Skip to Content
OpenStax Logo
Chemistry: Atoms First

Index

Chemistry: Atoms FirstIndex
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Essential Ideas
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Chemistry in Context
    3. 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
    4. 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
    5. 1.4 Measurements
    6. 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
    7. 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  3. 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
    3. 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
    4. 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
    5. 2.4 Chemical Formulas
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  4. 3 Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
    3. 3.2 The Bohr Model
    4. 3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
    5. 3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
    6. 3.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
    7. 3.6 The Periodic Table
    8. 3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  5. 4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Ionic Bonding
    3. 4.2 Covalent Bonding
    4. 4.3 Chemical Nomenclature
    5. 4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
    6. 4.5 Formal Charges and Resonance
    7. 4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  6. 5 Advanced Theories of Bonding
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Valence Bond Theory
    3. 5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
    4. 5.3 Multiple Bonds
    5. 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  7. 6 Composition of Substances and Solutions
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
    3. 6.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
    4. 6.3 Molarity
    5. 6.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  8. 7 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
    3. 7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
    4. 7.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
    5. 7.4 Reaction Yields
    6. 7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  9. 8 Gases
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 Gas Pressure
    3. 8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
    4. 8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
    5. 8.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
    6. 8.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
    7. 8.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  10. 9 Thermochemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 Energy Basics
    3. 9.2 Calorimetry
    4. 9.3 Enthalpy
    5. 9.4 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  11. 10 Liquids and Solids
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
    3. 10.2 Properties of Liquids
    4. 10.3 Phase Transitions
    5. 10.4 Phase Diagrams
    6. 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
    7. 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  12. 11 Solutions and Colloids
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 The Dissolution Process
    3. 11.2 Electrolytes
    4. 11.3 Solubility
    5. 11.4 Colligative Properties
    6. 11.5 Colloids
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  13. 12 Thermodynamics
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Spontaneity
    3. 12.2 Entropy
    4. 12.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
    5. 12.4 Free Energy
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  14. 13 Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 Chemical Equilibria
    3. 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
    4. 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
    5. 13.4 Equilibrium Calculations
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  15. 14 Acid-Base Equilibria
    1. Introduction
    2. 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
    3. 14.2 pH and pOH
    4. 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
    5. 14.4 Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
    6. 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
    7. 14.6 Buffers
    8. 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  16. 15 Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
    1. Introduction
    2. 15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
    3. 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
    4. 15.3 Multiple Equilibria
    5. Key Terms
    6. Key Equations
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  17. 16 Electrochemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 16.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    3. 16.2 Galvanic Cells
    4. 16.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
    5. 16.4 The Nernst Equation
    6. 16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
    7. 16.6 Corrosion
    8. 16.7 Electrolysis
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  18. 17 Kinetics
    1. Introduction
    2. 17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
    3. 17.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    4. 17.3 Rate Laws
    5. 17.4 Integrated Rate Laws
    6. 17.5 Collision Theory
    7. 17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
    8. 17.7 Catalysis
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  19. 18 Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
    1. Introduction
    2. 18.1 Periodicity
    3. 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
    4. 18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
    5. 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
    6. 18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
    7. 18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
    8. 18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
    9. 18.8 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
    10. 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
    11. 18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
    12. 18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
    13. 18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
    14. Key Terms
    15. Summary
    16. Exercises
  20. 19 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
    3. 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
    4. 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
    5. Key Terms
    6. Summary
    7. Exercises
  21. 20 Nuclear Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
    3. 20.2 Nuclear Equations
    4. 20.3 Radioactive Decay
    5. 20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
    6. 20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
    7. 20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  22. 21 Organic Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 21.1 Hydrocarbons
    3. 21.2 Alcohols and Ethers
    4. 21.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
    5. 21.4 Amines and Amides
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  23. A | The Periodic Table
  24. B | Essential Mathematics
  25. C | Units and Conversion Factors
  26. D | Fundamental Physical Constants
  27. E | Water Properties
  28. F | Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
  29. G | Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
  30. H | Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
  31. I | Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
  32. J | Solubility Products
  33. K | Formation Constants for Complex Ions
  34. L | Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
  35. M | Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
  36. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
    14. Chapter 14
    15. Chapter 15
    16. Chapter 16
    17. Chapter 17
    18. Chapter 18
    19. Chapter 19
    20. Chapter 20
    21. Chapter 21
  37. Index
Symbols
Δoct19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
