Symbols
“degenerate.”
15.1 The Genetic Code
(macroevolution)
19.1 Population Evolution
(microevolution)
19.1 Population Evolution
60S ribosomal subunit
16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
7-methylguanosine cap
15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
α-helix
3.4 Proteins
β-pleated sheet
3.4 Proteins
A
A horizon
31.2 The Soil
Abduction
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
abiotic
44.1 The Scope of Ecology
aboral madreporite
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
above-ground biomass
44.2 Biogeography
abscisic acid
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
abscission
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
absorption spectrum
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
abstract
1.1 The Science of Biology
abyssal zone
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Accessory fruits
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
acclimatization
33.3 Homeostasis
acetylcholine
35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
acetylcholinesterase
38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
acid
2.2 Water
Acid rain
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
acoelomates
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
acromegaly
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
acrosomal reactions
43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
Actinopterygii
29.2 Fishes
action potential
35.2 How Neurons Communicate
activation energy
6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
activators
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
active site
6.5 Enzymes
Active transport
5.3 Active Transport
acute disease
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
adaptation
18.1 Understanding Evolution
adaptive evolution
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Adaptive immunity
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Addison’s disease
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Adduction
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
adenosine triphosphate
6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
adenylyl cyclase
37.2 How Hormones Work
adhesion
2.2 Water
adrenal cortex
37.5 Endocrine Glands
adrenal glands
37.5 Endocrine Glands
adrenal medulla
37.5 Endocrine Glands
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Adventitious
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
adventitious roots
30.3 Roots
aerobic
22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
aerobic respiration
7.2 Glycolysis
afferent arteriole
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
affinities
42.3 Antibodies
aggregate fruit
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
Aggressive displays
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Agnatha
29.1 Chordates
air sacs
29.5 Birds
aldosterone
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
aleurone
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
algal bloom
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
alimentary canal
34.1 Digestive Systems
aliphatic hydrocarbons
2.3 Carbon
allantois
29.4 Reptiles
allele frequency
19.1 Population Evolution
alleles
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Allopatric speciation
18.2 Formation of New Species
allopolyploid
18.2 Formation of New Species
allosteric inhibition
6.5 Enzymes
alpha cells
37.5 Endocrine Glands
alteration
33.3 Homeostasis
alveolar ducts
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
alveolar sacs
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
alveolar ventilation
39.3 Breathing
alveoli
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
Alzheimer’s disease
35.5 Nervous System Disorders
ambulacral (water vascular) system
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
amino acid-derived hormones
37.1 Types of Hormones
Amino acids
3.4 Proteins
aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
aminopeptidase
34.3 Digestive System Processes
ammonia
41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
ammonification
22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
ammonotelic
41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
amnion
29.4 Reptiles
amniote embryo
29.4 Reptiles
amniotic egg
29.4 Reptiles
Amphiarthroses
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
amphiphilic
5.1 Components and Structure
ampullae
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
ampullae of Lorenzini
29.2 Fishes
amygdala
35.3 The Central Nervous System
Amyloplasts
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Anabolic
6.1 Energy and Metabolism
anaerobic
7.2 Glycolysis
anaerobic cellular respiration
7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
analytical model
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Anatomical dead space
39.3 Breathing
androgens
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
angiotensin I
41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
angiotensin II
41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
Angular movements
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
anoxic
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
antenna proteins
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
anterior pituitary
37.5 Endocrine Glands
anther
26.3 Angiosperms
antheridium
25.1 Early Plant Life
Anthophyta
26.3 Angiosperms
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
antibiotic
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
antibiotic resistance
17.1 Biotechnology
antibody
42.3 Antibodies
anticodon
15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
antigen
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
antigen-presenting cell (APC)
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
antioxidant
41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
antiporter
5.3 Active Transport
Anura
29.3 Amphibians
apex consumers
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
aphotic zone
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
apical bud
30.2 Stems
Apical meristems
30.1 The Plant Body
Apocrine glands
29.6 Mammals
Apoda
29.3 Amphibians
apodemes
33.1 Animal Form and Function
apomixis
32.3 Asexual Reproduction
aposematic coloration
45.6 Community Ecology
appendicular skeleton
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
applied science
1.1 The Science of Biology
Appositional growth
38.2 Bone
Aquaporins
5.2 Passive Transport
aquatic biomes
44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
arachnoid mater
35.3 The Central Nervous System
arboreal hypothesis
29.5 Birds
arbuscular mycorrhizae
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
archegonium
25.1 Early Plant Life
archenteron
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
arcuate arteries
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
aromatic hydrocarbons
2.3 Carbon
arterioles
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
ascending limbs
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
ascocarp
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
Ascomycota
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
Asexual reproduction
43.1 Reproduction Methods
Assimilation
46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
assortative mating
19.2 Population Genetics
Astrocytes
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
Asymmetrical
33.1 Animal Form and Function
asymptomatic infection
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Atherosclerosis
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
atom
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology,
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
37.5 Endocrine Glands
atriopore
29.1 Chordates
atrioventricular valve
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
atrium
29.1 Chordates
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
35.5 Nervous System Disorders
auditory ossicles
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
35.5 Nervous System Disorders
autoantibodies
42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Autocrine signals
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
autoimmune response
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Autoimmunity
42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Autoinducers
9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
autonomic nervous system
35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
autopolyploidy
18.2 Formation of New Species
avidity
42.3 Antibodies
axial skeleton
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
axillary bud
30.2 Stems
axon hillock
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
axon terminals
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
B
B cells
42.1 Innate Immune Response
B horizon
31.2 The Soil
back mutations
21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
background extinction
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
bacteriophage
14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
bacteriophages
21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
balanced chemical equation
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Ball-and-socket joints
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Barcoding
26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
bark
30.2 Stems
basal ganglia
35.3 The Central Nervous System
