phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
gametes 10.1 Cell Division
gametophytes 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
Gap junctions 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
GC-rich boxes 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
Gel electrophoresis 17.1 Biotechnology
gene expression 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
Gene targeting 17.1 Biotechnology
Gene therapy 17.1 Biotechnology
genes 10.1 Cell Division
genetic diagnosis 17.1 Biotechnology
Genetic engineering 17.1 Biotechnology
genetic map 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic marker 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic recombination 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic testing 17.1 Biotechnology
genetic variability 19.2 Population Genetics
genetically modified organism 17.1 Biotechnology
genome 10.1 Cell Division
genome annotation 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Genome mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genomic libraries 17.2 Mapping Genomes
Genomics 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genotype 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Geometric isomers 2.3 Carbon
germ cells 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
GLUT proteins 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
Glycogen 3.2 Carbohydrates
glycolipids 5.1 Components and Structure
Glycolysis 7.2 Glycolysis
glycoproteins 5.1 Components and Structure
glycosidic bond 3.2 Carbohydrates
Golgi apparatus 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
granum 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
growth factors 9.3 Response to the Signal
guanosine diphosphate (GDP) 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
guanosine triphosphate (GTP) 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
H
hairpin 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
haploid 10.1 Cell Division
haploid-dominant 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
Heat energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy, 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
heat of vaporization 2.2 Water
helicase 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
hemizygous 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
heterotrophs 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
heterozygous 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
histone acetylation 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
histone proteins 10.1 Cell Division
holoenzyme 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
Homeostasis 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
homologous 10.1 Cell Division
homologous recombination 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
homology 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
homozygous 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Hormones 3.4 Proteins
host DNA 17.1 Biotechnology
hybridizations 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
hydrogen bond 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
hydrolysis reactions 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
hydrophilic 2.2 Water, 5.1 Components and Structure
hydrophobic 2.2 Water, 5.1 Components and Structure
hypertonic 5.2 Passive Transport
hypothesis 1.1 The Science of Biology
hypothesis-based science 1.1 The Science of Biology
hypotonic 5.2 Passive Transport
I
identify 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions
Identify and justify the data 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
incomplete dominance 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
induced fit 6.5 Enzymes
Induced mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
inducible operons 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Inductive reasoning 1.1 The Science of Biology
inert gases 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
inhibitor 9.3 Response to the Signal
initiation complex 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
initiation site 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
initiator tRNA 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
inositol phospholipids 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
inositol triphosphate (IP3) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
Integral proteins 5.1 Components and Structure
intercellular signaling 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
interkinesis 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Intermediate filaments 4.5 Cytoskeleton
Internal receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
interphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
intracellular mediators 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
intracellular signaling 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
introduction 1.1 The Science of Biology
introns 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
Ion channel-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Ionic bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
ions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
irreversible 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
isomerase 7.2 Glycolysis
Isomers 2.3 Carbon
isotonic 5.2 Passive Transport
Isotopes 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks, 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
J
Justify 19 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 20 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
Justify the claim 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions
K
karyogram 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
karyokinesis 10.2 The Cell Cycle
karyotype 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
kinase 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
kinetic energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
kinetochore 10.2 The Cell Cycle
Kozak’s rules 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Krebs cycle 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
L
lac operon 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
lagging strand 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
law of dominance 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
law of independent assortment 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
law of mass action 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
law of segregation 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
leading strand 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
life cycles 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
life sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology
ligand 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
ligase 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
light microscopes 4.1 Studying Cells
light-dependent reactions 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
light-harvesting complex 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
light-independent reactions 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
linkage 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
linkage analysis 17.2 Mapping Genomes
Lipids 3.3 Lipids
Litmus 2.2 Water
locus 10.1 Cell Division
lysis buffer 17.1 Biotechnology
lysosomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
M
macromolecules 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
mass number 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
materials and methods 1.1 The Science of Biology
mating factor 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
meiosis 11.1 The Process of Meiosis, 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Meiosis II 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
mesophyll 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
messenger RNA (mRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
metabolism 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
metabolome 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
Metabolomics 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
Metagenomics 17.4 Applying Genomics
metaphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
metaphase plate 10.2 The Cell Cycle
micelle 3.3 Lipids
Microbiology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
microfilaments 4.5 Cytoskeleton
microRNAs 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
microsatellite polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes
microscope 4.1 Studying Cells
microtubules 4.5 Cytoskeleton
mismatch repair 14.6 DNA Repair
Mitochondria 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
mitosis 10.2 The Cell Cycle