π* antibonding molecular orbital5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
σs molecular orbital5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
σs*σs* molecular orbital5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
A17.5 Collision Theory
absolute zero8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
accuracy1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
acid7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
acid anhydrides18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
acid ionization14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
acid-base indicators14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
acid-base reaction7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
acid-ionization constant, Ka14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
acidic14.2 pH and pOH
acids4.3 Chemical Nomenclature
actinide series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
actinides3.6 The Periodic Table
actinoid series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
activated complex17.5 Collision Theory
activation energy (Ea)17.5 Collision Theory
active electrode16.2 Galvanic Cells
activity11.4 Colligative Properties, 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
actual yield7.4 Reaction Yields
addition reaction21.1 Hydrocarbons
adhesive forces10.2 Properties of Liquids
Alcohols21.2 Alcohols and Ethers
aldehydes21.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
alkali metals3.6 The Periodic Table
Alkaline batteries16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
alkaline earth metals3.6 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
Alkanes21.1 Hydrocarbons
alkenes21.1 Hydrocarbons
alkyl group21.1 Hydrocarbons
alkynes21.1 Hydrocarbons
Allotropes18.1 Periodicity
alloys11.1 The Dissolution Process
Alpha (α) decay20.3 Radioactive Decay
Alpha particles20.2 Nuclear Equations
alpha particles (α particles)2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Amides21.4 Amines and Amides
Amines21.4 Amines and Amides
Amontons’s law8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
amorphous18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
amorphous solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
amphiphilic11.5 Colloids
amphiprotic14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
amphoteric14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
amplitude3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
analyte7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
angular momentum quantum number3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
anion2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
anode16.2 Galvanic Cells
antibonding orbitals5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
antimatter20.2 Nuclear Equations
aqueous solution6.3 Molarity
aromatic hydrocarbons21.1 Hydrocarbons
Arrhenius14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Arrhenius equation17.5 Collision Theory
atmosphere (atm)8.1 Gas Pressure
atom1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter, 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
atomic mass2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
atomic mass unit (amu)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
atomic number (Z)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
atomic orbital3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Atwater system9.2 Calorimetry
Aufbau principle3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
autoionization14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Autumn10.1 Intermolecular Forces
average rate17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
Avogadro’s law8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Avogadro’s number (NA)2.4 Chemical Formulas
axial position4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
B
balanced7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Balmer3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
band of stability20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
bar8.1 Gas Pressure
barometer8.1 Gas Pressure
Bartlett18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
base7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
base anhydrides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
base ionization14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
base-ionization constant (Kb)14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
basic14.2 pH and pOH
battery16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
becquerel (Bq)20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Beta (β) decay20.3 Radioactive Decay
Beta particles20.2 Nuclear Equations
bicarbonate anion18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
Bidentate ligands19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
bimolecular reaction17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
binary acid4.3 Chemical Nomenclature
binary compounds4.3 Chemical Nomenclature
binding energy per nucleon20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
biofuel9.3 Enthalpy
Bismuth18.1 Periodicity
blackbody3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
body-centered cubic (BCC) solid10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
body-centered cubic unit cell10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Bohr3.1 Electromagnetic Energy, 3.2 The Bohr Model
Bohr’s model3.2 The Bohr Model
boiling point10.3 Phase Transitions
boiling point elevation11.4 Colligative Properties
boiling point elevation constant11.4 Colligative Properties
Boltzmann12.2 Entropy
bomb calorimeter9.2 Calorimetry
bond angle4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
bond dipole moment4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
bond distance4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
bond length4.2 Covalent Bonding
bond order5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
bonding orbitals5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Borates18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
Born3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Born-Haber cycle9.4 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Boyle14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Boyle’s law8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Bragg10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Bragg equation10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Brønsted-Lowry acid14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Brønsted-Lowry base14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
buffer14.6 Buffers
buffer capacity14.6 Buffers
buret7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
C
calories (cal)9.1 Energy Basics
calorimeter9.2 Calorimetry
calorimetry9.2 Calorimetry
capillary action10.2 Properties of Liquids
carbonates18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
carbonyl group21.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
carboxylic acids21.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
Carnot12.2 Entropy
catalyst17.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
cathode16.2 Galvanic Cells
cathode ray2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
cathodic protection16.6 Corrosion
cations2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
cell notation16.2 Galvanic Cells
cell potential16.2 Galvanic Cells
Celsius (°C)1.4 Measurements
central metal19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Chadwick2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory, 20.2 Nuclear Equations
chain reaction20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
chalcogens3.6 The Periodic Table
Charles’s law8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
chelate19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
chelating ligands19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
chemical change1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
chemical equation7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
