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Astronomy

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AstronomyIndex
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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Science and the Universe: A Brief Tour
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 The Nature of Astronomy
    3. 1.2 The Nature of Science
    4. 1.3 The Laws of Nature
    5. 1.4 Numbers in Astronomy
    6. 1.5 Consequences of Light Travel Time
    7. 1.6 A Tour of the Universe
    8. 1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale
    9. 1.8 The Universe of the Very Small
    10. 1.9 A Conclusion and a Beginning
    11. For Further Exploration
  3. 2 Observing the Sky: The Birth of Astronomy
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 2.1 The Sky Above
    3. 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
    4. 2.3 Astrology and Astronomy
    5. 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. For Further Exploration
    9. Collaborative Group Activities
    10. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  4. 3 Orbits and Gravity
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
    3. 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
    4. 3.3 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
    5. 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System
    6. 3.5 Motions of Satellites and Spacecraft
    7. 3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
    8. Key Terms
    9. Summary
    10. For Further Exploration
    11. Collaborative Group Activities
    12. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  5. 4 Earth, Moon, and Sky
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 4.1 Earth and Sky
    3. 4.2 The Seasons
    4. 4.3 Keeping Time
    5. 4.4 The Calendar
    6. 4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon
    7. 4.6 Ocean Tides and the Moon
    8. 4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
    9. Key Terms
    10. Summary
    11. For Further Exploration
    12. Collaborative Group Activities
    13. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  6. 5 Radiation and Spectra
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 5.1 The Behavior of Light
    3. 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
    4. 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
    5. 5.4 The Structure of the Atom
    6. 5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
    7. 5.6 The Doppler Effect
    8. Key Terms
    9. Summary
    10. For Further Exploration
    11. Collaborative Group Activities
    12. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  7. 6 Astronomical Instruments
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 6.1 Telescopes
    3. 6.2 Telescopes Today
    4. 6.3 Visible-Light Detectors and Instruments
    5. 6.4 Radio Telescopes
    6. 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
    7. 6.6 The Future of Large Telescopes
    8. Key Terms
    9. Summary
    10. For Further Exploration
    11. Collaborative Group Activities
    12. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  8. 7 Other Worlds: An Introduction to the Solar System
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
    3. 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets
    4. 7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces
    5. 7.4 Origin of the Solar System
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. For Further Exploration
    9. Collaborative Group Activities
    10. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  9. 8 Earth as a Planet
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 8.1 The Global Perspective
    3. 8.2 Earth’s Crust
    4. 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
    5. 8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change
    6. 8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
    7. Key Terms
    8. Summary
    9. For Further Exploration
    10. Collaborative Group Activities
    11. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  10. 9 Cratered Worlds
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 9.1 General Properties of the Moon
    3. 9.2 The Lunar Surface
    4. 9.3 Impact Craters
    5. 9.4 The Origin of the Moon
    6. 9.5 Mercury
    7. Key Terms
    8. Summary
    9. For Further Exploration
    10. Collaborative Group Activities
    11. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  11. 10 Earthlike Planets: Venus and Mars
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview
    3. 10.2 The Geology of Venus
    4. 10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus
    5. 10.4 The Geology of Mars
    6. 10.5 Water and Life on Mars
    7. 10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution
    8. Key Terms
    9. Summary
    10. For Further Exploration
    11. Collaborative Group Activities
    12. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  12. 11 The Giant Planets
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
    3. 11.2 The Giant Planets
    4. 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
    5. Key Terms
    6. Summary
    7. For Further Exploration
    8. Collaborative Group Activities
    9. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  13. 12 Rings, Moons, and Pluto
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced
    3. 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
    4. 12.3 Titan and Triton
    5. 12.4 Pluto and Charon
    6. 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
    7. Key Terms
    8. Summary
    9. For Further Exploration
    10. Collaborative Group Activities
    11. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  14. 13 Comets and Asteroids: Debris of the Solar System
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 13.1 Asteroids
    3. 13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense
    4. 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
    5. 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. For Further Exploration
    9. Collaborative Group Activities
    10. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  15. 14 Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 14.1 Meteors
    3. 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
    4. 14.3 Formation of the Solar System
    5. 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
    6. 14.5 Planetary Evolution
    7. Key Terms
    8. Summary
    9. For Further Exploration
    10. Collaborative Group Activities
    11. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  16. 15 The Sun: A Garden-Variety Star
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
    3. 15.2 The Solar Cycle
    4. 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere
    5. 15.4 Space Weather
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. For Further Exploration
    9. Collaborative Group Activities
    10. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  17. 16 The Sun: A Nuclear Powerhouse
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy
    3. 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
    4. 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
    5. 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. For Further Exploration
    9. Collaborative Group Activities
    10. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  18. 17 Analyzing Starlight
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 17.1 The Brightness of Stars
    3. 17.2 Colors of Stars
    4. 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
    5. 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. For Further Exploration
    9. Collaborative Group Activities
    10. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  19. 18 The Stars: A Celestial Census
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 18.1 A Stellar Census
    3. 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
    4. 18.3 Diameters of Stars
    5. 18.4 The H–R Diagram
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. For Further Exploration
    9. Collaborative Group Activities
    10. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  20. 19 Celestial Distances
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance
    3. 19.2 Surveying the Stars
    4. 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
    5. 19.4 The H–R Diagram and Cosmic Distances
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. For Further Exploration
    9. Collaborative Group Activities
    10. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  21. 20 Between the Stars: Gas and Dust in Space
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 20.1 The Interstellar Medium
    3. 20.2 Interstellar Gas
    4. 20.3 Cosmic Dust
    5. 20.4 Cosmic Rays
    6. 20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material
    7. 20.6 Interstellar Matter around the Sun
    8. Key Terms
    9. Summary
    10. For Further Exploration
    11. Collaborative Group Activities
    12. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  22. 21 The Birth of Stars and the Discovery of Planets outside the Solar System
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 21.1 Star Formation
    3. 21.2 The H–R Diagram and the Study of Stellar Evolution
    4. 21.3 Evidence That Planets Form around Other Stars
    5. 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery
    6. 21.5 Exoplanets Everywhere: What We Are Learning
    7. 21.6 New Perspectives on Planet Formation
    8. Key Terms
    9. Summary
    10. For Further Exploration
