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Statistics

Index

StatisticsIndex
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Sampling and Data
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
    3. 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
    4. 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement
    5. 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
    6. 1.5 Data Collection Experiment
    7. 1.6 Sampling Experiment
    8. Key Terms
    9. Chapter Review
    10. Practice
    11. Homework
    12. Bringing It Together: Homework
    13. References
    14. Solutions
  3. 2 Descriptive Statistics
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Stem-and-Leaf Graphs (Stemplots), Line Graphs, and Bar Graphs
    3. 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs
    4. 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data
    5. 2.4 Box Plots
    6. 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data
    7. 2.6 Skewness and the Mean, Median, and Mode
    8. 2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data
    9. 2.8 Descriptive Statistics
    10. Key Terms
    11. Chapter Review
    12. Formula Review
    13. Practice
    14. Homework
    15. Bringing It Together: Homework
    16. References
    17. Solutions
  4. 3 Probability Topics
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Terminology
    3. 3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events
    4. 3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability
    5. 3.4 Contingency Tables
    6. 3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams
    7. 3.6 Probability Topics
    8. Key Terms
    9. Chapter Review
    10. Formula Review
    11. Practice
    12. Bringing It Together: Practice
    13. Homework
    14. Bringing It Together: Homework
    15. References
    16. Solutions
  5. 4 Discrete Random Variables
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for a Discrete Random Variable
    3. 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation
    4. 4.3 Binomial Distribution (Optional)
    5. 4.4 Geometric Distribution (Optional)
    6. 4.5 Hypergeometric Distribution (Optional)
    7. 4.6 Poisson Distribution (Optional)
    8. 4.7 Discrete Distribution (Playing Card Experiment)
    9. 4.8 Discrete Distribution (Lucky Dice Experiment)
    10. Key Terms
    11. Chapter Review
    12. Formula Review
    13. Practice
    14. Homework
    15. References
    16. Solutions
  6. 5 Continuous Random Variables
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Continuous Probability Functions
    3. 5.2 The Uniform Distribution
    4. 5.3 The Exponential Distribution (Optional)
    5. 5.4 Continuous Distribution
    6. Key Terms
    7. Chapter Review
    8. Formula Review
    9. Practice
    10. Homework
    11. References
    12. Solutions
  7. 6 The Normal Distribution
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution
    3. 6.2 Using the Normal Distribution
    4. 6.3 Normal Distribution—Lap Times
    5. 6.4 Normal Distribution—Pinkie Length
    6. Key Terms
    7. Chapter Review
    8. Formula Review
    9. Practice
    10. Homework
    11. References
    12. Solutions
  8. 7 The Central Limit Theorem
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)
    3. 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums (Optional)
    4. 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem
    5. 7.4 Central Limit Theorem (Pocket Change)
    6. 7.5 Central Limit Theorem (Cookie Recipes)
    7. Key Terms
    8. Chapter Review
    9. Formula Review
    10. Practice
    11. Homework
    12. References
    13. Solutions
  9. 8 Confidence Intervals
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 A Single Population Mean Using the Normal Distribution
    3. 8.2 A Single Population Mean Using the Student's t-Distribution
    4. 8.3 A Population Proportion
    5. 8.4 Confidence Interval (Home Costs)
    6. 8.5 Confidence Interval (Place of Birth)
    7. 8.6 Confidence Interval (Women's Heights)
    8. Key Terms
    9. Chapter Review
    10. Formula Review
    11. Practice
    12. Homework
    13. References
    14. Solutions
  10. 9 Hypothesis Testing with One Sample
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses
    3. 9.2 Outcomes and the Type I and Type II Errors
    4. 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing
    5. 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, and the Decision and Conclusion
    6. 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples
    7. 9.6 Hypothesis Testing of a Single Mean and Single Proportion
    8. Key Terms
    9. Chapter Review
    10. Formula Review
    11. Practice
    12. Homework
    13. References
    14. Solutions
  11. 10 Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations
    3. 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations
    4. 10.3 Comparing Two Independent Population Proportions
    5. 10.4 Matched or Paired Samples (Optional)
    6. 10.5 Hypothesis Testing for Two Means and Two Proportions
    7. Key Terms
    8. Chapter Review
    9. Formula Review
    10. Practice
    11. Homework
    12. Bringing It Together: Homework
    13. References
    14. Solutions
  12. 11 The Chi-Square Distribution
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 Facts About the Chi-Square Distribution
    3. 11.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test
    4. 11.3 Test of Independence
    5. 11.4 Test for Homogeneity
    6. 11.5 Comparison of the Chi-Square Tests
    7. 11.6 Test of a Single Variance
    8. 11.7 Lab 1: Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit
    9. 11.8 Lab 2: Chi-Square Test of Independence
    10. Key Terms
    11. Chapter Review
    12. Formula Review
    13. Practice
    14. Homework
    15. Bringing It Together: Homework
    16. References
    17. Solutions
  13. 12 Linear Regression and Correlation
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Linear Equations
    3. 12.2 The Regression Equation
    4. 12.3 Testing the Significance of the Correlation Coefficient (Optional)
    5. 12.4 Prediction (Optional)
    6. 12.5 Outliers
    7. 12.6 Regression (Distance from School) (Optional)