chemical property1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
chemical reduction18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
chemical symbol2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
chemical thermodynamics9.3 Enthalpy
chemistry1.1 Chemistry in Context
chemotherapy20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
chlor-alkali process18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
circuit16.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
cis configuration19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Clausius12.2 Entropy
Clausius-Clapeyron equation10.3 Phase Transitions
coefficients7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
cohesive forces10.2 Properties of Liquids
colligative properties11.4 Colligative Properties
Collision theory17.5 Collision Theory
colloidal dispersions11.5 Colloids
colloids11.5 Colloids
color-change interval14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
combustion analysis7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
combustion reactions7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
common ion effect15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
complete ionic equation7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
complex ion15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
compounds1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
compressibility factor (Z)8.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
concentrated6.3 Molarity
concentration6.3 Molarity
concentration cell16.4 The Nernst Equation
condensation10.3 Phase Transitions
conjugate acid14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
conjugate base14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
containment system20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
continuous spectrum3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
control rods20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
coordinate covalent bond15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
coordination compounds19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
coordination isomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
coordination number10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
coordination sphere19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
core electrons3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Corrosion16.6 Corrosion
Cottrell11.5 Colloids
covalent bonds3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds, 4.2 Covalent Bonding
Covalent network solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
covalent radius3.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
crenation11.4 Colligative Properties
Crick10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
critical mass20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
critical point10.4 Phase Diagrams
Cronin2.4 Chemical Formulas
crystal field splitting19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
crystal field theory19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
crystalline solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
cubic centimeter (cm3)1.4 Measurements
cubic closest packing (CCP)10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
cubic meter (m3)1.4 Measurements
Curie20.2 Nuclear Equations
curie (Ci)20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
current16.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
D
d orbitals3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
d-block elements19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Dalton1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Dalton (Da)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
Dalton’s atomic theory2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
Dalton’s law of partial pressures8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
daughter nuclide20.3 Radioactive Decay
Davisson3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Davy14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
de Broglie3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Debye11.4 Colligative Properties
degenerate orbitals3.3 Development of Quantum Theory, 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
density1.4 Measurements
deposition10.3 Phase Transitions
diamagnetic5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Diffraction10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
diffusion8.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
dilute6.3 Molarity
Dilution6.3 Molarity
dimensional analysis1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
dipole moment4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
dipole-dipole attraction10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Diprotic acids14.5 Polyprotic Acids
diprotic base14.5 Polyprotic Acids
dispersed phase11.5 Colloids
dispersion force10.1 Intermolecular Forces
dispersion medium11.5 Colloids
disproportionation reactions18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
dissociation11.2 Electrolytes
dissociation constant (Kd)15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
dissolved6.3 Molarity
donor atom19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
double bond4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
Downs cell18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
dry cell16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
dynamic equilibrium10.3 Phase Transitions
E
effective nuclear charge, Zeff3.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
effusion8.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
eg orbitals19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Electrical potential16.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
electrical work16.4 The Nernst Equation
electrolysis16.7 Electrolysis
electrolytes11.2 Electrolytes
electrolytic cells16.7 Electrolysis
electromagnetic radiation3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
electromagnetic spectrum3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
electron2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
electron affinity3.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
Electron capture20.3 Radioactive Decay
electron configuration3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
electron volts (eV)20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
electron-pair geometry4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
electronegativity4.2 Covalent Bonding
electroplating16.7 Electrolysis
element2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
elementary reaction17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
elements1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
empirical formula2.4 Chemical Formulas
empirical formula mass6.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
emulsifying agent11.5 Colloids
emulsion11.5 Colloids
enantiomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
end point7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
endothermic3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
endothermic process9.1 Energy Basics
Energy9.1 Energy Basics
enthalpy (H)9.3 Enthalpy
enthalpy change (ΔH)9.3 Enthalpy
entropy (S)12.2 Entropy
equatorial position4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
equilibrium13.1 Chemical Equilibria
equilibrium constant (K)13.2 Equilibrium Constants
equivalence point7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
esters21.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
Ethers21.2 Alcohols and Ethers
exact number1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
excess reactant7.4 Reaction Yields
excited electronic state3.2 The Bohr Model
exothermic3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
exothermic process9.1 Energy Basics
expansion work9.3 Enthalpy
extensive property1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
external beam radiation therapy20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
F
