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Biology 2e

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Biology 2eIndex
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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. The Chemistry of Life
    1. 1 The Study of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Science of Biology
      3. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Visual Connection Questions
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
      3. 2.2 Water
      4. 2.3 Carbon
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 3 Biological Macromolecules
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
      3. 3.2 Carbohydrates
      4. 3.3 Lipids
      5. 3.4 Proteins
      6. 3.5 Nucleic Acids
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
  3. The Cell
    1. 4 Cell Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Studying Cells
      3. 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
      4. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      5. 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      6. 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
      7. 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Visual Connection Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Components and Structure
      3. 5.2 Passive Transport
      4. 5.3 Active Transport
      5. 5.4 Bulk Transport
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 6 Metabolism
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
      3. 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
      4. 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
      5. 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
      6. 6.5 Enzymes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 7 Cellular Respiration
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
      3. 7.2 Glycolysis
      4. 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
      5. 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
      6. 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
      7. 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
      8. 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Visual Connection Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
    5. 8 Photosynthesis
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
      3. 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
      4. 8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    6. 9 Cell Communication
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
      3. 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
      4. 9.3 Response to the Signal
      5. 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    7. 10 Cell Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Cell Division
      3. 10.2 The Cell Cycle
      4. 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
      5. 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      6. 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
  4. Genetics
    1. 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      3. 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Visual Connection Questions
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      3. 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      4. 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
      3. 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Visual Connection Questions
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 14 DNA Structure and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
      3. 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
      4. 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
      5. 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
      6. 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      7. 14.6 DNA Repair
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Visual Connection Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    5. 15 Genes and Proteins
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 The Genetic Code
      3. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
      4. 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
      5. 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
      6. 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    6. 16 Gene Expression
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
      3. 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
      4. 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
      5. 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
      6. 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
      7. 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
      8. 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Visual Connection Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
    7. 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Biotechnology
      3. 17.2 Mapping Genomes
      4. 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
      5. 17.4 Applying Genomics
      6. 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
  5. Evolutionary Processes
    1. 18 Evolution and the Origin of Species
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 Understanding Evolution
      3. 18.2 Formation of New Species
      4. 18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 19 The Evolution of Populations
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Population Evolution
      3. 19.2 Population Genetics
      4. 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
      3. 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      4. 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
  6. Biological Diversity
    1. 21 Viruses
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
      3. 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
      4. 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
      5. 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
      1. Introduction
      2. 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
      3. 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
      4. 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
      5. 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
      6. 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 23 Protists
      1. Introduction
      2. 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
      3. 23.2 Characteristics of Protists
      4. 23.3 Groups of Protists
      5. 23.4 Ecology of Protists
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 24 Fungi
      1. Introduction
      2. 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
      3. 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
      4. 24.3 Ecology of Fungi
      5. 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
      6. 24.5 Importance of Fungi in Human Life
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    5. 25 Seedless Plants
      1. Introduction
      2. 25.1 Early Plant Life
      3. 25.2 Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants
      4. 25.3 Bryophytes
      5. 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    6. 26 Seed Plants
      1. Introduction
      2. 26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants
      3. 26.2 Gymnosperms
      4. 26.3 Angiosperms
      5. 26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    7. 27 Introduction to Animal Diversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
      3. 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
      4. 27.3 Animal Phylogeny
      5. 27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    8. 28 Invertebrates
      1. Introduction
      2. 28.1 Phylum Porifera
      3. 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
      4. 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
      5. 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
      6. 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
      7. 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
      8. 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Visual Connection Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
    9. 29 Vertebrates
      1. Introduction
      2. 29.1 Chordates
      3. 29.2 Fishes
      4. 29.3 Amphibians
      5. 29.4 Reptiles
      6. 29.5 Birds
      7. 29.6 Mammals
      8. 29.7 The Evolution of Primates
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Visual Connection Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
  7. Plant Structure and Function
    1. 30 Plant Form and Physiology
      1. Introduction
      2. 30.1 The Plant Body
      3. 30.2 Stems
      4. 30.3 Roots
      5. 30.4 Leaves
      6. 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
      7. 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Visual Connection Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 31 Soil and Plant Nutrition
      1. Introduction
