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Symbols
π* antibonding molecular orbital 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
σ s molecular orbital 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
σ s * σ s * molecular orbital 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
A
acid-base indicators 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
acid-ionization constant, Ka 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
activated complex 17.5 Collision Theory
activation energy (Ea) 17.5 Collision Theory
active electrodes 16.2 Galvanic Cells
actual yield 7.4 Reaction Yields
addition reaction 21.1 Hydrocarbons
adhesive forces 10.2 Properties of Liquids
alkali metals 3.6 The Periodic Table
Alkaline batteries 16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
alkaline earth metals 3.6 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
alkyl group 21.1 Hydrocarbons
Allotropes 18.1 Periodicity
Alpha (α) decay 20.3 Radioactive Decay
Alpha particles 20.2 Nuclear Equations
alpha particles (α particles) 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
amphiphilic 11.5 Colloids
antibonding orbitals 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
aqueous solution 6.3 Molarity
aromatic hydrocarbons 21.1 Hydrocarbons
Arrhenius equation 17.5 Collision Theory
atmosphere (atm) 8.1 Gas Pressure
Atwater system 9.2 Calorimetry
Avogadro's number (NA) 2.4 Chemical Formulas
B
barometer 8.1 Gas Pressure
base-ionization constant (Kb) 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
Beta (β) decay 20.3 Radioactive Decay
Beta particles 20.2 Nuclear Equations
bimolecular reaction 17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
binary compounds 4.3 Chemical Nomenclature
binding energy per nucleon 20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
biofuel 9.3 Enthalpy
body-centered cubic (BCC) solid 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
body-centered cubic unit cell 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Bohr’s model 3.2 The Bohr Model
boiling point 10.3 Phase Transitions
boiling point elevation 11.4 Colligative Properties
boiling point elevation constant 11.4 Colligative Properties
Boltzmann 12.2 Entropy
bomb calorimeter 9.2 Calorimetry
bond length 4.2 Covalent Bonding
bonding orbitals 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
buffer 14.6 Buffers
buffer capacity 14.6 Buffers
C
calories (cal) 9.1 Energy Basics
calorimeter 9.2 Calorimetry
calorimetry 9.2 Calorimetry
capillary action 10.2 Properties of Liquids
Carnot 12.2 Entropy
cathodic protection 16.6 Corrosion
cell notations 16.2 Galvanic Cells
cell potentials, Ecell 16.3 Electrode and Cell Potentials
cell schematics 16.2 Galvanic Cells
Celsius (°C) 1.4 Measurements
chemical thermodynamics 9.3 Enthalpy
Clausius 12.2 Entropy
Clausius-Clapeyron equation 10.3 Phase Transitions
cohesive forces 10.2 Properties of Liquids
colligative properties 11.4 Colligative Properties
Collision theory 17.5 Collision Theory
colloidal dispersions 11.5 Colloids
colloids 11.5 Colloids
color change interval 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
combustion reactions 7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
compressibility factor (Z) 8.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
concentrated 6.3 Molarity
concentration 6.3 Molarity
condensation 10.3 Phase Transitions
continuous spectrum 3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
coordinate covalent bond 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Corrosion 16.6 Corrosion
Cottrell 11.5 Colloids
Covalent network solids 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
critical point 10.4 Phase Diagrams
crystalline solids 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
cubic centimeter (cm3) 1.4 Measurements
cubic closest packing (CCP) 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
cubic meter (m3) 1.4 Measurements
D
Dalton’s atomic theory 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
daughter nuclide 20.3 Radioactive Decay
dilute 6.3 Molarity
Dilution 6.3 Molarity
dipole-dipole attraction 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Diprotic acids 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
diprotic base 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
dispersed phase 11.5 Colloids
dispersion force 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
dispersion medium 11.5 Colloids
dissociation 11.2 Electrolytes
dissociation constant (Kd) 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
dissolved 6.3 Molarity
dynamic equilibrium 10.3 Phase Transitions
E
effective nuclear charge, Zeff 3.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
electrode potential (EX) 16.3 Electrode and Cell Potentials
electrolysis 16.7 Electrolysis
electrolytes 11.2 Electrolytes
electromagnetic radiation 3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
electromagnetic spectrum 3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Electron capture 20.3 Radioactive Decay
electron-pair geometry 4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
electronegativity 4.2 Covalent Bonding
electroplating 16.7 Electrolysis
elementary reaction 17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
empirical formula 2.4 Chemical Formulas
emulsifying agent 11.5 Colloids
emulsion 11.5 Colloids