f orbitals3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
f-block elements19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
face-centered cubic (FCC) solid10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
face-centered cubic unit cell10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
factor-label method1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Fahrenheit1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Faraday’s constant16.4 The Nernst Equation
first law of thermodynamics9.3 Enthalpy
first transition series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
fissile20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
fission20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
fissionable20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
formal charge4.5 Formal Charges and Resonance
formation constant (Kf)15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
formula mass6.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
fourth transition series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Franklin10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Frasch process18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
free radicals4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
freezing10.3 Phase Transitions
freezing point10.3 Phase Transitions
freezing point depression11.4 Colligative Properties
freezing point depression constant11.4 Colligative Properties
frequency3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
frequency factor17.5 Collision Theory
fuel cell16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
FullerIntroduction, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
functional group21.1 Hydrocarbons
fundamental unit of charge (e)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
fusion20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
fusion reactor20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
G
Galvanic cells16.2 Galvanic Cells
galvanized iron16.6 Corrosion
Gamma emission (γ emission)20.3 Radioactive Decay
gamma rays (γ)20.2 Nuclear Equations
gas1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Gay-Lussac’s law8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Geiger2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Geiger counter20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Geim10.5 The Solid State of Matter, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
gel11.5 Colloids
Germer3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Gibbs12.4 Free Energy
Gibbs free energy change (G)12.4 Free Energy
Gouy5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Graham’s law of effusion8.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
gravimetric analysis7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
gray (Gy)20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Greaney10.1 Intermolecular Forces
ground electronic state3.2 The Bohr Model
groups3.6 The Periodic Table
H
Haber process18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
half-life20.3 Radioactive Decay
half-life of a reaction (t1/2)17.4 Integrated Rate Laws
half-reaction7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
half-reaction method16.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
halides18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
Hall18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
Hall–Héroult cell18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
halogens3.6 The Periodic Table
Hasselbalch14.6 Buffers
Heat (q)9.1 Energy Basics
heat capacity (C)9.1 Energy Basics
Heisenberg uncertainty principle3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
hemolysis11.4 Colligative Properties
Henderson14.6 Buffers
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation14.6 Buffers
Henry’s law11.3 Solubility, 11.3 Solubility
Héroult18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
hertz (Hz)3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Hess’s law9.3 Enthalpy, 9.3 Enthalpy
heterogeneous catalyst17.7 Catalysis
heterogeneous equilibrium13.2 Equilibrium Constants
heterogeneous mixture1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
hexagonal closest packing (HCP)10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
high-spin complexes19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
holes10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
homogeneous catalyst17.7 Catalysis
homogeneous equilibrium13.2 Equilibrium Constants
homogeneous mixture1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
homonuclear diatomic molecules5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Hu10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Hückel11.4 Colligative Properties
Hund’s rule3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Huygens3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
hybrid orbitals5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
hybridization5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
hydrocarbons9.3 Enthalpy
hydrogen bonding10.1 Intermolecular Forces
hydrogen carbonates18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
hydrogen halides18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
hydrogen sulfates18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
hydrogen sulfites18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
hydrogenation18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
hydrometallurgy19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
hydrostatic pressure8.1 Gas Pressure
hydroxides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
hypertonic11.4 Colligative Properties
hypervalent molecules4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
hypothesis1.1 Chemistry in Context
hypotonic11.4 Colligative Properties
I
ideal gas8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
ideal gas constant8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
ideal gas law8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
ideal solution11.1 The Dissolution Process
immiscible11.3 Solubility
indicators7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
induced dipole10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Inert electrodes16.2 Galvanic Cells
inert gases3.6 The Periodic Table
inert pair effect4.1 Ionic Bonding
initial rate17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
inner transition metals3.6 The Periodic Table
insoluble7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
instantaneous dipole10.1 Intermolecular Forces
instantaneous rate17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
integrated rate laws17.4 Integrated Rate Laws
intensive property1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
interference patterns3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
interhalogens18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
intermediates17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
intermolecular forces10.1 Intermolecular Forces
internal energy (U)9.3 Enthalpy
internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy)20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
International System of Units1.4 Measurements
interstitial sites10.5 The Solid State of Matter
ion2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
ion-dipole attraction11.2 Electrolytes
ion-product constant for water (Kw)14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
ionic bonds3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds, 4.1 Ionic Bonding
ionic compound3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
Ionic solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
ionization energy3.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
Ionization isomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
ionizing radiation20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
isoelectronic3.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
isomers2.4 Chemical Formulas
isomorphous10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
isotonic11.4 Colligative Properties