    11. Collaborative Group Activities
    12. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  23. 22 Stars from Adolescence to Old Age
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
    3. 22.2 Star Clusters
    4. 22.3 Checking Out the Theory
    5. 22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
    6. 22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars
    7. Key Terms
    8. Summary
    9. For Further Exploration
    10. Collaborative Group Activities
    11. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  24. 23 The Death of Stars
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
    3. 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish
    4. 23.3 Supernova Observations
    5. 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
    6. 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
    7. 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
    8. Key Terms
    9. Summary
    10. For Further Exploration
    11. Collaborative Group Activities
    12. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  25. 24 Black Holes and Curved Spacetime
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 24.1 Introducing General Relativity
    3. 24.2 Spacetime and Gravity
    4. 24.3 Tests of General Relativity
    5. 24.4 Time in General Relativity
    6. 24.5 Black Holes
    7. 24.6 Evidence for Black Holes
    8. 24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy
    9. Key Terms
    10. Summary
    11. For Further Exploration
    12. Collaborative Group Activities
    13. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  26. 25 The Milky Way Galaxy
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
    3. 25.2 Spiral Structure
    4. 25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy
    5. 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
    6. 25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy
    7. 25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy
    8. Key Terms
    9. Summary
    10. For Further Exploration
    11. Collaborative Group Activities
    12. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  27. 26 Galaxies
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies
    3. 26.2 Types of Galaxies
    4. 26.3 Properties of Galaxies
    5. 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale
    6. 26.5 The Expanding Universe
    7. Key Terms
    8. Summary
    9. For Further Exploration
    10. Collaborative Group Activities
    11. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  28. 27 Active Galaxies, Quasars, and Supermassive Black Holes
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 27.1 Quasars
    3. 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
    4. 27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
    5. Key Terms
    6. Summary
    7. For Further Exploration
    8. Collaborative Group Activities
    9. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  29. 28 The Evolution and Distribution of Galaxies
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies
    3. 28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
    4. 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
    5. 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
    6. 28.5 The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies and Structure in the Universe
    7. Key Terms
    8. Summary
    9. For Further Exploration
    10. Collaborative Group Activities
    11. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  30. 29 The Big Bang
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 29.1 The Age of the Universe
    3. 29.2 A Model of the Universe
    4. 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe
    5. 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
    6. 29.5 What Is the Universe Really Made Of?
    7. 29.6 The Inflationary Universe
    8. 29.7 The Anthropic Principle
    9. Key Terms
    10. Summary
    11. For Further Exploration
    12. Collaborative Group Activities
    13. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  31. 30 Life in the Universe
    1. Thinking Ahead
    2. 30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life
    3. 30.2 Astrobiology
    4. 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
    5. 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. For Further Exploration
    9. Collaborative Group Activities
    10. Exercises
      1. Review Questions
      2. Thought Questions
      3. Figuring for Yourself
  32. A | How to Study for an Introductory Astronomy Class
  33. B | Astronomy Websites, Images, and Apps
  34. C | Scientific Notation
  35. D | Units Used in Science
  36. E | Some Useful Constants for Astronomy
  37. F | Physical and Orbital Data for the Planets
  38. G | Selected Moons of the Planets
  39. H | Future Total Eclipses
  40. I | The Nearest Stars, Brown Dwarfs, and White Dwarfs
  41. J | The Brightest Twenty Stars
  42. K | The Chemical Elements
  43. L | The Constellations
  44. M | Star Chart and Sky Event Resources
  45. Index
Symbols
21-cm line 20.2 Interstellar Gas, 25.2 Spiral Structure, 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale
3C 273 27.1 Quasars, 27.1 Quasars
A
absorption spectrum 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
accelerate 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
accretion 14.3 Formation of the Solar System
accretion disk 24.6 Evidence for Black Holes, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
active galactic nuclei (AGN) 27.1 Quasars
active galaxies 27.1 Quasars
active region 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere
Adams 3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
adaptive optics 6.2 Telescopes Today
afterglow 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
Alcor 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
Algol 18.3 Diameters of Stars, 18.3 Diameters of Stars
Allen Telescope Array 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Alpha Centauri 5.1 The Behavior of Light, 18.1 A Stellar Census, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 19.2 Surveying the Stars
Alpher 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe, 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
Amino acids 30.2 Astrobiology
Andromeda galaxy 1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale, 1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale, 25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy, 25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy, 25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy, 26.2 Types of Galaxies, 26.3 Properties of Galaxies, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies, 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
angular momentum 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Ant Nebula Thinking Ahead
anthropic principle 29.7 The Anthropic Principle
antimatter 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity, 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe, 29.7 The Anthropic Principle
antiparticle 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
apertures 6.1 Telescopes
aphelion 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System
apogee 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System
Apollo program 9.1 General Properties of the Moon
apparent brightness 17.1 The Brightness of Stars, 17.2 Colors of Stars
apparent magnitudes 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
apparent solar time 4.3 Keeping Time
Arecibo Observatory 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Aristarchus 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
Aristotle 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
Armstrong 9.2 The Lunar Surface
association 22.2 Star Clusters
asteroid belt 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 13.1 Asteroids
asteroids 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense, 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven, 14.3 Formation of the Solar System, 14.5 Planetary Evolution
astrobiology 30.2 Astrobiology
astrology 2.3 Astrology and Astronomy
astronomical unit 19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance
astronomical unit (AU) 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
astronomy 1.1 The Nature of Astronomy
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 6.4 Radio Telescopes
atmosphere 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
aurora 15.4 Space Weather
auroras 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
Australia Telescope Compact Array 6.4 Radio Telescopes
B
B–V index 17.2 Colors of Stars
Baade 25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy, 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale
Balmer lines 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
bar 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
Barnard 20.3 Cosmic Dust
barred spiral galaxy 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
baryon cycle 20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material
basalt 8.1 The Global Perspective
Bayer 19.2 Surveying the Stars
Bayer letter 19.2 Surveying the Stars
Bell 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
BeppoSAX 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts, 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
Bessel 19.2 Surveying the Stars
Betelgeuse 2.1 The Sky Above, 17.2 Colors of Stars, 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 18.3 Diameters of Stars, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 21.1 Star Formation, 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants, 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants, 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