      2. 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
      3. 31.2 The Soil
      4. 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 32 Plant Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
      3. 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
      4. 32.3 Asexual Reproduction
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
  8. Animal Structure and Function
    1. 33 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 33.1 Animal Form and Function
      3. 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
      4. 33.3 Homeostasis
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 34 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 34.1 Digestive Systems
      3. 34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
      4. 34.3 Digestive System Processes
      5. 34.4 Digestive System Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 35 The Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
      3. 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
      4. 35.3 The Central Nervous System
      5. 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
      6. 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 36 Sensory Systems
      1. Introduction
      2. 36.1 Sensory Processes
      3. 36.2 Somatosensation
      4. 36.3 Taste and Smell
      5. 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
      6. 36.5 Vision
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    5. 37 The Endocrine System
      1. Introduction
      2. 37.1 Types of Hormones
      3. 37.2 How Hormones Work
      4. 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
      5. 37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
      6. 37.5 Endocrine Glands
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    6. 38 The Musculoskeletal System
      1. Introduction
      2. 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
      3. 38.2 Bone
      4. 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
      5. 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    7. 39 The Respiratory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
      3. 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
      4. 39.3 Breathing
      5. 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    8. 40 The Circulatory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
      3. 40.2 Components of the Blood
      4. 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
      5. 40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    9. 41 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
      1. Introduction
      2. 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
      3. 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
      4. 41.3 Excretion Systems
      5. 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
      6. 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    10. 42 The Immune System
      1. Introduction
      2. 42.1 Innate Immune Response
      3. 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
      4. 42.3 Antibodies
      5. 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    11. 43 Animal Reproduction and Development
      1. Introduction
      2. 43.1 Reproduction Methods
      3. 43.2 Fertilization
      4. 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
      5. 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
      6. 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
      7. 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
      8. 43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Visual Connection Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
  9. Ecology
    1. 44 Ecology and the Biosphere
      1. Introduction
      2. 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
      3. 44.2 Biogeography
      4. 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
      5. 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
      6. 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Visual Connection Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 45 Population and Community Ecology
      1. Introduction
      2. 45.1 Population Demography
      3. 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
      4. 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
      5. 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
      6. 45.5 Human Population Growth
      7. 45.6 Community Ecology
      8. 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Visual Connection Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 46 Ecosystems
      1. Introduction
      2. 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
      3. 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      4. 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Visual Connection Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 47 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
      3. 47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
      4. 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
      5. 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Visual Connection Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
  10. A | The Periodic Table of Elements
  11. B | Geological Time
  12. C | Measurements and the Metric System
  13. Index
Symbols
“degenerate.” 15.1 The Genetic Code
(macroevolution) 19.1 Population Evolution
(microevolution) 19.1 Population Evolution
3' UTR 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
5' cap 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
5' UTR 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
60S ribosomal subunit 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
7-methylguanosine cap 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
α-helix 3.4 Proteins
β-pleated sheet 3.4 Proteins
A
A horizon 31.2 The Soil
abdomen 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
Abduction 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
abiotic 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
aboral madreporite 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
above-ground biomass 44.2 Biogeography
abscisic acid 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
abscission 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
absorption spectrum 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
abstract 1.1 The Science of Biology
abyssal zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Accessory fruits 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
acclimatization 33.3 Homeostasis
acetyl CoA 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
acetylcholine 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
acetylcholinesterase 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
acid 2.2 Water
Acid rain 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
acoelomates 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
acromegaly 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
acrosomal reactions 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
Actin 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Actinopterygii 29.2 Fishes
action potential 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
activation energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
activators 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
active site 6.5 Enzymes
Active transport 5.3 Active Transport
acute disease 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
adaptation 18.1 Understanding Evolution
adaptive evolution 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Adaptive immunity 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
adaptive radiation 18.2 Formation of New Species, 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Addison’s disease 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Adduction 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
adenosine triphosphate 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
adenylyl cyclase 37.2 How Hormones Work
adhesion 2.2 Water
adrenal cortex 37.5 Endocrine Glands
adrenal glands 37.5 Endocrine Glands
adrenal medulla 37.5 Endocrine Glands
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Adventitious 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
adventitious roots 30.3 Roots
aerobic 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
aerobic respiration 7.2 Glycolysis
afferent arteriole 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
affinities 42.3 Antibodies
age structure 45.1 Population Demography, 45.5 Human Population Growth
aggregate fruit 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
Aggressive displays 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Agnatha 29.1 Chordates
air sacs 29.5 Birds
aldosterone 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
aleurone 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
algal bloom 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
alimentary canal 34.1 Digestive Systems