isotopes2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
IUPAC21.1 Hydrocarbons
J
joule (J)9.1 Energy Basics
K17.3 Rate Laws
Kc13.2 Equilibrium Constants
kelvin (K)1.4 Measurements
ketones21.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
kilogram (kg)1.4 Measurements
kinetic energy9.1 Energy Basics
kinetic molecular theory8.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Kohn5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
KP13.2 Equilibrium Constants
L
lanthanide series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
lanthanides3.6 The Periodic Table
lanthanoid series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
lattice energy (ΔHlattice)9.4 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Lavoisier8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
law of conservation of matter1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
law of constant composition2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
law of definite proportions2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
law of mass action13.2 Equilibrium Constants
law of multiple proportions2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
laws1.1 Chemistry in Context
Le Châtelier's principle13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
lead acid battery16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
length1.4 Measurements
leveling effect of water14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
Lewis15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis acid15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis acid-base adduct15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis base15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis structures4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
Lewis symbol4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
ligands15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
limiting reactant7.4 Reaction Yields
line spectra3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
linear4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Linkage isomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
liquid1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
liter (L) 1.4 Measurements
Lithium ion batteries16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
London10.1 Intermolecular Forces
London dispersion force10.1 Intermolecular Forces
lone pairs4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
low-spin complexes19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
M
macroscopic domain1.1 Chemistry in Context
magic numbers20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
magnetic quantum number3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
main-group elements3.6 The Periodic Table
manometer8.1 Gas Pressure
Marsden2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
mass1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
mass defect20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
mass number (A)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
mass percentage6.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
mass-energy equivalence equation20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
mass-volume percent6.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
Matter1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Maxwell3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
mean free path8.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
melting10.3 Phase Transitions
melting point10.3 Phase Transitions
Mendeleev3.6 The Periodic Table
Metallic solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
metalloid18.1 Periodicity
metalloids3.6 The Periodic Table
metals3.6 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
meter (m)1.4 Measurements
method of initial rates17.3 Rate Laws
Meyer3.6 The Periodic Table
microscopic domain1.1 Chemistry in Context
microstate (W)12.2 Entropy
millicurie (mCi)20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Millikan2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
milliliter (mL)1.4 Measurements
miscible11.3 Solubility
mixture1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Molality11.4 Colligative Properties
molar mass2.4 Chemical Formulas
Molarity (M)6.3 Molarity
mole2.4 Chemical Formulas
mole fraction (X)8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
molecular compounds3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
molecular equation7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
molecular formula2.4 Chemical Formulas
molecular mass2.4 Chemical Formulas
molecular orbital (Ψ2)5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
molecular orbital diagram5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular orbital theory5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
molecular structure4.5 Formal Charges and Resonance, 4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
molecularity17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
molecule1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Molina17.7 Catalysis
monatomic ions3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
monodentate19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
monoprotic acids14.5 Polyprotic Acids
ms3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
multiple equilibria15.3 Multiple Equilibria
N
Nagaoka2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Nernst equation16.4 The Nernst Equation
net ionic equation7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
neutral14.2 pH and pOH
neutralization reaction7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
neutrons2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Newton3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Nickel-cadmium16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Nitrates18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
nitrogen fixation18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
noble gases3.6 The Periodic Table
node5.1 Valence Bond Theory
nodes3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Nomenclature4.3 Chemical Nomenclature
nonelectrolytes11.2 Electrolytes
nonionizing radiation20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
nonmetals3.6 The Periodic Table
nonspontaneous process12.1 Spontaneity
normal boiling point10.3 Phase Transitions
Novoselov10.5 The Solid State of Matter, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
nuclear binding energy20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
Nuclear chemistry20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
Nuclear fuel20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
nuclear moderator20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
nuclear reactions20.2 Nuclear Equations
nuclear reactor20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
Nuclear transmutation20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
nucleons20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
nucleus2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
nuclide20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
nutritional calorie (Calorie)9.2 Calorimetry
O
octahedral4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
octahedral hole10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
octet rule4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
optical isomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Orbital diagrams3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
organic compounds21.1 Hydrocarbons
osmosis11.4 Colligative Properties
osmotic pressure (Π)11.4 Colligative Properties
Ostwald process18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
overall reaction order17.3 Rate Laws
overlap5.1 Valence Bond Theory
overpotential16.7 Electrolysis
oxidation7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxidation number7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxidation state7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