Bethe 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe
Big Bang 29.1 The Age of the Universe, 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe, 29.6 The Inflationary Universe
big crunch 29.2 A Model of the Universe
Big Telescope Altazimuth 6.2 Telescopes Today
binary star system 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
binary stars 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
binding energy 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
biomarker 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
black dwarf 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars, 23 Summary
black hole 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish, 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars, 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems, 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts, 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts, 24.5 Black Holes, 24.5 Black Holes, 24.5 Black Holes, 24.5 Black Holes, 24.5 Black Holes, 24.6 Evidence for Black Holes, 24.6 Evidence for Black Holes, 24.6 Evidence for Black Holes, 25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy, 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy, 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy, 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe, 27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
black widow pulsar 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
blackbody 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
blueshift 5.6 The Doppler Effect
Bohr 5.4 The Structure of the Atom
Bohr model 5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
Borexino experiment 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
Brahe 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion, 23.3 Supernova Observations
Brookhaven National Laboratory 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
brown dwarfs 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
C
C-type asteroids 13.1 Asteroids
calendar 4.4 The Calendar
Callisto 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
Callisto’s surface 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Cannon 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
Carrington Event 15.4 Space Weather
Cassini 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
celestial equator 2.1 The Sky Above
celestial poles 2.1 The Sky Above
celestial sphere 2.1 The Sky Above
centaurs 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
central bulge 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
cepheid 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
Ceres 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids
Chandra X-Ray Observatory 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
Chandrasekhar 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
Chandrasekhar limit 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars, 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
CHARA 6.4 Radio Telescopes
charge-coupled devices (CCDs) 6.3 Visible-Light Detectors and Instruments
Charon 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon
Chelyabinsk 8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
Cherenkov Telescope Array 6.6 The Future of Large Telescopes
Chicxulub 8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
Chiron 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
CHNOPS 30.2 Astrobiology
chromatic aberration 6.1 Telescopes
chromosphere 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
circumpolar zone 2.1 The Sky Above
circumstellar disk 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
climate 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
closed universe 29.2 A Model of the Universe
CNO cycle 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
COBE 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
cold dark matter 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
collisions 25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy
color index 17.2 Colors of Stars
Coma cluster 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
comet 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
comet dust 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
Comet Hale-Bopp Thinking Ahead, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
Comet Halley 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects, 14.1 Meteors
Comet LINEAR 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets
comets 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 14.1 Meteors, 14.1 Meteors, 14.3 Formation of the Solar System, 14.3 Formation of the Solar System, 20.1 The Interstellar Medium, 20.3 Cosmic Dust
Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
conduction 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
conservation of angular momentum 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
constellation 2.1 The Sky Above, 2.1 The Sky Above
continuous spectrum 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
convection 8.2 Earth’s Crust, 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory, 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
convection currents 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
convective zone 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
coordinates 4.1 Earth and Sky
Copernican principle 30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life
Copernicus 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 29 Thought Questions
core 8.1 The Global Perspective
corona 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun, 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
coronal hole 15.4 Space Weather
coronal holes 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
coronal mass ejection 15.4 Space Weather, 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
coronal mass ejection (CME) 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere
cosmic haystack problem 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
cosmic microwave background (CMB) 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
Cosmic rays 20.4 Cosmic Rays, 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish
cosmological constant 29.1 The Age of the Universe
cosmological principle 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space, 29.2 A Model of the Universe, 29.2 A Model of the Universe
cosmology 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
Crab Nebula Introduction, 23.3 Supernova Observations, 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars, 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars, 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
crater 9.3 Impact Craters, 9.3 Impact Craters
crater counts 9.3 Impact Craters
craters 7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces, 8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
critical density 29.2 A Model of the Universe
crust 8.1 The Global Perspective
Curtis 27.1 Quasars
Cygnus X-1 Thinking Ahead, 24.6 Evidence for Black Holes
D
Dactyl 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids
dark energy 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter, 29.1 The Age of the Universe
dark matter 25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy, 25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy, 26.2 Types of Galaxies, 26.3 Properties of Galaxies, 26.3 Properties of Galaxies, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter, 29.5 What Is the Universe Really Made Of?
dark matter halo 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
Darwin 4.6 Ocean Tides and the Moon
Davis 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations, 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
declination 4.1 Earth and Sky
degenerate gas 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
Deimos 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids
Delta Cephei 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances, 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances, 19.4 The H–R Diagram and Cosmic Distances
density 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
detector 6.1 Telescopes
deuterium 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe
differential galactic rotation 25.2 Spiral Structure
differential rotation 15.2 The Solar Cycle
Differentiation 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets
disk 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
dispersion 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
distance 19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 30.2 Astrobiology
Doppler 5.6 The Doppler Effect, 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Doppler effect 5.6 The Doppler Effect, 5.6 The Doppler Effect, 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems, 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses, 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery, 26.3 Properties of Galaxies
Doppler shift 24.6 Evidence for Black Holes, 27.1 Quasars
Drake 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Drake equation 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Draper 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Dreyer 20.1 The Interstellar Medium
dwarf planet 12.4 Pluto and Charon
E
Eagle Nebula 21.1 Star Formation