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
33.1 Animal Form and Function
basal nuclei
35.3 The Central Nervous System
basal taxon
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
base
2.2 Water
Basic science
1.1 The Science of Biology
basidia
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
basidiocarp
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
Basidiomycota
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
basidium
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
basilar membrane
36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
basophil
42.1 Innate Immune Response
Batesian mimicry
45.6 Community Ecology
bedrock
31.2 The Soil
Behavioral biology
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Behavioral isolation
18.2 Formation of New Species
beta cells
37.5 Endocrine Glands
bicarbonate buffer system
39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
bicarbonate ions
39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
bicuspid valve
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Bilateral symmetry
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
binary (prokaryotic) fission
10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
binomial nomenclature
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
biochemistry
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
biodiversity
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Biodiversity hotspots
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
bioenergetics
6.1 Energy and Metabolism
Bioethics
1.1 The Science of Biology
biofilm
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
biogeochemical cycle
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
biological community
44.1 The Scope of Ecology
biological macromolecules
3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
Biological nitrogen fixation
22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
biology
1.1 The Science of Biology
bioluminescence
23.3 Groups of Protists
Biomagnification
46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
biomarker
17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
biomes
44.2 Biogeography
bioremediation
22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
biotic
44.1 The Scope of Ecology
biotic potential, or rmax
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
bipolar neurons
36.3 Taste and Smell
birth rate (B)
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Black Death
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
blastomeres
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
blastopore
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
blastula
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
bleaching
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Blood pressure (BP)
40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
blood urea nitrogen
41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
blotting
17.1 Biotechnology
body plan
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
bolus
34.1 Digestive Systems
Bone
38.2 Bone
Bone remodeling
38.2 Bone
boreal forest
44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
bottleneck effect
19.2 Population Genetics
Bowman's capsule
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
brainstem
35.3 The Central Nervous System
branch point
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
bronchi
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
bronchioles
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
Brumation
29.4 Reptiles
Bryophytes
25.3 Bryophytes
buffer zones
47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
Buffers
2.2 Water
bulb
30.2 Stems
bulbourethral gland
43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
Bush meat
47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
C
C horizon
31.2 The Soil
CAAT box
15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
caecilians
29.3 Amphibians
Calcification
38.2 Bone
calcitonin
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
calorie
2.2 Water
Calvin cycle
8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
calyx
26.3 Angiosperms
Cambrian explosion
27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
camouflage
45.6 Community Ecology
cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase)
9.2 Propagation of the Signal
canaliculi
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
candela
36.5 Vision
canopy
44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
capillaries
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
capillary action
2.2 Water
Capillary beds
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
capsule
25.3 Bryophytes
carbaminohemoglobin
39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
carbohydrates
3.2 Carbohydrates
Carbonic anhydrase (CA)
39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
carboxypeptidase
34.3 Digestive System Processes
cardiac cycle
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Cardiac muscle tissue
38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Cardiomyocytes
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Carnivores
34.1 Digestive Systems
carrier protein
5.2 Passive Transport
carrying capacity, or K
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Cartilage
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Cartilaginous joints
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Casparian strip
30.3 Roots
catabolic
6.1 Energy and Metabolism
catabolite activator protein (CAP)
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
caveolin
5.4 Bulk Transport
cell cycle
10.2 The Cell Cycle
cell necrosis
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
cell plate
10.2 The Cell Cycle
cell-cycle checkpoints
10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
cell-mediated immune response
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Cell-surface receptors
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
cellular cloning
17.1 Biotechnology
Cellulose
3.2 Carbohydrates
centimorgans (cM)
13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
central dogma
15.1 The Genetic Code
central vacuole
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
centrioles
10.2 The Cell Cycle
centromere
10.1 Cell Division
centrosome
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cephalic phase
34.4 Digestive System Regulation
Cephalochordata
29.1 Chordates
cerebellum
35.3 The Central Nervous System
cerebral cortex
35.3 The Central Nervous System
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
35.3 The Central Nervous System
channel
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Channel proteins
5.2 Passive Transport
chaperones
3.4 Proteins
Chargaff’s rules
14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
Charophytes
25.1 Early Plant Life
chelicerae
28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
chemical diversity
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
chemical energy
6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
Chemical reactions
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
chemical reactivity
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
chemical synapses
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Chemiosmosis
7.1 Energy in Living Systems
Chemotrophs
22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
chloride shift
39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
chlorophyll
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Chlorophyll a
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
chlorophyll b
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Chlorophytes
25.1 Early Plant Life
chloroplast
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cholecystokinin
34.4 Digestive System Regulation
chondrocytes
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Chordata
29.1 Chordates
chorioallantoic placenta
29.6 Mammals
chorion
29.4 Reptiles
choroid plexus
35.3 The Central Nervous System
chromatids
10.1 Cell Division
chromatin
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
chromatophores
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
chromophore
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
chromosome inversion
13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
chronic infections
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
chylomicrons
34.3 Digestive System Processes
chyme
34.1 Digestive Systems
chymotrypsin
34.3 Digestive System Processes
Chytridiomycetes
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
chytridiomycosis
47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
cilia
4.5 The Cytoskeleton
cingulate gyrus
35.3 The Central Nervous System
circadian
36.5 Vision
Circumduction
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
cis-acting element
16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
citric acid cycle
7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
cladistics
20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
classical conditioning
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
clathrin
5.4 Bulk Transport
clavicles
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
clay
31.2 The Soil
cleavage
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
cleavage furrow
10.2 The Cell Cycle
Climate change
47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
climax community