oxidizing agent (oxidant)7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxyacids4.3 Chemical Nomenclature, 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
Oxyanions3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
ozone18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
P
p orbitals3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
pairing energy (P)19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
paramagnetism5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
parent nuclide20.3 Radioactive Decay
partial pressure8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
partially miscible11.3 Solubility
particle accelerators20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
parts per billion (ppb)6.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
parts per million (ppm)6.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
pascal (Pa)8.1 Gas Pressure
passivation18.1 Periodicity
Pauli exclusion principle3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Pauling4.2 Covalent Bonding
percent composition6.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
percent ionization14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
percent yield7.4 Reaction Yields
periodic law3.6 The Periodic Table
periodic table3.6 The Periodic Table
periods3.6 The Periodic Table
peroxides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
Perrier20.2 Nuclear Equations
pH14.2 pH and pOH
phase diagram10.4 Phase Diagrams
photons3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
photosynthesis18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
physical change1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
physical property1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
pi (π) bonding molecular orbital5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
pi bond (π bond)5.1 Valence Bond Theory
Pidgeon process18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
plasma1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
platinum metals19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
pnictogens3.6 The Periodic Table
pOH14.2 pH and pOH
polar covalent bond4.2 Covalent Bonding
polar molecule4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
polarizability10.1 Intermolecular Forces
polyatomic ions3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
polydentate ligand19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
polymorphs18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
position of equilibrium13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
Positron emission (β+ decay20.3 Radioactive Decay
Positrons20.2 Nuclear Equations
potential energy9.1 Energy Basics
pounds per square inch (psi)8.1 Gas Pressure
precipitate7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
precipitation reaction7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
precision1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
pressure8.1 Gas Pressure
Primary batteries16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
principal quantum number3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
products7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
proton2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
pure covalent bond4.2 Covalent Bonding
pure substance1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Q
quantitative analysis7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
quantization3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
quantum mechanics3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
quantum numbers3.2 The Bohr Model
R
radiation absorbed dose (rad)20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Radiation dosimeters20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Radiation therapy20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactive decay20.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive decay series20.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive label20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactive tracer20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactivity20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
radiocarbon dating20.3 Radioactive Decay
radioisotope20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
radiometric dating20.3 Radioactive Decay
Raoult’s law11.4 Colligative Properties
rare earth elements19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
rate constant17.3 Rate Laws
rate equations17.3 Rate Laws
rate expression17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
Rate laws17.3 Rate Laws
rate of diffusion8.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
rate of reaction17.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
rate-limiting step17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
RBE20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
reactants7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
reaction mechanism17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
reaction order17.3 Rate Laws
reaction quotient (Q)13.2 Equilibrium Constants
reactor coolant20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
reducing agent (reductant)7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
reduction7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
reduction half-reaction16.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
relative biological effectiveness20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
representative elements3.6 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
representative metals18.1 Periodicity
resonance4.5 Formal Charges and Resonance
resonance forms4.5 Formal Charges and Resonance
resonance hybrid4.5 Formal Charges and Resonance
reversible process12.2 Entropy
reversible reaction13.1 Chemical Equilibria
roentgen equivalent for man (rem)20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
root mean square velocity8.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
rounding1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
Rutherford2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory, 3.2 The Bohr Model, 20.2 Nuclear Equations
Rydberg3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
S
s orbitals3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
s-p mixing5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
sacrificial anodes16.6 Corrosion
salt7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
saturated11.3 Solubility
saturated hydrocarbons21.1 Hydrocarbons
scientific method1.1 Chemistry in Context
scintillation counter20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
second (s)1.4 Measurements
second law of thermodynamics12.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
second transition series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Secondary batteries16.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Segre20.2 Nuclear Equations
selective precipitation15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
semipermeable membranes11.4 Colligative Properties
series3.6 The Periodic Table
shells3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
SI Units1.4 Measurements
sievert (Sv)20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
sigma bonds (σ bonds)5.1 Valence Bond Theory
significant digits1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
significant figures1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
Silicates18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
simple cubic structure10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
simple cubic unit cell10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
single bond4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
Single-displacement (replacement) reactions7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
skeletal structure21.1 Hydrocarbons
Smalley4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
smelting19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Soddy2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
solid1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Solomon8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