aliphatic hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
allantois 29.4 Reptiles
allele frequency 19.1 Population Evolution
alleles 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
allergy 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Allopatric speciation 18.2 Formation of New Species
allopolyploid 18.2 Formation of New Species
allosteric inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
alpha cells 37.5 Endocrine Glands
alteration 33.3 Homeostasis
alveolar P O 2 P O 2 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
alveolar ducts 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
alveolar sacs 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
alveolar ventilation 39.3 Breathing
alveoli 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
Alzheimer’s disease 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
ambulacral (water vascular) system 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
amino acid-derived hormones 37.1 Types of Hormones
Amino acids 3.4 Proteins
aminoacyl tRNA synthetases 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
aminopeptidase 34.3 Digestive System Processes
ammonia 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
ammonification 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
ammonotelic 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
amnion 29.4 Reptiles
amniote embryo 29.4 Reptiles
amniotic egg 29.4 Reptiles
amoebocytes 28.1 Phylum Porifera, 28.1 Phylum Porifera
Amphiarthroses 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
amphibolic 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
amphiphilic 5.1 Components and Structure
ampullae 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
ampullae of Lorenzini 29.2 Fishes
amygdala 35.3 The Central Nervous System
Amyloplasts 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Anabolic 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
anaerobic 7.2 Glycolysis
anaerobic cellular respiration 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
analogy 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
analytical model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Anaphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle, 10.2 The Cell Cycle
Anatomical dead space 39.3 Breathing
androecium 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
androgens 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
aneuploid 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
angina 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
angiotensin I 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
angiotensin II 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
Angular movements 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
anions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
anoxic 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
antenna proteins 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
anterior pituitary 37.5 Endocrine Glands
anther 26.3 Angiosperms
antheridium 25.1 Early Plant Life
Anthophyta 26.3 Angiosperms
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) 41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
antibiotic 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
antibiotic resistance 17.1 Biotechnology
antibody 42.3 Antibodies
anticodon 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
antigen 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
antigen-presenting cell (APC) 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
antioxidant 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
antipodal 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
antiporter 5.3 Active Transport
Anura 29.3 Amphibians
anus 34.1 Digestive Systems
aorta 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
apex consumers 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
aphotic zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
apical bud 30.2 Stems
Apical meristems 30.1 The Plant Body
Apocrine glands 29.6 Mammals
Apoda 29.3 Amphibians
apodemes 33.1 Animal Form and Function
apomixis 32.3 Asexual Reproduction
apoptosis 9.3 Response to the Signal, 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
aposematic coloration 45.6 Community Ecology
appendicular skeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
applied science 1.1 The Science of Biology
Appositional growth 38.2 Bone
Aquaporins 5.2 Passive Transport
aquatic biomes 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
arachnoid mater 35.3 The Central Nervous System
arboreal hypothesis 29.5 Birds
arbuscular mycorrhizae 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
archegonium 25.1 Early Plant Life
archenteron 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
archosaurs 29.4 Reptiles, 29.5 Birds
arcuate arteries 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
aromatic hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
Arteries 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
arterioles 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
articulation 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems, 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
ascending limbs 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
ascocarp 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
Ascomycota 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
ascus 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
Asexual reproduction 43.1 Reproduction Methods
Assimilation 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
assortative mating 19.2 Population Genetics
Astrocytes 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
Asymmetrical 33.1 Animal Form and Function
asymptomatic infection 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Atherosclerosis 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
atom 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
atomic mass 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
atomic number 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
ATP 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
atria 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 37.5 Endocrine Glands
atriopore 29.1 Chordates
atrioventricular valve 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
atrium 29.1 Chordates
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
attenuating 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
Audition 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
auditory ossicles 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
auricle 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
autoantibodies 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Autocrine signals 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
autoimmune response 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Autoimmunity 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Autoinducers 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
autonomic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
autopolyploidy 18.2 Formation of New Species
autosomes 12.2 Characteristics and Traits, 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
Auxins 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
avidity 42.3 Antibodies
axial skeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
axillary bud 30.2 Stems
axon 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
axon hillock 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
axon terminals 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
B
B cells 42.1 Innate Immune Response
B horizon 31.2 The Soil
back mutations 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
background extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
bacteriophage 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
bacteriophages 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
balanced chemical equation 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Ball-and-socket joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Barcoding 26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
bark 30.2 Stems
basal ganglia 35.3 The Central Nervous System
basal metabolic rate (BMR) 33.1 Animal Form and Function
basal nuclei 35.3 The Central Nervous System
basal taxon 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
base 2.2 Water
Basic science 1.1 The Science of Biology
basidia 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
basidiocarp 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
Basidiomycota 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
basidium 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
basilar membrane 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
basophil 42.1 Innate Immune Response
Batesian mimicry 45.6 Community Ecology
bedrock 31.2 The Soil
Behavior 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Behavioral biology 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Behavioral isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species