Earth 1.6 A Tour of the Universe, 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 4.1 Earth and Sky, 4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, Thinking Ahead, 8.1 The Global Perspective, 8.2 Earth’s Crust, 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere, 8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change, 8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth, 10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 14.5 Planetary Evolution, 14.5 Planetary Evolution
Earth-approaching asteroids 13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense, 13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense, 13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense
Earth’s atmosphere 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere, 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
Earth’s crust 8.1 The Global Perspective, 8.2 Earth’s Crust, 8.2 Earth’s Crust
Earth’s interior 8.1 The Global Perspective
Earth’s magnetic field 8.1 The Global Perspective
Earth’s magnetosphere 8.1 The Global Perspective
Earth’s surface 8.1 The Global Perspective
eccentricity 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
eclipsing binary 18.3 Diameters of Stars
ecliptic 2.1 The Sky Above, 2.1 The Sky Above
Eddington 18.4 The H–R Diagram
Effelsberg 100-m Telescope 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Einstein 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity, 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity, 24.1 Introducing General Relativity, 24.2 Spacetime and Gravity, 24.3 Tests of General Relativity, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter, 29.1 The Age of the Universe
electromagnetic radiation 5.1 The Behavior of Light
electromagnetic spectrum 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
ellipse 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
Elliptical galaxies 26.2 Types of Galaxies
emission spectrum 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
Enceladus 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 14.5 Planetary Evolution, 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
energy 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
energy flux 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
energy level 5.4 The Structure of the Atom
epicycle 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
equivalence principle 24.1 Introducing General Relativity
Eratosthenes 2.2 Ancient Astronomy, 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
Eris 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Eros 13.1 Asteroids
escape speed 3.5 Motions of Satellites and Spacecraft
escape velocity 24.5 Black Holes
Eta Carinae 22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars, 22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars
Europa 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 13.1 Asteroids, 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth, 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
European Extremely Large Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today, 6.6 The Future of Large Telescopes
event horizon 24.5 Black Holes, 24.5 Black Holes, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
evolution 28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies
Ewen 20.2 Interstellar Gas
excitation 5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
exoplanet 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems, 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery
exoplanets 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
expanding universe 26.5 The Expanding Universe
extremophile 30.2 Astrobiology
eyepiece 6.1 Telescopes
F
F Ring 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
faults 8.2 Earth’s Crust
Fermi 30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
Fermi paradox 30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life
Fisher 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale
fission 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Flamsteed 19.2 Surveying the Stars
Flamsteed number 19.2 Surveying the Stars
flat universe 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
Fleming 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
focus 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion, 6.1 Telescopes
formaldehyde 20.2 Interstellar Gas
Foucault 4.1 Earth and Sky
Fraunhofer 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy, 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
frequency 5.1 The Behavior of Light
fusion 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity, 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity, 22.4 Further Evolution of Stars, 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish, 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe
G
Gaia 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
galactic cannibalism 28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
galactic mass 26.3 Properties of Galaxies
galaxies 26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies, 26.2 Types of Galaxies, 26.3 Properties of Galaxies, 28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies
galaxy clusters 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
galaxy collisions 28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
Galileo 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion, Thinking Ahead, 6.1 Telescopes, 15.2 The Solar Cycle, 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
Galle 3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
gamma rays 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
gamma-ray burst 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts, 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts, 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
gamma-ray bursts 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
Gamow 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
Ganymede 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
Gaspra 13.1 Asteroids
Geller 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
Gemini North 6.2 Telescopes Today
Gemini South 6.2 Telescopes Today
general theory of relativity 24.1 Introducing General Relativity
genes 30.2 Astrobiology
geocentric 2.1 The Sky Above
Ghez 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
Giacconi 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
giant impact hypothesis 9.4 The Origin of the Moon
Giant Magellan Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today
giant molecular clouds 21.1 Star Formation
giant planets 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets
giant stars 18.3 Diameters of Stars
giants 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Gilbert 9.3 Impact Craters
globular cluster 22.2 Star Clusters, 22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars
Globular clusters 22.2 Star Clusters, 29.1 The Age of the Universe
Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Goodricke 18.3 Diameters of Stars, 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
Gran Telescopio Canarias 6.2 Telescopes Today
grand unified theories 29.6 The Inflationary Universe
granite 8.1 The Global Perspective
granulation 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
gravitational energy 16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy
gravitational lens 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
gravitational redshift 24.4 Time in General Relativity
gravitational wave 24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy, 24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy, 24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy
gravitational waves 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
gravity 3.3 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, 24.4 Time in General Relativity, 24.5 Black Holes
great circle 4.1 Earth and Sky
Great Red Spot 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
Green Bank Telescope 6.4 Radio Telescopes
greenhouse effect 8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change, 10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus
greenhouse gases 8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change
Gregorian calendar 4.4 The Calendar
ground state 5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
H
H II region 20.2 Interstellar Gas
H–R diagram 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 19.4 The H–R Diagram and Cosmic Distances, 21.2 The H–R Diagram and the Study of Stellar Evolution, 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants, 22.3 Checking Out the Theory, 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
habitable environment 30.2 Astrobiology
habitable zone 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
Hale 6.2 Telescopes Today, 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Hale Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today
half-life 7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces
Halley 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
halo 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy, 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
Haro 21.1 Star Formation
Hat Creek Radio Observatory 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Haumea 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
heat transfer 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
heliocentric 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
helioseismology 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
helium flash 22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
Henderson 19.2 Surveying the Stars
Herbig 21.1 Star Formation
Herbig-Haro (HH) object 21.1 Star Formation
Herman 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe, 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