45.6 Community Ecology
cline
19.2 Population Genetics
clonal selection
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
closed circulatory system
40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
club mosses
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
Cnidaria
28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
cnidocyte
28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
codominance
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
codons
15.1 The Genetic Code
coelom
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals,
28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans,
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
coelomic pouches
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
coenzymes
6.5 Enzymes
cofactors
6.5 Enzymes
cognitive learning
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
cohesin
11.1 The Process of Meiosis
cohesion
2.2 Water
coleoptile
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
coleorhiza
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
colinear
15.1 The Genetic Code
Collenchyma cells
30.2 Stems
colloid
37.5 Endocrine Glands
columella
29.5 Birds
Columnar epithelial
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
commensal
45.6 Community Ecology
Commensalism
24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
community
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Compact bone
38.2 Bone
Companion cells
30.2 Stems
competitive exclusion principle
45.6 Community Ecology
competitive inhibition
6.5 Enzymes
complement system
42.1 Innate Immune Response
complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries
17.2 Mapping Genomes
compliance
39.3 Breathing
compound leaf
30.4 Leaves
concentration gradient
5.2 Passive Transport
conceptual model
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
conclusion
1.1 The Science of Biology
condensin proteins
10.2 The Cell Cycle
Conditioned behaviors
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Condyloid joints
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
cones
36.5 Vision
Conidiospores
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Conifers
26.2 Gymnosperms
Connective tissues
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Conservation biogeography
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
conspecifics
44.1 The Scope of Ecology
contig
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Continuous variation
12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Contour feathers
29.5 Birds
contraception
43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
contractile vacuoles
23.3 Groups of Protists
control group
1.1 The Science of Biology
convergent evolution
18.1 Understanding Evolution
Coral reefs
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
core enzyme
15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
Corms
30.2 Stems
cornea
36.5 Vision
corolla
26.3 Angiosperms
coronary arteries
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
coronary veins
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
corpus callosum
35.3 The Central Nervous System
cortical nephrons
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
corticosteroids
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
cortisol
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
countercurrent exchanger
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
countercurrent multiplier
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Courtship displays
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
coxal bones
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
cranial bones
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
cranial nerves
35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
Craniata (or Vertebrata)
29.1 Chordates
cranium
29.1 Chordates
cristae
23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
Crocodilia
29.4 Reptiles
Cross reactivity
42.3 Antibodies
Cross-pollination
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
crossing over
11.1 The Process of Meiosis
crossover
11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Cryogenian period
27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
Cryptochromes
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
cryptofauna
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Cuboidal epithelial
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Cushing’s disease
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
cuticle
28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods,
30.4 Leaves,
30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
cuttings
32.3 Asexual Reproduction
cyanobacteria
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Cycads
26.2 Gymnosperms
cyclic AMP (cAMP)
9.2 Propagation of the Signal
cyclin-dependent kinases
10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
cyclins
10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
Cytogenetic mapping
17.2 Mapping Genomes
cytokine
42.1 Innate Immune Response
cytokinin
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
cytopathic effects
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
cytoplasm
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cytoskeleton
4.5 The Cytoskeleton
cytosol
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
D
dead space
39.3 Breathing
dead zone
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
death rate (D)
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
decomposers
22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
Deductive reasoning
1.1 The Science of Biology
dehydration synthesis
3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
demographic-based models
45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
demography
45.1 Population Demography
denaturation
3.4 Proteins
denature
6.5 Enzymes
Dendrites
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
Dendritic cells
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
density-dependent
45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
density-independent
45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
dentary
29.6 Mammals
deoxynucleotide
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
3.5 Nucleic Acids
dephosphorylation
7.1 Energy in Living Systems
depolarization
35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Depression
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Dermal tissue
30.1 The Plant Body
descending
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Descriptive (or discovery) science
1.1 The Science of Biology
determinate cleavage
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
detrital food web
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Deuteromycota
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
Deuterostomes
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
diabetes insipidus
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
diabetes mellitus
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
diabetogenic effect
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
diacylglycerol (DAG)
9.2 Propagation of the Signal
diaphragm
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
diaphysis
38.2 Bone
Diarthroses
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
dicots
26.3 Angiosperms
dideoxynucleotides
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Diffusion
5.2 Passive Transport
Digestion
34.3 Digestive System Processes
dihybrid
12.3 Laws of Inheritance
dikaryon
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
dimerization
9.2 Propagation of the Signal
dimorphic
28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
Dinosaurs
29.4 Reptiles
dioecious
26.2 Gymnosperms
dipeptidase
34.3 Digestive System Processes
diphyodonts
29.6 Mammals
diploblasts
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
diplontic
25.1 Early Plant Life
directional selection
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Disaccharides
3.2 Carbohydrates
discontinuous variation
12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
discussion
1.1 The Science of Biology
Dispersal
18.2 Formation of New Species
dissociation
2.2 Water
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Distraction displays
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
divergent evolution
18.1 Understanding Evolution
diversifying selection
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
DNA barcoding
47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
DNA fingerprinting
14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
DNA microarrays
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
dominant lethal
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Dominant traits
12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
dormancy
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
dorsal cavity
33.1 Animal Form and Function
dorsal hollow nerve cord
29.1 Chordates
Dorsiflexion
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
double circulation
40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
double fertilization
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
down feathers
29.5 Birds
down-regulation
37.2 How Hormones Work
duodenum
34.1 Digestive Systems
dura mater
35.3 The Central Nervous System
E
Eccrine glands
29.6 Mammals
Ecdysozoa
27.3 Animal Phylogeny
Ecological biogeography