benthic realm 44.4 Aquatic Biomes, 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
beta cells 37.5 Endocrine Glands
bicarbonate buffer system 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 − ) (HCO 3 − ) 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
bicuspid valve 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Bilateral symmetry 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
Bile 34.1 Digestive Systems
binary (prokaryotic) fission 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
binomial nomenclature 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
biochemistry 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
biodiversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Biodiversity hotspots 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
bioenergetics 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
Bioethics 1.1 The Science of Biology
biofilm 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
biogeochemical cycle 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
Biogeography 44.2 Biogeography, 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
biological community 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
biological macromolecules 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
Biological nitrogen fixation 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
biology 1.1 The Science of Biology
bioluminescence 23.3 Groups of Protists
Biomagnification 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
biomarker 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
Biomass 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
biomes 44.2 Biogeography
bioremediation 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
biosphere 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 44.2 Biogeography
Biotechnology 17.1 Biotechnology, 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
biotic 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
biotic potential, or rmax 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
bipolar neurons 36.3 Taste and Smell
birth rate (B) 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Black Death 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
blastocyst 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
blastomeres 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
blastopore 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
blastula 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
bleaching 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Blood pressure (BP) 40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
blood urea nitrogen 41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
blotting 17.1 Biotechnology
body plan 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
bolus 34.1 Digestive Systems
Bone 38.2 Bone
Bone remodeling 38.2 Bone
boreal forest 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
botany 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
bottleneck effect 19.2 Population Genetics
Bowman's capsule 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
brainstem 35.3 The Central Nervous System
branch point 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
bronchi 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
bronchioles 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
Brumation 29.4 Reptiles
Bryophytes 25.3 Bryophytes
budding 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts, 43.1 Reproduction Methods
buffer zones 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
Buffers 2.2 Water
bulb 30.2 Stems
bulbourethral gland 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
Bush meat 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
C
C horizon 31.2 The Soil
CA-MRSA 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
CAAT box 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
caecilians 29.3 Amphibians
Calcification 38.2 Bone
calcitonin 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
calorie 2.2 Water
Calvin cycle 8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
calyces 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
calyx 26.3 Angiosperms
Cambrian explosion 27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
camouflage 45.6 Community Ecology
cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
canaliculi 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
candela 36.5 Vision
canopy 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
capillaries 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
capillary action 2.2 Water
Capillary beds 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
capsid 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
capsomeres 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
capsule 25.3 Bryophytes
carapace 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 29.4 Reptiles
carbaminohemoglobin 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
carbohydrates 3.2 Carbohydrates
carbon 8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
carboxypeptidase 34.3 Digestive System Processes
cardiac cycle 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Cardiac muscle tissue 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Cardiomyocytes 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Carnivores 34.1 Digestive Systems
carotenoids 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
carpus 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
carrier protein 5.2 Passive Transport
carrying capacity, or K 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Cartilage 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Cartilaginous joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Casparian strip 30.3 Roots
catabolic 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
catabolite activator protein (CAP) 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Cations 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
caveolin 5.4 Bulk Transport
cell 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
cell cycle 10.2 The Cell Cycle
cell necrosis 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
cell plate 10.2 The Cell Cycle
cell wall 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells, 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
cell-cycle checkpoints 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
cell-mediated immune response 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Cell-surface receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
cellular cloning 17.1 Biotechnology
Cellulose 3.2 Carbohydrates
centimorgans (cM) 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
central dogma 15.1 The Genetic Code
central vacuole 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
centrioles 10.2 The Cell Cycle
centromere 10.1 Cell Division
centrosome 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cephalic phase 34.4 Digestive System Regulation
Cephalochordata 29.1 Chordates
cephalothorax 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
cerebellum 35.3 The Central Nervous System
cerebral cortex 35.3 The Central Nervous System
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 35.3 The Central Nervous System
channel 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Channel proteins 5.2 Passive Transport
chaperones 3.4 Proteins
Chargaff’s rules 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
Charophytes 25.1 Early Plant Life
chelicerae 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
chemical bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
chemical diversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
chemical energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
Chemical reactions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
chemical reactivity 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
chemical synapses 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Chemiosmosis 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
chemoautotrophs 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis, 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Chemotrophs 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
chitin 3.2 Carbohydrates, 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
chloride shift 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
chlorophyll 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Chlorophyll a 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
chlorophyll b 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Chlorophytes 25.1 Early Plant Life
chloroplast 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cholecystokinin 34.4 Digestive System Regulation
chondrocytes 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Chordata 29.1 Chordates
chorioallantoic placenta 29.6 Mammals
chorion 29.4 Reptiles
choroid plexus 35.3 The Central Nervous System
chromatids 10.1 Cell Division
chromatin 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