Herschel 3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies, 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses, 20.1 The Interstellar Medium, 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
Hertz 5.1 The Behavior of Light
Hertzsprung 18.4 The H–R Diagram
Hewish 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
highlands 9.2 The Lunar Surface
Hipparchus 2.2 Ancient Astronomy, 17.1 The Brightness of Stars
HL Tau 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems, 21.3 Evidence That Planets Form around Other Stars
Hobby–Eberly Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today
Holden 20.3 Cosmic Dust
homogeneous 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
horizon 2.1 The Sky Above
horizon distance 29.6 The Inflationary Universe
horoscope 2.3 Astrology and Astronomy
hot dark matter 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
hot Jupiter 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
hot Jupiters 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery, 21.6 New Perspectives on Planet Formation
Hubble 6.2 Telescopes Today, 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances, 26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies, 26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies, 26.5 The Expanding Universe, Thinking Ahead
Hubble constant 26.5 The Expanding Universe, 29.1 The Age of the Universe, 29.2 A Model of the Universe, 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
Hubble law 27.1 Quasars, 29.1 The Age of the Universe
Hubble Space Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today, 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere, 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere, 27.1 Quasars, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
Hubble time 29.1 The Age of the Universe
Hubble’s law 26.5 The Expanding Universe, 26.5 The Expanding Universe, 29.2 A Model of the Universe
Huggins 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Humason 26.5 The Expanding Universe
hydrostatic equilibrium 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
I
Ida 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 14.5 Planetary Evolution
igneous rock 8.2 Earth’s Crust
impact craters 9.3 Impact Craters, 9.3 Impact Craters
infalling material 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
inflationary universe 29.6 The Inflationary Universe
infrared 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
Interference 6.4 Radio Telescopes
interferometer 6.4 Radio Telescopes
interferometer array 6.4 Radio Telescopes
International Astronomical Union 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
International Date Line 4.3 Keeping Time
International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
interstellar dust 20.1 The Interstellar Medium, 20.3 Cosmic Dust, 20.3 Cosmic Dust
interstellar extinction 20.3 Cosmic Dust
interstellar gas 20.2 Interstellar Gas, 20.2 Interstellar Gas, 20.2 Interstellar Gas
interstellar mass 20.1 The Interstellar Medium
interstellar medium 20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material, 20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material, 20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material
interstellar medium (ISM) 20.1 The Interstellar Medium
interstellar molecules 20.2 Interstellar Gas
inverse square law 5.1 The Behavior of Light
Io 8.2 Earth’s Crust, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
ion 5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
ionization 5.5 Formation of Spectral Lines
IRAM 6.4 Radio Telescopes
irons 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
irregular galaxy 26.2 Types of Galaxies
isotopes 5.4 The Structure of the Atom
isotropic 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
Itokawa 13.1 Asteroids
J
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope 6.4 Radio Telescopes
James Webb Space Telescope 6.6 The Future of Large Telescopes
Jansky 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Jansky Very Large Array 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Janssen 6.1 Telescopes
jets 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
Jupiter 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 6.2 Telescopes Today, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, Thinking Ahead, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, Thinking Ahead, 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects, 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems, 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
Jupiter’s storms 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
K
Kajita 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
Kant 26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies
Keck 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Keck I and II 6.2 Telescopes Today, 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Kelvin 16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy
Kepler 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion, 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion, 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion, 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere, 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery, 23.3 Supernova Observations, 25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy
Kepler mission 21.5 Exoplanets Everywhere: What We Are Learning
Kepler’s first law 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
Kepler’s second law 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
Kepler’s Supernova 23.3 Supernova Observations, 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
Kepler’s third law 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion, 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
Koshiba 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
Kuiper belt 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
L
Large Binocular Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today, 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Large Magellanic Cloud 1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale, Thinking Ahead, 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances, 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances, 23.3 Supernova Observations, 23.3 Supernova Observations, 26.2 Types of Galaxies, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today
law of conservation of energy 16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy
Le Verrier 3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
Leavitt 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances, 26.1 The Discovery of Galaxies
Lemaître 26.5 The Expanding Universe, 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe
Levy 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Lick 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
light 5.1 The Behavior of Light
light curve 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
light pollution 6.2 Telescopes Today
light-year 19.2 Surveying the Stars
LIGO 24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy, 24.7 Gravitational Wave Astronomy
line broadening 26.3 Properties of Galaxies
Lippershey 6.1 Telescopes
lithium 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe
Little Ice Age 15.4 Space Weather
Local Bubble 20.6 Interstellar Matter around the Sun
Local Fluff 20.6 Interstellar Matter around the Sun
Local Group 1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale, 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space, 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
long-duration gamma-ray burst 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
Lovell Telescope 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Lowell 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 12.4 Pluto and Charon
luminosity 17.1 The Brightness of Stars
luminosity classes 19.4 The H–R Diagram and Cosmic Distances
lunar eclipse 4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
lunar exploration 9.1 General Properties of the Moon
lunar history 9.2 The Lunar Surface
lunar missions 9.1 General Properties of the Moon
M
M-type asteroids 13.1 Asteroids
M87 27.1 Quasars, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
MACHO 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
Magellan Telescopes 6.2 Telescopes Today
magnetic field 11.2 The Giant Planets
magnetism 5.1 The Behavior of Light
magnetogram 15.2 The Solar Cycle
magnetosphere 8.1 The Global Perspective, 15.4 Space Weather, 15.4 Space Weather
magnitude 17.1 The Brightness of Stars, 17.1 The Brightness of Stars
main sequence 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants, 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
main-sequence stars 18.4 The H–R Diagram
main-sequence turnoff 22.3 Checking Out the Theory
major axis 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
Makemake 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
mantle 8.1 The Global Perspective
Mars Introduction, 2.2 Ancient Astronomy, 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion, 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, Thinking Ahead, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere, 8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 10.5 Water and Life on Mars, 10.5 Water and Life on Mars, 10.5 Water and Life on Mars, 10.5 Water and Life on Mars, 10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 13.1 Asteroids, 14.5 Planetary Evolution, 14.5 Planetary Evolution, 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
martian meteorites 10.4 The Geology of Mars
mass 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