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Ecological pyramids
46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Ecology
44.1 The Scope of Ecology
ecosystem diversity
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
ecosystem dynamics
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Ecosystem ecology
44.1 The Scope of Ecology
ecosystem services
47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
Ectomycorrhizae
24.3 Ecology of Fungi
ectothermic
33.1 Animal Form and Function
ectotherms
29.4 Reptiles
Ediacaran Period
27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
effector cells
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
efferent arteriole
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
elastase
34.3 Digestive System Processes
elastic recoil
39.3 Breathing
elastic work
39.3 Breathing
electrocardiogram (ECG)
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
electrochemical gradient
5.3 Active Transport
electrogenic pump
5.3 Active Transport
electrolyte
41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
electromagnetic spectrum
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
electron configuration
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electron microscopes
4.1 Studying Cells
electron orbitals
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electron transfer
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electron transport chain
7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation,
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
electronegativity
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Elevation
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
embryonic mesoderm
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
embryophytes
25.1 Early Plant Life
Emergent vegetation
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
emerging disease
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry
45.6 Community Ecology
Enantiomers
2.3 Carbon
end-Permian extinction
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
endemic disease
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
endemism
47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
endergonic reactions
6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
endocardium
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
endocarp
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
Endochondral ossification
38.2 Bone
endocrine
34.4 Digestive System Regulation
endocrine cells
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
endocrine glands
37.5 Endocrine Glands
endocrine signals
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Endocytosis
5.4 Bulk Transport
endodermis
30.3 Roots
Endomycorrhizae
24.3 Ecology of Fungi
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
endospermic dicots
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
endosymbiosis
23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
endosymbiotic theory
23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
endotherm
33.1 Animal Form and Function
endotherms
29.4 Reptiles
energy budget
45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
energy coupling
6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
enterocoelom
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
enterocoely
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
entropy
6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
environmental disturbances
45.6 Community Ecology
Enzyme-linked receptors
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Enzymes
3.4 Proteins
eosinophil
42.1 Innate Immune Response
Ependymal
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
epicardium
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
epicotyl
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
epidemic
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
epidermis
30.2 Stems
epigenetic
16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
epilepsy
35.5 Nervous System Disorders
epinephrine
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
epiphyseal plate
38.2 Bone
epiphyses
38.2 Bone
epiphytes
44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
epistasis
12.3 Laws of Inheritance
Epithelial tissues
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
epitopes
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
equilibrium
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks,
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Erythropoietin (EPO)
37.5 Endocrine Glands
esophagus
34.1 Digestive Systems
essential
31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
essential nutrients
34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
Estuaries
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
eucoelomates
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
eukaryote-first
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
eukaryotes
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
eukaryotic cells
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2)
16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
Eumetazoa
27.3 Animal Phylogeny
eutrophication
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
evaporation
2.2 Water
Eversion
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
evolution
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
evolutionary (Darwinian) fitness
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
35.2 How Neurons Communicate
exergonic reactions
6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
Exocytosis
5.4 Bulk Transport
exoskeleton
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Exotic species
47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
exponential growth
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
expressed sequence tag (EST)
17.2 Mapping Genomes
extant
25.1 Early Plant Life
Extension
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
external fertilization
43.2 Fertilization
extinct
25.1 Early Plant Life
extinction
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
extinction rates
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
extracellular domain
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
extracellular matrix
4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
extremophiles
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
F
facial bones
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
facilitated transport
5.2 Passive Transport
facultative anaerobes
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
fallout
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
false negative
17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
falsifiable
1.1 The Science of Biology
Feedback inhibition
6.5 Enzymes
fermentation
7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
FEV1/FVC ratio
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
Fibrous connective tissues
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
fibrous joints
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
fibrous root system
30.3 Roots
field
36.1 Sensory Processes
filament
26.3 Angiosperms
first messenger
37.2 How Hormones Work
Fission
43.1 Reproduction Methods
fixed action pattern
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
flagella
4.5 The Cytoskeleton
flame cells
28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans,
41.3 Excretion Systems
Flat bones
38.2 Bone
Flow-resistive
39.3 Breathing
fluid mosaic model
5.1 Components and Structure
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
food chain
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
food web
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
foot
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids,
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
forced expiratory volume (FEV)
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
forearm
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
foreign DNA
17.1 Biotechnology
Forest Stewardship Council
47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
Foundation species
45.6 Community Ecology
founder effect
19.1 Population Evolution
fovea
36.5 Vision
free nerve ending
36.2 Somatosensation
frequency-dependent selection
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
frontal lobe
35.3 The Central Nervous System
frontal plane
33.1 Animal Form and Function
Functional groups
2.3 Carbon
functional residual capacity (FRC)
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
functional vital capacity (FVC)
39.3 Breathing
furcula
29.5 Birds
fusiform
33.1 Animal Form and Function
G
G-protein
37.2 How Hormones Work
G-protein-linked receptors
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
G0 phase
10.2 The Cell Cycle
G1 checkpoint
10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
G1 phase
10.2 The Cell Cycle
G2 of Interphase
10.2 The Cell Cycle
G2 phase
10.2 The Cell Cycle
gallbladder
34.1 Digestive Systems
Gametangia
25.1 Early Plant Life
gametic barrier
18.2 Formation of New Species
gametophyte
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
gametophytes
11.2 Sexual Reproduction
Gap junctions
4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
gastric inhibitory peptide
34.4 Digestive System Regulation
gastric phase
34.4 Digestive System Regulation
gastrin
34.4 Digestive System Regulation
gastrovascular cavity
34.1 Digestive Systems
Gastrulation