chromatophores 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
chromophore 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
chromosome inversion 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
chromosomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells, 10.1 Cell Division
chronic infections 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
chylomicrons 34.3 Digestive System Processes
chyme 34.1 Digestive Systems
chymotrypsin 34.3 Digestive System Processes
Chytridiomycetes 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
chytridiomycosis 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
cilia 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
cingulate gyrus 35.3 The Central Nervous System
circadian 36.5 Vision
Circumduction 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
cis-acting element 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
citric acid cycle 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
cladistics 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
class 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
classical conditioning 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Clathrates 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
clathrin 5.4 Bulk Transport
clavicles 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
clay 31.2 The Soil
cleavage 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
cleavage furrow 10.2 The Cell Cycle
Climate 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
Climate change 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
climax community 45.6 Community Ecology
cline 19.2 Population Genetics
clitellum 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
clitoris 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
cloaca 29.5 Birds, 43.2 Fertilization
clonal selection 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
closed circulatory system 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
club mosses 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
Cnidaria 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
cnidocyte 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
cochlea 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
codominance 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
codons 15.1 The Genetic Code
coelom 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals, 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans, 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
coelomic pouches 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
coenzymes 6.5 Enzymes
cofactors 6.5 Enzymes
cognitive learning 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
cohesin 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
cohesion 2.2 Water
coleoptile 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
coleorhiza 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
colinear 15.1 The Genetic Code
Collenchyma cells 30.2 Stems
colloid 37.5 Endocrine Glands
columella 29.5 Birds
Columnar epithelial 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
commensal 45.6 Community Ecology
Commensalism 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
community 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Compact bone 38.2 Bone
Companion cells 30.2 Stems
competitive exclusion principle 45.6 Community Ecology
competitive inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
complement system 42.1 Innate Immune Response
complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries 17.2 Mapping Genomes
compliance 39.3 Breathing
compound leaf 30.4 Leaves
compounds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
concentration gradient 5.2 Passive Transport
conceptual model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
conclusion 1.1 The Science of Biology
condensin proteins 10.2 The Cell Cycle
Conditioned behaviors 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Condyloid joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
cones 36.5 Vision
Conidiospores 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Conifers 26.2 Gymnosperms
conjugation 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Connective tissues 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Conservation biogeography 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
conspecifics 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
contig 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Continuous variation 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Contour feathers 29.5 Birds
contraception 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
contractile vacuoles 23.3 Groups of Protists
control group 1.1 The Science of Biology
convergent evolution 18.1 Understanding Evolution
Coral reefs 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
core enzyme 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
Corms 30.2 Stems
cornea 36.5 Vision
corolla 26.3 Angiosperms
corona 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
coronary arteries 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
coronary veins 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
corpus callosum 35.3 The Central Nervous System
cortex 30.2 Stems, 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Cortical 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
cortical nephrons 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
corticosteroids 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
cortisol 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
cotyledons 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
countercurrent exchanger 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
countercurrent multiplier 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Courtship displays 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
covalent bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
coxal bones 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
cranial bones 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
cranial nerves 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
Craniata (or Vertebrata) 29.1 Chordates
cranium 29.1 Chordates
cristae 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
Crocodilia 29.4 Reptiles
Cross reactivity 42.3 Antibodies
Cross-pollination 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
crossing over 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
crossover 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Cryogenian period 27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
cryptobiosis 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
Cryptochromes 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
cryptofauna 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Cuboidal epithelial 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Cushing’s disease 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
cuticle 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 30.4 Leaves, 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
cuttings 32.3 Asexual Reproduction
cyanobacteria 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Cycads 26.2 Gymnosperms
cyclic AMP (cAMP) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
cyclin-dependent kinases 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
cyclins 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
cysts 23.2 Characteristics of Protists
Cytogenetic mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
cytokine 42.1 Innate Immune Response
cytokinesis 10.2 The Cell Cycle, 10.2 The Cell Cycle
cytokinin 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
cytopathic effects 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
cytoplasm 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cytoskeleton 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
cytosol 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
D
dead space 39.3 Breathing
dead zone 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
death rate (D) 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
decomposers 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
Deductive reasoning 1.1 The Science of Biology
dehydration synthesis 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
demographic-based models 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
demography 45.1 Population Demography
denaturation 3.4 Proteins
denature 6.5 Enzymes
Dendrites 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
Dendritic cells 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
density-dependent 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
density-independent 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
dentary 29.6 Mammals
deoxynucleotide 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
dephosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
depolarization 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Depression 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Dermal tissue 30.1 The Plant Body