solubility7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions, 11.3 Solubility
solubility product (Ksp)15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
soluble7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
solute6.3 Molarity
solution1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
solvation11.1 The Dissolution Process
solvent6.3 Molarity
sp hybrid orbitals5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp2 hybrid orbitals5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3 hybrid orbitals5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3d hybrid orbitals5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3d2 hybrid orbitals5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
space lattice10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
spatial isomers2.4 Chemical Formulas
specific heat capacity (c)9.1 Energy Basics
spectator ions7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
spectrochemical series19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
spin quantum number3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
spontaneous process11.1 The Dissolution Process, 12.1 Spontaneity
standard cell potential16.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
Standard enthalpy of combustion9.3 Enthalpy
standard enthalpy of formation ΔHf°ΔHf°9.3 Enthalpy
Standard entropies12.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
standard entropy change (ΔS°)12.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
standard free energy change (ΔG°)12.4 Free Energy
standard free energy of formation12.4 Free Energy
standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)16.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
standard molar volume8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
standard state9.3 Enthalpy
standard temperature and pressure (STP)8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Standing waves3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
state function9.3 Enthalpy
stationary waves3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Steel19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
stepwise ionization14.5 Polyprotic Acids
stoichiometric factors7.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
stoichiometry7.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
stress13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
strong acids7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
strong bases7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
strong electrolyte11.2 Electrolytes
strong nuclear force20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
strong-field ligands19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
structural formula2.4 Chemical Formulas
structural isomers2.4 Chemical Formulas
subcritical mass20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
sublimation10.3 Phase Transitions
subshell3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
substituents21.1 Hydrocarbons
substitution reaction21.1 Hydrocarbons
sulfates18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
sulfites18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
superconductor19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
supercritical fluid10.4 Phase Diagrams
supercritical mass20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
superoxides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
supersaturated11.3 Solubility
Surface tension10.2 Properties of Liquids
surroundings9.2 Calorimetry
symbolic domain1.1 Chemistry in Context
system9.2 Calorimetry
T
t2g orbitals19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
temperature1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results, 9.1 Energy Basics
termolecular reaction17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
tetrahedral4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
tetrahedral hole10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
theoretical yield7.4 Reaction Yields
theories1.1 Chemistry in Context
Thermal energy9.1 Energy Basics
thermochemistry9.1 Energy Basics
third law of thermodynamics12.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
third transition series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Thomson2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
titrant7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
titration analysis7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
titration curve14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
torr8.1 Gas Pressure
trans configuration19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
transition metals3.6 The Periodic Table
transition state17.5 Collision Theory
transmutation20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
transuranium elements20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
trigonal bipyramidal4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
trigonal planar4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
triple bond4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
triple point10.4 Phase Diagrams
triprotic acid14.5 Polyprotic Acids
Tyndall effect11.5 Colloids
U
uncertainty1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
unified atomic mass unit (u)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
unimolecular reaction17.6 Reaction Mechanisms
unit cell10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
unit conversion factor1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Units1.4 Measurements
unsaturated11.3 Solubility
urms8.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
V
Vacancies10.5 The Solid State of Matter
Valence bond theory5.1 Valence Bond Theory
valence electrons3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
valence shell3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory)4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
van der Waals equation8.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
van der Waals forces10.1 Intermolecular Forces
van’t Hoff factor (i)11.4 Colligative Properties
vapor pressure10.3 Phase Transitions
vapor pressure of water8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
vaporization10.3 Phase Transitions
vector4.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
viscosity10.2 Properties of Liquids
voltaic cells16.2 Galvanic Cells
Volume1.4 Measurements
volume percentage6.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
W
Watson10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
wave3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
wave-particle duality3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
wavefunctions3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
wavelength3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
weak acids7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
weak bases7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
weak electrolyte11.2 Electrolytes
weak-field ligands19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Weight1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Wilkins10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
WohlerIntroduction
work (w)9.1 Energy Basics
X
X-ray crystallography10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Y
Young3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Previous
Order a print copy

As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.

Citation/Attribution

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book is Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 and you must attribute OpenStax.

Attribution information
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:
    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first/pages/1-introduction
  • If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution:
    Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-atoms-first/pages/1-introduction
Citation information

© Sep 16, 2020 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.