mass extinction 8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
mass loss 22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
mass-luminosity relation 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
mass-to-light ratio 26.3 Properties of Galaxies, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
mass, 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Maunder 15.4 Space Weather
Maunder Minimum 15.4 Space Weather
Maxwell 5.1 The Behavior of Light, 5.1 The Behavior of Light, 29.6 The Inflationary Universe
Maxwell Mountains 14.5 Planetary Evolution
Mayor 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery
McDonald 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
mean solar time 4.3 Keeping Time
Mercury 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 9.1 General Properties of the Moon, 9.5 Mercury, 9.5 Mercury, 9.5 Mercury, 9.5 Mercury, 24.3 Tests of General Relativity, 24.3 Tests of General Relativity
Mercury’s composition 9.5 Mercury
Mercury’s orbit 9.5 Mercury
Mercury’s rotation 9.5 Mercury
Mercury’s surface 9.5 Mercury
merger 28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
meridian 4.1 Earth and Sky
MESSENGER 9.5 Mercury
Messier 20.1 The Interstellar Medium
Metamorphic rocks 8.2 Earth’s Crust
meteor 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 14.1 Meteors
Meteor Crater 8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth, 9.3 Impact Craters
meteor shower 14.1 Meteors, 14.1 Meteors
meteorite 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
meteorite fall 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
meteorites 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
meter 19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance
Metius 6.1 Telescopes
Michell 24.5 Black Holes
microwave 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Milky Way Galaxy 1.6 A Tour of the Universe, 1.6 A Tour of the Universe, Thinking Ahead, 6.4 Radio Telescopes, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 20.1 The Interstellar Medium, 20.2 Interstellar Gas, 20.3 Cosmic Dust, 20.4 Cosmic Rays, 20.5 The Life Cycle of Cosmic Material, 21.6 New Perspectives on Planet Formation, 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy, 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy, 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy, 25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy, 26.3 Properties of Galaxies, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
Miller 30.2 Astrobiology
Miller-Urey 30.2 Astrobiology
millisecond pulsars 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
mini-Neptunes 21.5 Exoplanets Everywhere: What We Are Learning
Mizar 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
molecular clouds 20.2 Interstellar Gas, 21.1 Star Formation
momentum 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Moon 1.6 A Tour of the Universe, 4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon, 4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon, 4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon, 4.6 Ocean Tides and the Moon, 4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces, Thinking Ahead, 9.1 General Properties of the Moon, 9.1 General Properties of the Moon, 9.2 The Lunar Surface, 9.3 Impact Craters, 9.4 The Origin of the Moon, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 14.5 Planetary Evolution, 18.3 Diameters of Stars, 19.2 Surveying the Stars
Moon’s highlands 9.2 The Lunar Surface
Moon’s interior 9.1 General Properties of the Moon
Moon’s origin 9.4 The Origin of the Moon
Moon’s properties 9.1 General Properties of the Moon
Moon’s surface 9.2 The Lunar Surface
moons 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Multi-Mirror Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today
multiverse 29.7 The Anthropic Principle
N
near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) 13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense
near-Earth objects (NEOs) 13.2 Asteroids and Planetary Defense
nebula 20.1 The Interstellar Medium, 20.1 The Interstellar Medium
Neptune 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, Thinking Ahead, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.3 Titan and Triton, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Neptune’s Great Dark Spot 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
Neptune’s rings 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
neutrino 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity, 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity, 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations, 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations, 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish, 23.3 Supernova Observations, 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe, 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe, 29.7 The Anthropic Principle
neutron star 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish, 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars, 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars, 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars, 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems, 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts, 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
New Horizons 12.4 Pluto and Charon
Newton 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis, 3.3 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets, 24.1 Introducing General Relativity, 25.3 The Mass of the Galaxy
Newton’s first law 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Newton’s second law 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Newton’s third law 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Nobeyama Radio Observatory 6.4 Radio Telescopes
nova 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
nuclear bulge 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
nucleosynthesis 22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars
nucleus 5.4 The Structure of the Atom, 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
O
Oliver 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Olympus Mons 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 14.5 Planetary Evolution, 14.5 Planetary Evolution
Omega Centauri 22.2 Star Clusters, 22.2 Star Clusters
Oort 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Oort cloud 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
open cluster 22.2 Star Clusters, 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
Open clusters 22.2 Star Clusters
open universe 29.2 A Model of the Universe
optical SETI 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
orbit 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
orbital period 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
orbital speed 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
organic compounds 30.2 Astrobiology
organic molecule 30.1 The Cosmic Context for Life
Orion Nebula 1.4 Numbers in Astronomy, 7.4 Origin of the Solar System, 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems, 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses, 20.2 Interstellar Gas, 21.1 Star Formation, 21.1 Star Formation, 25.2 Spiral Structure
oscillating theory of the universe 29.2 A Model of the Universe
Osterbrock 20.3 Cosmic Dust
ozone 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
P
Pallas 13.1 Asteroids
parallax 2.2 Ancient Astronomy, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 19.2 Surveying the Stars
Parkes Observatory 6.4 Radio Telescopes
parsec 19.2 Surveying the Stars
partial eclipse 4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
Pauli 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
Pauli exclusion principle 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
Payne-Gaposchkin 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
perigee 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System
perihelion 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System
period-luminosity relation 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances, 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
perturbations 3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies
phases 4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon
Phobos 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids
photochemistry 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
photon 5.1 The Behavior of Light, 5.4 The Structure of the Atom
photon decoupling time 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
photosphere 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
photosynthesis 8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change, 30.2 Astrobiology
Piazzi 13.1 Asteroids
Pickering 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
Pioneer 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Pioneer 10 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
Pioneer 11 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
plages 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere
Planck 5.4 The Structure of the Atom
Planck time 29.6 The Inflationary Universe
planetary evolution 10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution
planetary nebulae 22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
planetary system 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
planetesimal 7.4 Origin of the Solar System, 14.3 Formation of the Solar System
planetesimals 7.4 Origin of the Solar System
planets 2.1 The Sky Above