descending 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Descriptive (or discovery) science 1.1 The Science of Biology
desmosomes 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
determinate cleavage 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
detrital food web 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Deuteromycota 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
Deuterostomes 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
diabetes insipidus 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
diabetes mellitus 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
diabetogenic effect 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
diacylglycerol (DAG) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
diaphragm 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
diaphysis 38.2 Bone
Diarthroses 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
diastole 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
Dicer 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
dicots 26.3 Angiosperms
dideoxynucleotides 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Diffusion 5.2 Passive Transport
Digestion 34.3 Digestive System Processes
dihybrid 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
dikaryon 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
dimer 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
dimerization 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
dimorphic 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
Dinosaurs 29.4 Reptiles
dioecious 26.2 Gymnosperms
dipeptidase 34.3 Digestive System Processes
diphyodonts 29.6 Mammals
diploblasts 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
diploid 10.1 Cell Division, 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
diplontic 25.1 Early Plant Life
directional selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Disaccharides 3.2 Carbohydrates
discontinuous variation 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
discussion 1.1 The Science of Biology
Dispersal 18.2 Formation of New Species
dissociation 2.2 Water
distal convoluted tubule (DCT) 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Distraction displays 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
divergent evolution 18.1 Understanding Evolution
diversifying selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
DNA barcoding 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
DNA fingerprinting 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
DNA microarrays 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
dominant lethal 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
Dominant traits 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
dormancy 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
dorsal cavity 33.1 Animal Form and Function
dorsal hollow nerve cord 29.1 Chordates
Dorsiflexion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
double circulation 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
double fertilization 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
down feathers 29.5 Birds
down-regulation 37.2 How Hormones Work
duodenum 34.1 Digestive Systems
dura mater 35.3 The Central Nervous System
E
Eccrine glands 29.6 Mammals
ecdysis 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
Ecdysozoa 27.3 Animal Phylogeny
Ecological biogeography 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
Ecological pyramids 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Ecology 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
ecosystem 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
ecosystem diversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
ecosystem dynamics 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Ecosystem ecology 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
ecosystem services 47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
Ectomycorrhizae 24.3 Ecology of Fungi
ectothermic 33.1 Animal Form and Function
ectotherms 29.4 Reptiles
Ediacaran Period 27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom
effector cells 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
efferent arteriole 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
elastase 34.3 Digestive System Processes
elastic recoil 39.3 Breathing
elastic work 39.3 Breathing
electrocardiogram (ECG) 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
electrochemical gradient 5.3 Active Transport
electrogenic pump 5.3 Active Transport
electrolyte 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
electrolytes 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electromagnetic spectrum 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
electron configuration 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electron microscopes 4.1 Studying Cells
electron orbitals 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electron transfer 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
electron transport chain 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
electronegativity 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Electrons 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Elements 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Elevation 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
embryonic mesoderm 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
embryophytes 25.1 Early Plant Life
Emergent vegetation 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
emerging disease 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
Emsleyan/Mertensian mimicry 45.6 Community Ecology
Enantiomers 2.3 Carbon
end-Permian extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
endemic disease 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
endemic species 44.2 Biogeography, 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
endemism 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
endergonic reactions 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
endocardium 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
endocarp 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
Endochondral ossification 38.2 Bone
endocrine 34.4 Digestive System Regulation
endocrine cells 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
endocrine glands 37.5 Endocrine Glands
endocrine signals 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Endocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
endodermis 30.3 Roots
Endomycorrhizae 24.3 Ecology of Fungi
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
endoskeleton 28.1 Phylum Porifera, 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia, 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
endosperm 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
endospermic dicots 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
endosymbiosis 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
endosymbiotic theory 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
endotherm 33.1 Animal Form and Function
endotherms 29.4 Reptiles
energy budget 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
energy coupling 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
enhancers 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation
enterocoelom 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
enterocoely 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
enthalpy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
entropy 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
envelope 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
environmental disturbances 45.6 Community Ecology
Enzyme-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Enzymes 3.4 Proteins
eosinophil 42.1 Innate Immune Response
Ependymal 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
epicardium 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
epicotyl 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
epidemic 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
epidermis 30.2 Stems
epigenetic 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
epilepsy 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
epinephrine 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
epiphyseal plate 38.2 Bone
epiphyses 38.2 Bone
epiphyte 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
epiphytes 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
epistasis 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
Epithelial tissues 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
epitopes 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
equilibrium 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks, 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Erythropoietin (EPO) 37.5 Endocrine Glands
esophagus 34.1 Digestive Systems
essential 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
essential nutrients 34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
esthetes 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