endothermic process 9.1 Energy Basics
enthalpy (H) 9.3 Enthalpy
enthalpy change (ΔH) 9.3 Enthalpy
entropy (S) 12.2 Entropy
equilibrium constant, K 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
excess reactant 7.4 Reaction Yields
excited electronic state 3.2 The Bohr Model
exothermic process 9.1 Energy Basics
expansion work 9.3 Enthalpy
external beam radiation therapy 20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
F
face-centered cubic (FCC) solid 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
face-centered cubic unit cell 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
first law of thermodynamics 9.3 Enthalpy
formation constant (Kf) 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
formula mass 6.1 Formula Mass
free energy change (ΔG) 12.4 Free Energy
freezing point 10.3 Phase Transitions
freezing point depression 11.4 Colligative Properties
freezing point depression constant 11.4 Colligative Properties
frequency factor 17.5 Collision Theory
functional group 21.1 Hydrocarbons
fundamental unit of charge (e) 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
H
half-cells 16.2 Galvanic Cells
half-life of a reaction (t1/2) 17.4 Integrated Rate Laws
Hasselbalch 14.6 Buffers
heat capacity (C) 9.1 Energy Basics
Heisenberg uncertainty principle 3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Henderson 14.6 Buffers
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 14.6 Buffers
Hess’s law 9.3 Enthalpy, 9.3 Enthalpy
heterogeneous catalyst 17.7 Catalysis
heterogeneous equilibrium 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
hexagonal closest packing (HCP) 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
homogeneous catalyst 17.7 Catalysis
homogeneous equilibrium 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
homonuclear diatomic molecules 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
hybrid orbitals 5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
hydrocarbons 9.3 Enthalpy
hydrogen bonding 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
hydrostatic pressure 8.1 Gas Pressure
hypervalent molecules 4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
I
immiscible 11.3 Solubility
inert electrode 16.2 Galvanic Cells
inert pair effect 4.1 Ionic Bonding
inner transition metals 3.6 The Periodic Table
instantaneous dipole 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
instantaneous rate 17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
integrated rate laws 17.4 Integrated Rate Laws
interference patterns 3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
intermediates 17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
intermolecular forces 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
internal energy (U) 9.3 Enthalpy
internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) 20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
International System of Units 1.4 Measurements
interstitial sites 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
ion-dipole attraction 11.2 Electrolytes
ion-product constant for water, Kw 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
J
joule (J) 9.1 Energy Basics
L
lattice energy (ΔHlattice) 9.4 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
law of conservation of matter 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
law of constant composition 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
law of definite proportions 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
law of mass action 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
law of multiple proportions 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
lead acid battery 16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Lewis acid-base adduct 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis acid-base chemistry 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
limiting reactant 7.4 Reaction Yields
linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
liter (L) 1.4 Measurements
Lithium ion batteries 16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
London dispersion force 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
M
macroscopic domain 1.1 Chemistry in Context
magnetic quantum number 3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
main-group elements 3.6 The Periodic Table
manometer 8.1 Gas Pressure
mass-energy equivalence equation 20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
melting point 10.3 Phase Transitions
metalloid 18.1 Periodicity
meter (m) 1.4 Measurements
method of initial rates 17.3 Rate Laws
microscopic domain 1.1 Chemistry in Context
microstate 12.2 Entropy
milliliter (mL) 1.4 Measurements
miscible 11.3 Solubility
Molarity (M) 6.3 Molarity
molecular compounds 3.7 Ionic and Molecular Compounds
molecular formula 2.4 Chemical Formulas
molecular mass 2.4 Chemical Formulas
molecular orbital (Ψ2) 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
molecular orbital diagram 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular orbital theory 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
monoprotic acids 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
N
neutral 14.2 pH and pOH
neutralization reaction 7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
nonelectrolytes 11.2 Electrolytes
nonionizing radiation 20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