plasma 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun, 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
Plate tectonics 8.2 Earth’s Crust
Pleiades 20.3 Cosmic Dust, 22.2 Star Clusters
Pluto 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Polaris 2.1 The Sky Above, 2.2 Ancient Astronomy, 4.1 Earth and Sky, 17.1 The Brightness of Stars, 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
population I 25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy
population II 25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy
positron 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
precession 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
prime focus 6.1 Telescopes
primitive meteorites 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
primitive rock 8.2 Earth’s Crust
prominences 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere
proper motion 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Proteins 30.2 Astrobiology
protogalactic cloud 25.6 The Formation of the Galaxy
proton-proton chain 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity, 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
protoplanet 14.3 Formation of the Solar System
protostar 21.1 Star Formation
Proxima Centauri 1.6 A Tour of the Universe, 18.1 A Stellar Census, 18.1 A Stellar Census, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 20.1 The Interstellar Medium, 21.6 New Perspectives on Planet Formation, 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
Ptolemy 2.2 Ancient Astronomy, 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
pulsar 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
pulsars 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
pulsating variable stars 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
Purcell 20.2 Interstellar Gas
Pythagoras 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
Q
quantum mechanics 29.1 The Age of the Universe
quasar 27.1 Quasars, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 28.1 Observations of Distant Galaxies
quasars 27.1 Quasars, 27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
Queloz 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery
quiescent 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
R
Radar 6.4 Radio Telescopes, 19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance
radial velocity 5.6 The Doppler Effect, 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
radiation 5.1 The Behavior of Light, 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory
radiative zone 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
radio astronomy 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
radio observations 25.2 Spiral Structure
radio waves 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
radioactive decay 23.3 Supernova Observations
radioactivity 7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces
Reber 6.4 Radio Telescopes
reddening 20.3 Cosmic Dust
redshift 5.6 The Doppler Effect, 26.5 The Expanding Universe, 29.2 A Model of the Universe
reflecting telescope 6.1 Telescopes
refracting telescope 6.1 Telescopes
Resolution 6.2 Telescopes Today
resonance 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
retrograde motion 2.2 Ancient Astronomy
rift zones 8.2 Earth’s Crust
right ascension 4.1 Earth and Sky
ring system 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
ring systems 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
RNA (ribonucleic acid) 30.2 Astrobiology
ROTSE 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
RR Lyrae 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances, 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
runaway greenhouse effect 10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus
Russell 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
Rutherford 5.4 The Structure of the Atom
S
S-type asteroids 13.1 Asteroids
Sagan 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
Sagittarius A 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy, 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
Sagittarius A* 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy, 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy, 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
satellite 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 3.5 Motions of Satellites and Spacecraft
Saturn 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, Thinking Ahead, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.3 Titan and Triton, 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 14.3 Formation of the Solar System
Saturn’s rings 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 14.3 Formation of the Solar System
scarps 9.5 Mercury
Schiaparelli 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview
Schmidt 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are
Schmitt 9.1 General Properties of the Moon
Schwabe 15.2 The Solar Cycle
Schwarzschild 24.5 Black Holes
science 1.2 The Nature of Science
Scott 9.2 The Lunar Surface
seasons 4.2 The Seasons, 4.2 The Seasons
Sedimentary rocks 8.2 Earth’s Crust
seeing 6.2 Telescopes Today
seismic waves 8.1 The Global Perspective
selection effect 18.1 A Stellar Census
semimajor axis 3.1 The Laws of Planetary Motion
SETI 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Seyfert 27.1 Quasars
Shapley 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
short-duration gamma-ray burst 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
sidereal day 4.3 Keeping Time
sidereal month 4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon
singularity 24.5 Black Holes
Sirius 2.1 The Sky Above, 4.3 Keeping Time, 17.1 The Brightness of Stars, 17.1 The Brightness of Stars, 17.1 The Brightness of Stars, 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion, 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion, 18.1 A Stellar Census, 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses, 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses, 18.3 Diameters of Stars, 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars
Slipher 26.5 The Expanding Universe
Sloan Digital Sky Survey 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space, 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
Small Magellanic Cloud 1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale, Thinking Ahead, Thinking Ahead, 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances, 25.5 Stellar Populations in the Galaxy, 26.2 Types of Galaxies, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
SN 1006 23.3 Supernova Observations, 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
SN 1054 23.3 Supernova Observations, 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars, 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
solar atmosphere 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
solar cycle 15.2 The Solar Cycle, 15.2 The Solar Cycle, 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere, 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere, 15.4 Space Weather
solar day 4.3 Keeping Time
solar dynamo 15.2 The Solar Cycle
solar eclipse 4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
solar flare 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere, 15.4 Space Weather, 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
solar interior 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory, 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
solar maximum 15.2 The Solar Cycle, 15.4 Space Weather, 15.4 Space Weather
solar month 4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon
solar nebula 7.4 Origin of the Solar System, 14.3 Formation of the Solar System, 14.3 Formation of the Solar System
solar neutrino 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
solar wind 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
solstice 4.2 The Seasons
Southern African Large Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today
space velocity 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
space weather 15.4 Space Weather
spacetime 24.2 Spacetime and Gravity, 24.2 Spacetime and Gravity, 24.2 Spacetime and Gravity
spectra 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
spectral class 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
spectral line 15.2 The Solar Cycle
spectrometer 5.3 Spectroscopy in Astronomy
spectroscopic binary 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
spiral arms 25.2 Spiral Structure
spiral galaxies 26.2 Types of Galaxies, 26.2 Types of Galaxies
Spitzer Space Telescope 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
Spӧrer 15.4 Space Weather
Square Kilometre Array 6.4 Radio Telescopes
standard bulb 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale, 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale, 29.1 The Age of the Universe
star cluster 22.2 Star Clusters
star diameter 18.3 Diameters of Stars
star formation 21.1 Star Formation
star mass 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
starburst 28.2 Galaxy Mergers and Active Galactic Nuclei
Stefan-Boltzmann law 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
stellar association 22.2 Star Clusters, 22.2 Star Clusters
stellar color 17.2 Colors of Stars
stellar evolution 22.2 Star Clusters, 22.4 Further Evolution of Stars, 22.5 The Evolution of More Massive Stars
stellar spectra 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs)
stellar temperature 17.2 Colors of Stars
stellar wind 21.1 Star Formation
stones 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
stony-irons 14.2 Meteorites: Stones from Heaven
stratosphere 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