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom,
43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
GC-rich boxes
15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
Gemmules
28.1 Phylum Porifera
gene expression
16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
gene flow
19.2 Population Genetics
gene pool
19.1 Population Evolution
Gene targeting
17.1 Biotechnology
gene transfer agents (GTAs)
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
genes
10.1 Cell Division
genetic diagnosis
17.1 Biotechnology
Genetic diversity
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
genetic drift
19.2 Population Genetics
Genetic engineering
17.1 Biotechnology
genetic map
17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic marker
17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic recombination
17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic structure
19.1 Population Evolution
genetic testing
17.1 Biotechnology
genetic variance
19.2 Population Genetics
genetically modified organism
17.1 Biotechnology
genome
10.1 Cell Division
genome annotation
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
genome fusion
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
Genome mapping
17.2 Mapping Genomes
genomic libraries
17.2 Mapping Genomes
Genomics
17.2 Mapping Genomes
genotype
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
geographical variation
19.2 Population Genetics
Geometric isomers
2.3 Carbon
germ cells
11.2 Sexual Reproduction
germ layers
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
gestation
43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
Gibberellins
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
gigantism
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
gill circulation
40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
ginkgophytes
26.2 Gymnosperms
gizzard
34.1 Digestive Systems
glabrous
36.2 Somatosensation
Gliding movements
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Global climate change
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
Glomeromycota
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
glomerular filtration
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
glomeruli
36.3 Taste and Smell
glomerulus
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
glucagon
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
glucocorticoids
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
gluconeogenesis
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
glucose-sparing effect
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
GLUT (glucose transporter) proteins
7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
GLUT proteins
7.2 Glycolysis
glycogenolysis
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
glycolipids
5.1 Components and Structure
Glycolysis
7.2 Glycolysis
glycoproteins
5.1 Components and Structure
glycosidic bond
3.2 Carbohydrates
gnetophytes
26.2 Gymnosperms
Golgi apparatus
4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
Golgi tendon organs
36.2 Somatosensation
Gomphoses
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
gonadotropins
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Gondwana
29.3 Amphibians
good genes hypothesis
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Gorilla
29.7 The Evolution of Primates
gradual speciation model
18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
grafting
32.3 Asexual Reproduction
Gram negative
22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Gram positive
22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
granzyme
42.1 Innate Immune Response
grazing food web
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Great Barrier Reef
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
greenhouse effect
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
greenhouse gases
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
gross primary productivity
46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Ground tissue
30.1 The Plant Body
growth factors
9.3 Response to the Signal
Growth hormone (GH)
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
guard cells
30.2 Stems
gustation
36.3 Taste and Smell
Gymnosperms
26.2 Gymnosperms
H
habitat isolation
18.2 Formation of New Species
hair
29.6 Mammals
handicap principle
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
haplodiplontic
25.1 Early Plant Life
haplontic
25.1 Early Plant Life
haustoria
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Haversian canal
38.2 Bone
haze-effect cooling
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
heat of vaporization
2.2 Water
Heirloom seeds
26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
helper T (TH) lymphocytes
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
hemal system
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
hemizygous
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
hemocoel
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids,
28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods,
40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
hemolymph
40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
herbaceous
26.3 Angiosperms
Herbivores
34.1 Digestive Systems
herbivory
26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
Heritability
19.2 Population Genetics
Hermaphroditism
43.1 Reproduction Methods
heterogeneity
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
heterospecifics
44.1 The Scope of Ecology
Heterothallic
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
heterotrophs
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
heterozygous
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
hinge joints
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
hippocampus
35.3 The Central Nervous System
histone acetylation
16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
histone proteins
10.1 Cell Division
Historical biogeography
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
holistic ecosystem model
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Holocene, mass extinction
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
holoenzyme
15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
homeotherms
29.4 Reptiles
Homo sapiens sapiens
29.7 The Evolution of Primates
homologous
10.1 Cell Division
homologous recombination
13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
homologous structures
18.1 Understanding Evolution
homothallic
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
homozygous
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
honest signal
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
horizon
31.2 The Soil
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
horizontal transmission
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Hormonal stimuli
37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
hormone
37.2 How Hormones Work
Hormones
3.4 Proteins
horsetails
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
host DNA
17.1 Biotechnology
Hox genes
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
human beta chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG)
43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
human growth hormone (HGH or hGH)
10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
humerus
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
humoral immune response
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
humoral stimulus
37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
humus
31.2 The Soil
hybrid inviability
18.2 Formation of New Species
hybrid zone
18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
hybridizations
12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Hydrocarbons
2.3 Carbon
hydrolysis reactions
3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
hydrosphere
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
hydrostatic skeleton
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
hydrothermal vent
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Hylobatidae
29.7 The Evolution of Primates
hyoid bone
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
hyperextension
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
hyperglycemia
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
hyperopia
36.5 Vision
hyperplasia
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
hypersensitivities
42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Hyperthyroidism
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
hypertonic
5.2 Passive Transport
hypocotyl
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
hypoglycemia
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
hypophyseal portal system
37.5 Endocrine Glands
hypoplasia
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
hypothesis
1.1 The Science of Biology
hypothesis-based science
1.1 The Science of Biology
Hypothyroidism
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
hypotonic
5.2 Passive Transport
I
ileum
34.1 Digestive Systems
immune tolerance
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Immunodeficiency
42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Imperfect fungi
24.2 Classifications of Fungi
inbreeding
19.2 Population Genetics
inbreeding depression
19.2 Population Genetics
incomplete dominance
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
indeterminate cleavage