mitotic phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
mitotic spindle 10.2 The Cell Cycle
model 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
model organism 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
model system 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
molecular biology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
molecule 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Molecules 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
monohybrid 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
monomers 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
Monosaccharides 3.2 Carbohydrates
monosomy 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
multiple cloning site (MCS) 17.1 Biotechnology
Mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
Myc 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
N
natural sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology
negative regulators 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
neurobiology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
neurotransmitters 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
neutron 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
next-generation sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
noble gases 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
noncompetitive inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
nondisjunction 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
nonparental types 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
Nonpolar covalent bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
nonsense codons 15.1 The Genetic Code
nontemplate strand 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
northern blotting 17.1 Biotechnology
nuclear envelope 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleic acids 3.5 Nucleic Acids
nucleoid 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
nucleolus 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleoplasm 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleosome 10.1 Cell Division
nucleotide excision repair 14.6 DNA Repair
nucleotides 3.5 Nucleic Acids
nucleus 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks, 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
O
octamer boxes 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
octet rule 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Okazaki fragments 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
Omega 3.3 Lipids
oncogenes 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
operator 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
operons 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
organ system 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
organelles 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
organic molecules 2.3 Carbon
Organisms 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Organs 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
origin 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
Osmolarity 5.2 Passive Transport
Osmosis 5.2 Passive Transport
oxidative phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
P
P0 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
p21 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
p53 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
P680 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
P700 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
pairwise-end sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Paleontology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
paracentric 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
paracrine signals 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Parental types 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
Passive transport 5.2 Passive Transport
pedigree analysis 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Peer-reviewed manuscripts 1.1 The Science of Biology
peptide bond 3.4 Proteins
peptidyl transferase 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
pericentric 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
periodic table 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Peripheral proteins 5.1 Components and Structure
Peroxisomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
pH scale 2.2 Water
Pharmacogenomics 17.4 Applying Genomics
phenotype 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
phosphatases 9.3 Response to the Signal
phosphoanhydride bonds 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
phosphodiester 3.5 Nucleic Acids
phosphodiesterase 9.3 Response to the Signal
Phospholipids 3.3 Lipids
Phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
photoact 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
photoautotrophs 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
photon 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
photosystem 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
photosystem I 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
photosystem II 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
phylogenetic tree 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
physical map 17.2 Mapping Genomes
physical sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology
pigment 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
pinocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
plagiarism 1.1 The Science of Biology
plasma membrane 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
plasmids 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
plasmodesmata 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
plasmolysis 5.2 Passive Transport
Point mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
polar covalent bond 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
poly-A tail 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes, 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
polygenic 17.4 Applying Genomics
polymers 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
polynucleotide 3.5 Nucleic Acids
polyploid 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
polysaccharide 3.2 Carbohydrates
polysome 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
population 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Pose 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
Pose three questions 20 Science Practice Challenge Questions
Pose two questions 20 Science Practice Challenge Questions
positive regulator 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Possible answers: 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
post-transcriptional 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
post-translational 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
potential energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
potocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
predict 19 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 19 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 19 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions, 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
preinitiation complex 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
Primary active transport 5.3 Active Transport
primary electron acceptor 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
primary structure 3.4 Proteins
primase 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
primer 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
probes 17.1 Biotechnology
product rule 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
products 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
prokaryote 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
prometaphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
promoter 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
proofreading 14.6 DNA Repair
prophase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
prosthetic group 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
proteases 17.1 Biotechnology
proteasome 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
protein signature 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
Proteins 3.4 Proteins
proteome 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
proteomics 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
proto-oncogenes 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
proton 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
pumps 5.3 Active Transport
Punnett square 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
pure culture 17.4 Applying Genomics
purines 3.5 Nucleic Acids
pyrimidines 3.5 Nucleic Acids
pyruvate 7.2 Glycolysis
Q
quaternary structure 3.4 Proteins
questions 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions
quiescent 10.2 The Cell Cycle
quorum sensing 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
R
Radiation hybrid mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
reactants 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
reaction center 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
reading frame 15.1 The Genetic Code
receptor-mediated endocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
recessive lethal 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Recessive traits 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
reciprocal cross 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
recombinant DNA 17.1 Biotechnology
recombinant proteins 17.1 Biotechnology
recombination frequency 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
recombination nodules 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
redox reactions 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
reduction 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
reduction division 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
replication forks 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
Repressors 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Reproductive cloning 17.1 Biotechnology
Restriction endonucleases 17.1 Biotechnology
restriction fragment length polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes
results 1.1 The Science of Biology
retinoblastoma protein (Rb) 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) 17.1 Biotechnology
Reversible reactions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Review articles 1.1 The Science of Biology
Rho-dependent termination 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
Rho-independent termination 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
ribonucleases 17.1 Biotechnology
ribonucleic acid (RNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
Ribosomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
RNA editing 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
RNA-binding proteins 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
RNAs 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
S
S phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
saturated fatty acid 3.3 Lipids
Science 1.1 The Science of Biology
scientific method 1.1 The Science of Biology
scientific questions 23 Science Practice Challenge Questions
Second messengers 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
Secondary active transport 5.3 Active Transport
secondary structure 3.4 Proteins
Select 19 Science Practice Challenge Questions
selection 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions
selectively permeable 5.2 Passive Transport
septum 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
Sequence mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
serendipity 1.1 The Science of Biology
Shine-Dalgarno sequence 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
shotgun sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
signal integration 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
signal sequence 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
signal transduction 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
signaling cells 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
signaling pathway 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
silent mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
single nucleotide polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes
Single-strand binding proteins 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
sliding clamp 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
small nuclear 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
solute 5.2 Passive Transport
solutes 5.2 Passive Transport
solvent 2.2 Water
somatic cells 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Southern blotting 17.1 Biotechnology
specific heat capacity 2.2 Water
spectrophotometer 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
sphere of hydration 2.2 Water
splicing 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
Spontaneous mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
sporophyte 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
starch 3.2 Carbohydrates
start codon 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
steroids 3.3 Lipids
stomata 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
stroma 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Structural isomers 2.3 Carbon
substituted hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
substrate-level phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
substrates 6.5 Enzymes
sum rule 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
summarize 22 Science Practice Challenge Questions
surface tension 2.2 Water
symporter 5.3 Active Transport
synapsis 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
synaptic signal 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
synaptonemal complex 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Systems biology 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
T
target cells 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
TCA cycle 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
telomerase 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
telomeres 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
telophase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
template strand 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
tertiary structure 3.4 Proteins
test cross 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
tetrads 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
theory 1.1 The Science of Biology
Thermodynamics 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
thylakoid lumen 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
thylakoids 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Ti plasmids 17.1 Biotechnology
tight junction 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
tissues 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
to construct a cladogram 20 Science Practice Challenge Questions
Tonicity 5.2 Passive Transport
Topoisomerase 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
trait 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
trans 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
trans fat 3.3 Lipids
transcription 3.5 Nucleic Acids
transcription bubble. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
transcription factor binding site 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
transcription factors 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
transcriptional start site 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
transformation 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
transgenic 17.1 Biotechnology
transition state 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
Transition substitution 14.6 DNA Repair
translation 3.5 Nucleic Acids
translocation 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
translocations 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
transport proteins 5.2 Passive Transport
transporters 5.3 Active Transport
Transversion substitution 14.6 DNA Repair
triacylglycerols 3.3 Lipids
triglycerides 3.3 Lipids
trisomy 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
Tryptophan 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
tryptophan (trp) operon 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Tumor suppressor genes 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
U
ubiquinone 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
unified cell theory 4.1 Studying Cells
uniporter 5.3 Active Transport
unsaturated 3.3 Lipids
untranslated regions 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
upstream 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
V
vacuoles 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
valence shell 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
van der Waals interactions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
variable 1.1 The Science of Biology
variants 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Vesicles 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
W
wavelength 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
Wax 3.3 Lipids
Whole-genome sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
wild type 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
X
X inactivation 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
X-linked 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Z
Zoology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
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