    8. 12.7 Regression (Textbook Cost) (Optional)
    9. 12.8 Regression (Fuel Efficiency) (Optional)
    10. Key Terms
    11. Chapter Review
    12. Formula Review
    13. Practice
    14. Homework
    15. Bringing It Together: Homework
    16. References
    17. Solutions
  14. 13 F Distribution and One-way Anova
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 One-Way ANOVA
    3. 13.2 The F Distribution and the F Ratio
    4. 13.3 Facts About the F Distribution
    5. 13.4 Test of Two Variances
    6. 13.5 Lab: One-Way ANOVA
    7. Key Terms
    8. Chapter Review
    9. Formula Review
    10. Practice
    11. Homework
    12. References
    13. Solutions
  15. A | Appendix A Review Exercises (Ch 3–13)
  16. B | Appendix B Practice Tests (1–4) and Final Exams
  17. C | Data Sets
  18. D | Group and Partner Projects
  19. E | Solution Sheets
  20. F | Mathematical Phrases, Symbols, and Formulas
  21. G | Notes for the TI-83, 83+, 84, 84+ Calculators
  22. H | Tables
  23. Index
A
alternative hypothesis9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses
and3.6 Probability Topics, 3.6 Probability Topics, 3.6 Probability Topics
B
binomial distribution7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing
binomial probability distribution4.3 Binomial Distribution (Optional)
bivariateIntroduction
Blinding1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
Box plots2.4 Box Plots
box-and-whisker plots2.4 Box Plots
box-whisker plots2.4 Box Plots
C
categorical data1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
Categorical variables1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
central limit theoremIntroduction, 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem
central limit theorem for means7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)
central limit theorem for sums7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums (Optional)
chi-square distribution11.1 Facts About the Chi-Square Distribution
coefficient of determination12.2 The Regression Equation
Cohen’s d10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations
complement3.1 Terminology
conditional probability3.1 Terminology, 5.2 The Uniform Distribution
confidence intervalIntroduction, 8.2 A Single Population Mean Using the Student's t-Distribution
confidence intervals8.3 A Population Proportion, Introduction
confidence level8.1 A Single Population Mean Using the Normal Distribution, 8.3 A Population Proportion
contingency table3.4 Contingency Tables, 11.3 Test of Independence
continuity correction factor7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem
continuous1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
continuous random variable5.3 The Exponential Distribution (Optional)
control group1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
critical value6.2 Using the Normal Distribution
cumulative distribution function5.1 Continuous Probability Functions
cumulative distribution function (CDF)5.3 The Exponential Distribution (Optional)
Cumulative relative frequency1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement
D
data1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
degrees of freedom (df)10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations
descriptive statistics1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
discrete1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
double-blind experiment1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
E
Empirical Rule6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution, Introduction
error bound8.3 A Population Proportion
error bound for a population mean8.1 A Single Population Mean Using the Normal Distribution
expected value4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation
expected values11.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test
Experimental Probability of Event A3.1 Terminology
exponential distribution5.3 The Exponential Distribution (Optional), 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem
F
F distribution13.2 The F Distribution and the F Ratio
F ratio13.2 The F Distribution and the F Ratio
first quartile2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data
frequency1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement, 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs
G
geometric distribution4.4 Geometric Distribution (Optional)
geometric experiment4.4 Geometric Distribution (Optional)
H
histogram2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs
hypergeometric experiment4.8 Discrete Distribution (Lucky Dice Experiment)
hypergeometric probability4.5 Hypergeometric Distribution (Optional)
hypotheses9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses
hypothesis test9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples, 9.6 Hypothesis Testing of a Single Mean and Single Proportion
hypothesis testing.Introduction
I
independent3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability
independent events3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events
inferential statistics1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, Introduction
informed consent1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
Institutional Review Boards (IRB)1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
interquartile range2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data
interval scale1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement
L
law of large numbers7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem
level of measurement1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement
level of significance of the test9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, and the Decision and Conclusion
lurking variables1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
M
margin of errorIntroduction
margin of error for a population mean8.1 A Single Population Mean Using the Normal Distribution
mathematical models1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
mean1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data, 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation, Introduction, 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem
median2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data, 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data
mode2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data
multivariateIntroduction
mutually exclusive3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events, 3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability
N
nominal scale1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement
normal distribution8.2 A Single Population Mean Using the Student's t-Distribution, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing
normally distributed7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums (Optional), 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing
null hypothesis9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, and the Decision and Conclusion
Numerical variables1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
O
observational studies1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
observed values11.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test
or3.6 Probability Topics, 3.6 Probability Topics, 3.6 Probability Topics
ordinal scale1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement
outlier2.1 Stem-and-Leaf Graphs (Stemplots), Line Graphs, and Bar Graphs, 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data
P
p-value9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, and the Decision and Conclusion, 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples
paired data set2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs
parameterIntroduction
Pearson1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
percentiles2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data
placebo1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
point estimateIntroduction
Poisson probability distribution4.6 Poisson Distribution (Optional), 4.8 Discrete Distribution (Lucky Dice Experiment)
pooled proportion10.3 Comparing Two Independent Population Proportions
population1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
population variance11.6 Test of a Single Variance
potential outlier12.5 Outliers
Probability1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 3.1 Terminology
probability density functionIntroduction
probability distribution function4.1 Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for a Discrete Random Variable
proportion1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
Q
Qualitative data1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
quantitative continuous data1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
Quantitative data1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
quantitative discrete data1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
quartiles2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data, 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data
R
random assignment1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
Random variable10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations, 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations
random variables4.1 Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for a Discrete Random Variable
ratio scale1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement
relative frequency1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement, 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs
replacement3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events
representative sample1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
S
sample1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
sample mean7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)
sample size7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)
sample space3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability, 3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams
samples1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
sampling1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
sampling distribution2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data
sampling variability of a statistic2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data
simple random sample9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing
standard deviation2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data, 8.2 A Single Population Mean Using the Student's t-Distribution, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, and the Decision and Conclusion, 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations
standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation
standard error10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations
standard error of the mean7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)
statistics1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
Student's t-distribution8.2 A Single Population Mean Using the Student's t-Distribution, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing
sum of squared errors (SSE)12.2 The Regression Equation
surveys1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics
T
test for homogeneity11.4 Test for Homogeneity
test of a single variance11.6 Test of a Single Variance
test of independence11.3 Test of Independence
Theoretical Probability of Event A3.1 Terminology
tree diagram3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams
two-way table3.4 Contingency Tables
Type I error9.2 Outcomes and the Type I and Type II Errors, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, and the Decision and Conclusion
Type II error9.2 Outcomes and the Type I and Type II Errors
U
unfair3.1 Terminology
uniform distribution7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem
Use the following information to answer the next three exercises3.6 Probability Topics
V
variable1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms
variance2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data
variances13.1 One-Way ANOVA
Variation1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling
Venn diagram3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams
Z
z-score8.2 A Single Population Mean Using the Student's t-Distribution
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