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
induced fit
6.5 Enzymes
Induced mutations
14.6 DNA Repair
Inductive reasoning
1.1 The Science of Biology
inferior vena cava
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels,
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Infertility
43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
inflammation
42.1 Innate Immune Response
ingestion
34.3 Digestive System Processes
inhibitor
9.3 Response to the Signal
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)
35.2 How Neurons Communicate
initiation complex
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis,
16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
initiation site
15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
initiator tRNA
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
innate behaviors
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Innate immunity
42.1 Innate Immune Response
inner cell mass
43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
inner ear
36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
inorganic compound
31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
Inorganic nutrients
44.2 Biogeography
inositol phospholipids
9.2 Propagation of the Signal
inositol triphosphate (IP3)
9.2 Propagation of the Signal
insectivorous
31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
inspiratory capacity (IC)
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Integral proteins
5.1 Components and Structure
integument
26.2 Gymnosperms
Intercalary meristems
30.1 The Plant Body
intercellular signaling
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
intercostal muscles
39.3 Breathing
interferon
42.1 Innate Immune Response
interkinesis
11.1 The Process of Meiosis
interlobar arteries
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Intermediate filaments
4.5 The Cytoskeleton
intermittent
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
internal fertilization
43.2 Fertilization
Internal receptors
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
internode
30.2 Stems
interphase
10.2 The Cell Cycle
intersexual selection
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
interspecific competition
45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
interstitial cells of Leydig
43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
interstitial fluid
40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
intertidal zone
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Intervertebral discs
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
intestinal phase
34.4 Digestive System Regulation
intracellular hormone receptors
37.2 How Hormones Work
intracellular mediators
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
intracellular signaling
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Intramembranous ossification
38.2 Bone
intrapleural space
39.3 Breathing
intrasexual selection
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
intraspecific competition
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
introduction
1.1 The Science of Biology
Inversion
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Ion channel-linked receptors
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
iris
36.5 Vision
Irregular bones
38.2 Bone
island biogeography
45.6 Community Ecology
islets of Langerhans
37.5 Endocrine Glands
isomerase
7.2 Glycolysis
isomers
2.3 Carbon
isotonic
5.2 Passive Transport
isthmus
37.5 Endocrine Glands
Iteroparity
45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
J
J-shaped growth curve
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Jacobson's organ
29.4 Reptiles
Jasmonates
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
jejunum
34.1 Digestive Systems
juxtaglomerular cells
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
juxtamedullary nephrons
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
K
K-selected species
45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
karyogamy
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
karyokinesis
10.2 The Cell Cycle
keratin
29.6 Mammals
kinesthesia
36.1 Sensory Processes
kinetic energy
6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
kinetochore
10.2 The Cell Cycle
kingdom
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Koch's postulates
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Kozak’s rules
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
L
labia majora
43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
labia minora
43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
labyrinth
36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
lac operon
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
lactases
34.3 Digestive System Processes
lacunae
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
lagging strand
14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
lamellae
38.2 Bone
lamina
30.4 Leaves
large intestine
34.1 Digestive Systems
larynx
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
late Devonian extinction
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
latency
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
lateral line
29.2 Fishes
Lateral meristems
30.1 The Plant Body
lateral rotation
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Laurasia
29.3 Amphibians
Laurentia
29.3 Amphibians
law of dominance
12.3 Laws of Inheritance
law of independent assortment
12.3 Laws of Inheritance
law of mass action
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
law of segregation
12.3 Laws of Inheritance
Layering
32.3 Asexual Reproduction
leading strand
14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
learned behaviors
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
lens
36.5 Vision
lenticels
30.2 Stems
lepidosaurs
29.4 Reptiles
leptin
37.5 Endocrine Glands
Lichens
24.3 Ecology of Fungi
life cycles
11.2 Sexual Reproduction
life history
45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
life sciences
1.1 The Science of Biology
life tables
45.1 Population Demography
light microscopes
4.1 Studying Cells
light-dependent reactions
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
light-harvesting complex
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
light-independent reactions
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
limbic system
35.3 The Central Nervous System
linkage
12.3 Laws of Inheritance
linkage analysis
17.2 Mapping Genomes
lipase
34.1 Digestive Systems
lipid hormones
37.1 Types of Hormones
Lipids
3.3 Lipids
litmus
2.2 Water
Little Ice Age
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
liver
34.1 Digestive Systems
Liverworts
25.3 Bryophytes
loams
31.2 The Soil
lobe
35.3 The Central Nervous System,
35.3 The Central Nervous System,
35.3 The Central Nervous System
lobes of the kidney
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
locus
10.1 Cell Division
logistic growth
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Long bones
38.2 Bone
Long-term depression (LTD)
35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
35.2 How Neurons Communicate
loop of Henle
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Loose connective tissue
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Lophotrochozoa
27.3 Animal Phylogeny
lower limb
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
lung capacities
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
lung volumes
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
luteinizing hormone (LH)
43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Lycophyta
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
Lymph nodes
40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
Lymphocytes
42.1 Innate Immune Response
lysis buffer
17.1 Biotechnology
lysogenic cycle
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
lysosomes
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
lytic cycle
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
M
macromolecules
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
macronutrients
31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
macrophage
42.1 Innate Immune Response
macula densa
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
madreporite
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
Major depression
35.5 Nervous System Disorders
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules
42.1 Innate Immune Response
Malpighian tubules
41.3 Excretion Systems
maltases
34.3 Digestive System Processes
Mammals
29.6 Mammals
Mammary glands
29.6 Mammals
mantle
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids,
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids,
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
mark and recapture
45.1 Population Demography
mass extinctions
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
mast cell
42.1 Innate Immune Response
materials and methods
1.1 The Science of Biology
mating factor
9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
matrix
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
matrix proteins
21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
maximum parsimony
20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
mechanoreceptor
36.1 Sensory Processes
medial rotation
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
megafauna
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