string theory 29.6 The Inflationary Universe
stromatolites 30.2 Astrobiology
strong nuclear force 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
Struve 19.2 Surveying the Stars
Subaru Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today
subduction 8.2 Earth’s Crust
Sudbury Neutrino Observatory 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
Sun 1.6 A Tour of the Universe, 4.2 The Seasons, 4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon, 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun, 15.2 The Solar Cycle, 15.3 Solar Activity above the Photosphere, 15.4 Space Weather, 16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy, 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity, 16.3 The Solar Interior: Theory, 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations, 17.2 Colors of Stars, 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 19.1 Fundamental Units of Distance, 20.6 Interstellar Matter around the Sun, 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
sunspot 16.4 The Solar Interior: Observations
sunspot cycle 15.2 The Solar Cycle, 15.2 The Solar Cycle
sunspot maxima 15.2 The Solar Cycle
sunspot minima 15.2 The Solar Cycle
sunspots 15.2 The Solar Cycle
super-Earths 21.5 Exoplanets Everywhere: What We Are Learning
superclusters 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
supergiant stars 18.3 Diameters of Stars
supermassive black hole 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy, 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy, 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe, 27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
supermassive black holes 25.4 The Center of the Galaxy
supernova 20.4 Cosmic Rays, 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish, 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish, 23.3 Supernova Observations
supernova 1987A 23.3 Supernova Observations
Swift 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
synchronous rotation 4.5 Phases and Motions of the Moon
synchrotron radiation 11.2 The Giant Planets
T
T Tauri star 21.1 Star Formation
tail 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
Tarter 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
tectonic 10.2 The Geology of Venus
telescope 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 6.1 Telescopes
terrestrial planets 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
theory of general relativity 29.1 The Age of the Universe, 29.2 A Model of the Universe, 29.3 The Beginning of the Universe, 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
theory of relativity 16.2 Mass, Energy, and the Theory of Relativity
thermophile 30.2 Astrobiology
Thirty-Meter Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today
Thomson 5.4 The Structure of the Atom
tidal disruption event 27.3 Quasars as Probes of Evolution in the Universe
tidal heating 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter
tides 4.6 Ocean Tides and the Moon
time zones 4.3 Keeping Time
Titan 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.2 The Galilean Moons of Jupiter, 12.3 Titan and Triton, 12.3 Titan and Triton, 12.3 Titan and Triton, 14.5 Planetary Evolution, 30.3 Searching for Life beyond Earth
Titan’s atmosphere 12.3 Titan and Triton
Titan’s surface 12.3 Titan and Triton
Tombaugh 12.4 Pluto and Charon, 12.4 Pluto and Charon
total eclipse 4.7 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
trans-Neptunian object 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
transit 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery
transit depth 21.4 Planets beyond the Solar System: Search and Discovery
transit technique 14.4 Comparison with Other Planetary Systems
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
transition region 15.1 The Structure and Composition of the Sun
tree of life 8.4 Life, Chemical Evolution, and Climate Change
triple-alpha process 22.4 Further Evolution of Stars
Triton 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.3 Titan and Triton, 12.3 Titan and Triton, 12.3 Titan and Triton, 13.4 The Origin and Fate of Comets and Related Objects
Triton’s surface 12.3 Titan and Triton
troposphere 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
Tully 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale
Tully-Fisher relation 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale
Tunguska 8.5 Cosmic Influences on the Evolution of Earth
Tycho’s Supernova 23.3 Supernova Observations, 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
type Ia supernova 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems, 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale, 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale, 26.5 The Expanding Universe
type Ia supernovae 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
type Ic supernova 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
type II supernova 23.2 Evolution of Massive Stars: An Explosive Finish, 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
Tyson 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System
U
ultraviolet 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
unbarred spiral galaxy 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
universal law of gravitation 3.3 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Uranus 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 3.6 Gravity with More Than Two Bodies, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, Thinking Ahead, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.2 The Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets, 12.1 Ring and Moon Systems Introduced, 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
Uranus’ rings 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus), 12.5 Planetary Rings (and Enceladus)
Urey 30.2 Astrobiology
V
Valles Marineris Introduction, 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 10.4 The Geology of Mars, 10.4 The Geology of Mars
Van Allen 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
Van Allen belt 11.3 Atmospheres of the Giant Planets
variable star 19.3 Variable Stars: One Key to Cosmic Distances
variable stars 26.4 The Extragalactic Distance Scale
Vega 2.2 Ancient Astronomy, 17.2 Colors of Stars, 17.2 Colors of Stars, 17.3 The Spectra of Stars (and Brown Dwarfs), 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion, 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion, 18.1 A Stellar Census, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 19.2 Surveying the Stars, 25.1 The Architecture of the Galaxy
Vela 23.6 The Mystery of the Gamma-Ray Bursts
velocity 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Venus 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 2.4 The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.1 Overview of Our Planetary System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.1 The Nearest Planets: An Overview, 10.2 The Geology of Venus, 10.2 The Geology of Venus, 10.2 The Geology of Venus, 10.2 The Geology of Venus, 10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus, 10.3 The Massive Atmosphere of Venus, 10.6 Divergent Planetary Evolution, 14.5 Planetary Evolution, 14.5 Planetary Evolution, 17.1 The Brightness of Stars
Very Large Telescope 6.2 Telescopes Today, 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Very Long Baseline Array 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Vesta 3.4 Orbits in the Solar System, 7.2 Composition and Structure of Planets, 7.3 Dating Planetary Surfaces, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids, 13.1 Asteroids
Virgo Cluster 27.2 Supermassive Black Holes: What Quasars Really Are, 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space, 28.4 The Challenge of Dark Matter
Virgo Supercluster 1.7 The Universe on the Large Scale
visible light 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
visual binary 18.2 Measuring Stellar Masses
Vogel 18.3 Diameters of Stars
voids 28.3 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space
Volcanoes 8.2 Earth’s Crust
volume 3.2 Newton’s Great Synthesis
Voyager 2 11.1 Exploring the Outer Planets
Voyager record 30.4 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
W
watt 16.1 Sources of Sunshine: Thermal and Gravitational Energy
wave equation 5.1 The Behavior of Light
wavelength 5.1 The Behavior of Light
waves 5.1 The Behavior of Light
weakly interacting massive particles 29.5 What Is the Universe Really Made Of?
weather 8.3 Earth’s Atmosphere
Wegener 8.2 Earth’s Crust
Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope 6.4 Radio Telescopes
Wheeler 24.5 Black Holes, 29.2 A Model of the Universe
Whipple 13.3 The “Long-Haired” Comets
white dwarf 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 23.5 The Evolution of Binary Star Systems
white dwarfs 18.4 The H–R Diagram, 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars, 23.1 The Death of Low-Mass Stars, 23.4 Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
Wien’s law 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
WMAP 29.4 The Cosmic Microwave Background
Wolf 13.1 Asteroids
X
X-rays 5.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
XMM-Newton 6.5 Observations outside Earth’s Atmosphere
Y
year 2.1 The Sky Above
Yerkes 6.2 Telescopes Today, 17.4 Using Spectra to Measure Stellar Radius, Composition, and Motion
Z
Zeeman effect 15.2 The Solar Cycle, 15.2 The Solar Cycle
zenith 2.1 The Sky Above
zero-age main sequence 22.1 Evolution from the Main Sequence to Red Giants
zodiac 2.1 The Sky Above
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