nonspontaneous process 12.1 Spontaneity
normal boiling point 10.3 Phase Transitions
nuclear binding energy 20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
nuclear reactions 20.2 Nuclear Equations
nutritional calorie (Calorie) 9.2 Calorimetry
P
parent nuclide 20.3 Radioactive Decay
partially miscible 11.3 Solubility
pascal (Pa) 8.1 Gas Pressure
passivation 18.1 Periodicity
Pauli exclusion principle 3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
percent yield 7.4 Reaction Yields
periodic law 3.6 The Periodic Table
periodic table 3.6 The Periodic Table
phase diagram 10.4 Phase Diagrams
pi (π) bonding molecular orbital 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
pi bond (π bond) 5.1 Valence Bond Theory
polar covalent bond 4.2 Covalent Bonding
Positron emission (β+ decay 20.3 Radioactive Decay
potential energy 9.1 Energy Basics
pounds per square inch (psi) 8.1 Gas Pressure
precipitation reaction 7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
pressure 8.1 Gas Pressure
principal quantum number 3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
pure covalent bond 4.2 Covalent Bonding
Q
quantitative analysis 7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
quantum numbers 3.2 The Bohr Model
R
radiation absorbed dose (rad) 20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Radiation therapy 20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactive decay 20.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive decay series 20.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive label 20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactive tracer 20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radiocarbon dating 20.3 Radioactive Decay
radiometric dating 20.3 Radioactive Decay
rate constant 17.3 Rate Laws
rate equations 17.3 Rate Laws
Rate laws 17.3 Rate Laws
rate of reaction 17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
rate-limiting step 17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
reaction diagrams 17.5 Collision Theory
reaction mechanism 17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
reaction orders 17.3 Rate Laws
reaction quotient (Q) 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
reducing agent (reductant) 7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
relative biological effectiveness 20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
representative elements 3.6 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
representative metals 18.1 Periodicity
reversible process 12.2 Entropy
Reversible reactions 13.1 Chemical Equilibria
roentgen equivalent for man (rem) 20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
root mean square speed 8.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
S
sacrificial anodes 16.6 Corrosion
salt bridge 16.2 Galvanic Cells
saturated 11.3 Solubility
saturated hydrocarbons 21.1 Hydrocarbons
scientific method 1.1 Chemistry in Context
scintillation counter 20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
second (s) 1.4 Measurements
secondary (angular momentum) quantum number 3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
selective precipitation 15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
semipermeable membranes 11.4 Colligative Properties
SI Units 1.4 Measurements
sigma bonds (σ bonds) 5.1 Valence Bond Theory
Single-displacement (replacement) reactions 7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
skeletal structure 21.1 Hydrocarbons
solute 6.3 Molarity
solvent 6.3 Molarity
sp hybrid orbitals 5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp2 hybrid orbitals 5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3 hybrid orbitals 5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3d hybrid orbitals 5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3d2 hybrid orbitals 5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
spatial isomers 2.4 Chemical Formulas
specific heat capacity (c) 9.1 Energy Basics
spin quantum number 3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
standard cell potential, E°cell 16.3 Electrode and Cell Potentials
standard electrode potential, E°X 16.3 Electrode and Cell Potentials
Standard enthalpy of combustion 9.3 Enthalpy
standard enthalpy of formation Δ H f ° Δ H f ° 9.3 Enthalpy
standard entropy change (ΔS°) 12.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
standard free energy changes, ΔG° 12.4 Free Energy
standard free energy of formation ΔG°f 12.4 Free Energy
standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) 16.3 Electrode and Cell Potentials
standard state 9.3 Enthalpy
state function 9.3 Enthalpy
stationary waves 3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
stepwise ionization 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
stoichiometric factors 7.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
strong electrolyte 11.2 Electrolytes
structural formula 2.4 Chemical Formulas
structural isomers 2.4 Chemical Formulas
substituents 21.1 Hydrocarbons
substitution reaction 21.1 Hydrocarbons
supercritical fluid 10.4 Phase Diagrams
supersaturated 11.3 Solubility
Surface tension 10.2 Properties of Liquids
surroundings 9.2 Calorimetry
suspensions 11.5 Colloids
symbolic domain 1.1 Chemistry in Context
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