estivation 33.1 Animal Form and Function, 44.2 Biogeography
Estrogen 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Estuaries 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
ethology 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Ethylene 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
eucoelomates 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
eukaryote-first 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
eukaryotes 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
eukaryotic cells 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
Eumetazoa 27.3 Animal Phylogeny
euploid 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
eutrophication 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
evaporation 2.2 Water
Eversion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
evolution 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
evolutionary (Darwinian) fitness 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
exergonic reactions 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
exine 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
exocarp 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
Exocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
exons 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes, 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
exoskeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Exotic species 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
exponential growth 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
expressed sequence tag (EST) 17.2 Mapping Genomes
extant 25.1 Early Plant Life
Extension 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
external fertilization 43.2 Fertilization
extinct 25.1 Early Plant Life
extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
extinction rates 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
extracellular domain 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
extracellular matrix 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
extremophiles 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
F
F1 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
F2 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
facial bones 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
facilitated transport 5.2 Passive Transport
FACT 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
facultative anaerobes 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
fallout 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
false negative 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
falsifiable 1.1 The Science of Biology
family 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Fecundity 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
Feedback inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
femur 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
fermentation 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
ferns 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
FEV1/FVC ratio 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
Fibrous connective tissues 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
fibrous joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
fibrous root system 30.3 Roots
fibula 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
field 36.1 Sensory Processes
filament 26.3 Angiosperms
first messenger 37.2 How Hormones Work
Fission 43.1 Reproduction Methods
fixation 8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules
fixed action pattern 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
flagella 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
flame cells 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans, 41.3 Excretion Systems
Flat bones 38.2 Bone
Flexion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Flow-resistive 39.3 Breathing
fluid mosaic model 5.1 Components and Structure
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
food chain 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
food web 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
foot 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
Foraging 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
forced expiratory volume (FEV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
forearm 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
foreign DNA 17.1 Biotechnology
Forest Stewardship Council 47.3 Threats to Biodiversity
fouling. 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
Foundation species 45.6 Community Ecology
founder effect 19.1 Population Evolution
fovea 36.5 Vision
fragmentation 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia, 43.1 Reproduction Methods
free energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
free nerve ending 36.2 Somatosensation
frequency-dependent selection 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
frontal lobe 35.3 The Central Nervous System
frontal plane 33.1 Animal Form and Function
FtsZ 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
Functional groups 2.3 Carbon
functional residual capacity (FRC) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
functional vital capacity (FVC) 39.3 Breathing
furcula 29.5 Birds
fusiform 33.1 Animal Form and Function
fusion 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
G
G-protein 37.2 How Hormones Work
G-protein-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
G0 phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
G1 checkpoint 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
G1 phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
G2 of Interphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
G2 phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
gallbladder 34.1 Digestive Systems
galls 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Gametangia 25.1 Early Plant Life
gametes 10.1 Cell Division, 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
gametic barrier 18.2 Formation of New Species
gametophyte 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
gametophytes 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
Gap junctions 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
gastric inhibitory peptide 34.4 Digestive System Regulation
gastric phase 34.4 Digestive System Regulation
gastrin 34.4 Digestive System Regulation
gastrovascular cavity 34.1 Digestive Systems
Gastrulation 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom, 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
GC-rich boxes 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
Gel electrophoresis 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing, 17.1 Biotechnology
gemmae 25.3 Bryophytes, 25.3 Bryophytes
Gemmules 28.1 Phylum Porifera
gene expression 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
gene flow 19.2 Population Genetics
gene pool 19.1 Population Evolution
Gene targeting 17.1 Biotechnology
Gene therapy 17.1 Biotechnology, 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
gene transfer agents (GTAs) 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
genes 10.1 Cell Division
genetic diagnosis 17.1 Biotechnology
Genetic diversity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
genetic drift 19.2 Population Genetics
Genetic engineering 17.1 Biotechnology
genetic map 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic marker 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic recombination 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genetic structure 19.1 Population Evolution
genetic testing 17.1 Biotechnology
genetic variance 19.2 Population Genetics
genetically modified organism 17.1 Biotechnology
genome 10.1 Cell Division
genome annotation 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
genome fusion 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
Genome mapping 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genomic libraries 17.2 Mapping Genomes
Genomics 17.2 Mapping Genomes
genotype 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
genus 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
geographical variation 19.2 Population Genetics
Geometric isomers 2.3 Carbon
germ cells 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
germ layers 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
gestation 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
Gibberellins 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
gigantism 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
gill circulation 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
gills 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
ginkgophytes 26.2 Gymnosperms
gizzard 34.1 Digestive Systems
glabrous 36.2 Somatosensation
glia 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
Gliding movements 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Global climate change 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
Glomeromycota 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