megagametogenesis
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
megapascals
30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
megaphylls
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
megasporangium
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
megasporocyte
26.2 Gymnosperms
megasporogenesis
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
megasporophylls
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
meiosis I
11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Meiosis II
11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Meissner’s corpuscles
36.2 Somatosensation
membrane potential
35.2 How Neurons Communicate
memory cell
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
meninges
35.3 The Central Nervous System
menstrual cycle
43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Meristematic tissue
30.1 The Plant Body
meristems
30.1 The Plant Body
Merkel’s disks
36.2 Somatosensation
mesocarp
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
mesocosm
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
mesohyl
28.1 Phylum Porifera
mesophyll
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
messenger RNA (mRNA)
3.5 Nucleic Acids
metabolism
6.1 Energy and Metabolism
metabolome
17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
Metabolomics
17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
metacarpus
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Metagenomics
17.4 Applying Genomics
metaphase plate
10.2 The Cell Cycle
metatarsals
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Metazoa
27.3 Animal Phylogeny
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
MHC II molecules
42.1 Innate Immune Response
microbial mat
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Microbiology
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
microcosm
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
microfilaments
4.5 The Cytoskeleton
Microglia
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
micronutrients
31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
microphylls
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
Micropropagation
32.3 Asexual Reproduction
microsatellite polymorphisms
17.2 Mapping Genomes
microscope
4.1 Studying Cells
microsporangium
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
microsporocytes
26.2 Gymnosperms
microsporophylls
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
microtubules
4.5 The Cytoskeleton
microvilli
41.3 Excretion Systems
middle ear
36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
midsagittal plane
33.1 Animal Form and Function
Milankovitch cycles
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
mineral soils
31.2 The Soil
mineralocorticoid
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Minerals
34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
mismatch repair
14.6 DNA Repair
mitochondria
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
mitochondria-first
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
mitotic phase
10.2 The Cell Cycle
mitotic spindle
10.2 The Cell Cycle
mixotrophs
23.2 Characteristics of Protists
model organism
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
modern synthesis
19.1 Population Evolution
molecular biology
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
molecular systematics
20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
molecule
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
monocarpic
32.3 Asexual Reproduction
monocot
26.3 Angiosperms
monocyte
42.1 Innate Immune Response
monogastric
34.1 Digestive Systems
monohybrid
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
monophyletic group
20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Monosaccharides
3.2 Carbohydrates
monosulcate
26.3 Angiosperms
monotremes
29.6 Mammals
morganucodonts
29.6 Mammals
mortality rate
45.1 Population Demography
mosses
25.3 Bryophytes
motor end plate
38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Müllerian mimicry
45.6 Community Ecology
multiple cloning site (MCS)
17.1 Biotechnology
Multiple fruit
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
Muscle spindles
36.2 Somatosensation
Mutations
14.6 DNA Repair
mycelium
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Mycetismus
24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
Mycologists
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
mycology
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Mycorrhiza
24.3 Ecology of Fungi
mycorrhizae
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Mycotoxicosis
24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
myelin
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
myocardial infarction
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
myocardium
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
myofibrils
38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
myofilaments
38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Myopia
36.5 Vision
Myxini
29.2 Fishes
N
nasal cavity
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
natural killer (NK) cells
42.1 Innate Immune Response
natural sciences
1.1 The Science of Biology
Natural selection
18.1 Understanding Evolution
Nature Conservancy
47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
nectar guide
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
negative feedback loop
33.3 Homeostasis
negative gravitropism
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
negative polarity
21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
negative regulators
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
nematocysts
28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
Neornithes
29.5 Birds
nephridiopore
41.3 Excretion Systems
neritic zone
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
nerve net
28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
Net consumer productivity
46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Net production efficiency (NPE)
46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
neural stimuli
37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
neural tube
43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
neurobiology
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Neurodegenerative disorders
35.5 Nervous System Disorders
neurons
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
neurotransmitters
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
neutrophil
42.1 Innate Immune Response
next-generation sequencing
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
nitrogen fixation
22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
nitrogenase
31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
nociception
36.2 Somatosensation
Nodes
30.2 Stems
nodes of Ranvier
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
non-electrolyte
41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
non-endospermic dicots
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
non-vascular plants
25.1 Early Plant Life
noncompetitive inhibition
6.5 Enzymes
nondisjunction
13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
nonparental types
13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
Nonpolar covalent bonds
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
nonrandom mating
19.2 Population Genetics
nonrenewable resource
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
nonsense codons
15.1 The Genetic Code
nontemplate strand
15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
Northern blotting
17.1 Biotechnology
notochord
29.1 Chordates
nuclear envelope
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleic acids
3.5 Nucleic Acids
nucleolus
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleoplasm
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleosome
10.1 Cell Division
nucleotide excision repair
14.6 DNA Repair
nucleotides
3.5 Nucleic Acids
nucleus-first
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
O
O horizon
31.2 The Soil
obligate aerobes
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
obligate anaerobes
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Obstructive diseases
39.3 Breathing
occipital
35.3 The Central Nervous System
Ocean upwelling
44.2 Biogeography
octamer boxes
15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
Odorants
36.3 Taste and Smell
Okazaki fragments
14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
olfaction
36.3 Taste and Smell
olfactory bulb
36.3 Taste and Smell
olfactory epithelium
36.3 Taste and Smell
olfactory receptor
36.3 Taste and Smell
Oligodendrocytes
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
Oligosaccharins
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Omega
3.3 Lipids
Omnivores
34.1 Digestive Systems
oncogenes
10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
oncogenic viruses
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Oncolytic viruses
21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
one-child policy
45.5 Human Population Growth
open circulatory system
40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
operant conditioning
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
operator
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
operons
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Opposition
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
opsonization
42.1 Innate Immune Response
Ordovician-Silurian extinction
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
organ of Corti
36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
organ system
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
organic compound
31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
organic molecules
2.3 Carbon
organic soils
31.2 The Soil
Organisms
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Ornithorhynchidae
29.6 Mammals
Ornithurae
29.5 Birds
osculum
28.1 Phylum Porifera
osmoconformers
41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
Osmolarity
5.2 Passive Transport
osmoreceptors
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Osmoregulation
41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
osmoregulatory
41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
osmotic balance
41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
osmotic pressure
41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
osseous tissue
38.2 Bone
Ossification
38.2 Bone
Osteichthyes
29.2 Fishes
Osteoblasts
38.2 Bone
Osteoclasts
38.2 Bone
Osteocytes
38.2 Bone
Osteoprogenitor cells
38.2 Bone
outer ear
36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
oval window
36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
ovarian cycle
43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
ovary
26.3 Angiosperms
oviparity
43.2 Fertilization
ovoviviparity
43.2 Fertilization
ovulate cones
26.2 Gymnosperms
oxidative phosphorylation
7.1 Energy in Living Systems
oxygen
2.2 Water
oxygen dissociation curve
39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
oxygen-carrying capacity
39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
oxytocin
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
P
Pacinian corpuscles
36.2 Somatosensation
pairwise-end sequencing
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Paleontology
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Paleoptera
28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
palmately compound leaf
30.4 Leaves
pandemic
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
Pangaea
29.3 Amphibians
papillae
36.3 Taste and Smell
papulae
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
parabronchi
29.5 Birds
paracentric
13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
paracrine signals
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
parafollicular cells
37.5 Endocrine Glands
parasite
45.6 Community Ecology
parasitic plant
31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
Parasitism
24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
parasympathetic nervous system
35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
parathyroid glands
37.5 Endocrine Glands
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Parenchyma cells
30.2 Stems
parent material
31.2 The Soil
Parental types
13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
parietal
35.3 The Central Nervous System
Parkinson’s disease
35.5 Nervous System Disorders
Parthenogenesis
43.1 Reproduction Methods
Partial pressure
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
particulate matter
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
passive immunity
42.3 Antibodies
Passive transport
5.2 Passive Transport
patella
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
42.1 Innate Immune Response
pathogens
21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids,
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans,
Introduction
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
42.1 Innate Immune Response
peat moss
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
pectoral girdle
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
pedalia
28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
pedicellaria
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
pedigree analysis
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
pedipalps
28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
Peer-reviewed manuscripts
1.1 The Science of Biology
pelagic realm
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
pellicles
23.2 Characteristics of Protists
pelvic girdle
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Pepsin
34.1 Digestive Systems
pepsinogen
34.1 Digestive Systems
peptide bond
3.4 Proteins
peptide hormones
37.1 Types of Hormones
peptidoglycan
22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
peptidyl transferase
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Perception
36.1 Sensory Processes
perfect flowers
26.3 Angiosperms
perforin
42.1 Innate Immune Response
pericardium
40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
pericarp
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
pericentric
13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
pericycle
30.3 Roots
periderm
30.2 Stems
Peripheral proteins
5.1 Components and Structure
peripheral resistance
40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
perirenal fat capsule
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
peristalsis
34.1 Digestive Systems
peritubular capillary network
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
permafrost
44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
permanent tissue
30.1 The Plant Body
Permian extinction
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
permissive
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Peroxisomes
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Petals
26.3 Angiosperms
petiole
30.4 Leaves
Petromyzontida
29.2 Fishes
pH scale
2.2 Water
phage therapy
21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
phagolysosome
23.2 Characteristics of Protists
phalanges
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Pharmacogenomics
17.4 Applying Genomics
pharyngeal nerve ring
28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
Pharyngeal slits
29.1 Chordates
pharynx
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
phenotype
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
pheromone
36.3 Taste and Smell
pheromones
28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
phosphatases
9.3 Response to the Signal
phosphoanhydride bonds
6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
phosphodiester
3.5 Nucleic Acids
Phospholipids
3.3 Lipids
Phosphorylation
7.1 Energy in Living Systems
photic zone
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
photoautotrophs
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Photomorphogenesis
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Photoperiodism
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
photosystem I
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
photosystem II
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
phototropins
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Phototropism
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
phyllotaxy
30.4 Leaves
phylogenetic tree
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
phylogeny
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
physical map
17.2 Mapping Genomes
physical sciences
1.1 The Science of Biology
physiological dead space
39.3 Breathing
phytochromes
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Phytoplankton
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
pia mater
35.3 The Central Nervous System
pigment
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Pinnately compound leaves
30.4 Leaves
pinocytosis
5.4 Bulk Transport
pioneer species
45.6 Community Ecology
pistil
26.3 Angiosperms
pith
30.2 Stems
pituitary dwarfism
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
pituitary gland
37.5 Endocrine Glands
pituitary stalk
37.5 Endocrine Glands
Pivot joints
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
placenta
43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
plagiarism
1.1 The Science of Biology
Planar joints
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
planktivores
44.4 Aquatic Biomes
plankton
23.3 Groups of Protists
Plantar flexion
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
plasma
40.2 Components of the Blood
plasma cell
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
plasma membrane
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
plasma membrane hormone receptors
37.2 How Hormones Work
plasmids
15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
plasmodesmata
4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
plasmogamy
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
plasmolysis
5.2 Passive Transport
plastid
23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
plastron
29.4 Reptiles
platelets
40.2 Components of the Blood
Pleistocene Extinction
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
pleura
39.3 Breathing
Pleurisy
39.3 Breathing
Pneumatic bones
29.5 Birds
polar covalent bond
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
polar microtubules
10.2 The Cell Cycle
polar nuclei
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
Polycarpic
32.3 Asexual Reproduction
polygenic
17.4 Applying Genomics
polynucleotide
3.5 Nucleic Acids
polysaccharide
3.2 Carbohydrates
polysome
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
polytomy
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
population density
45.1 Population Demography
population genetics
19.1 Population Evolution