glomerular filtration 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
glomeruli 36.3 Taste and Smell
glomerulus 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
glucagon 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
glucocorticoids 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
gluconeogenesis 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
glucose-sparing effect 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
GLUT (glucose transporter) proteins 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
GLUT proteins 7.2 Glycolysis
Glycogen 3.2 Carbohydrates, 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
glycogenolysis 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
glycolipids 5.1 Components and Structure
Glycolysis 7.2 Glycolysis
glycoproteins 5.1 Components and Structure
glycosidic bond 3.2 Carbohydrates
gnathostomes 29.1 Chordates, 29.2 Fishes
gnetophytes 26.2 Gymnosperms
goiter 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Golgi apparatus 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
Golgi tendon organs 36.2 Somatosensation
Gomphoses 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
gonadotropins 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Gondwana 29.3 Amphibians
good genes hypothesis 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Gorilla 29.7 The Evolution of Primates
gradual speciation model 18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
grafting 32.3 Asexual Reproduction
Gram negative 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Gram positive 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
granum 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
granzyme 42.1 Innate Immune Response
grazing food web 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
Great Barrier Reef 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
greenhouse effect 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
greenhouse gases 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
gross primary productivity 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Ground tissue 30.1 The Plant Body
Group I 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Group II 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Group III 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Group IV 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Group V 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Group VI 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Group VII 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
growth factors 9.3 Response to the Signal
Growth hormone (GH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
guanosine triphosphate (GTP) 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
guard cells 30.2 Stems
gustation 36.3 Taste and Smell
Gymnosperms 26.2 Gymnosperms
gynoecium 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
gyri 35.3 The Central Nervous System
H
habitat isolation 18.2 Formation of New Species
Habituation 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
hair 29.6 Mammals
handicap principle 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
haplodiplontic 25.1 Early Plant Life
haploid 10.1 Cell Division, 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
haplontic 25.1 Early Plant Life
haustoria 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Haversian canal 38.2 Bone
haze-effect cooling 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
Heat energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy, 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
heat of vaporization 2.2 Water
Heirloom seeds 26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
helper T (TH) lymphocytes 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
hemal system 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
heme group 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
hemizygous 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
hemocoel 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
Hemoglobin 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
hemolymph 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
herbaceous 26.3 Angiosperms
Herbivores 34.1 Digestive Systems
herbivory 26.4 The Role of Seed Plants
Heritability 19.2 Population Genetics
Hermaphroditism 43.1 Reproduction Methods
heterogeneity 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
heterospecifics 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
Heterothallic 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
heterotrophs 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
heterozygous 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
hibernation 33.1 Animal Form and Function, 44.2 Biogeography
hilum 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
hinge joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
hippocampus 35.3 The Central Nervous System
histone acetylation 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
histone proteins 10.1 Cell Division
Historical biogeography 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
holistic ecosystem model 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
holoblastic 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
Holocene, mass extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
holoenzyme 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
Homeostasis 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 33.3 Homeostasis
homeotherms 29.4 Reptiles
Homo 29.7 The Evolution of Primates
Homo sapiens sapiens 29.7 The Evolution of Primates
homologous 10.1 Cell Division
homologous recombination 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
homologous structures 18.1 Understanding Evolution
homology 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
homothallic 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
homozygous 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
honest signal 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
horizon 31.2 The Soil
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
horizontal transmission 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Hormonal stimuli 37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
hormone 37.2 How Hormones Work
Hormones 3.4 Proteins
horsetails 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
host Introduction, 45.6 Community Ecology
host DNA 17.1 Biotechnology
Hox genes 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom
human beta chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
human growth hormone (HGH or hGH) 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
humerus 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
humoral immune response 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
humoral stimulus 37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
humus 31.2 The Soil
hybrid 18.2 Formation of New Species
hybrid inviability 18.2 Formation of New Species
hybrid zone 18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates
hybridizations 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
Hydrocarbons 2.3 Carbon
hydrogen bond 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
hydrolysis reactions 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
hydrophilic 2.2 Water, 5.1 Components and Structure
hydrophobic 2.2 Water, 5.1 Components and Structure
hydrosphere 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
hydrostatic skeleton 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
hydrothermal vent 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Hylobatidae 29.7 The Evolution of Primates
hyoid bone 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
hyperextension 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
hyperglycemia 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
hyperopia 36.5 Vision
hyperplasia 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
hypersensitivities 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Hyperthyroidism 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
hypertonic 5.2 Passive Transport
hypocotyl 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
hypoglycemia 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
hypophyseal portal system 37.5 Endocrine Glands
hypoplasia 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
hypothalamus 35.3 The Central Nervous System, 37.5 Endocrine Glands
hypothesis 1.1 The Science of Biology
hypothesis-based science 1.1 The Science of Biology
Hypothyroidism 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
hypotonic 5.2 Passive Transport
I
ileum 34.1 Digestive Systems
immune tolerance 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Immunodeficiency 42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Imperfect fungi 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
Imprinting 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
inbreeding 19.2 Population Genetics
inbreeding depression 19.2 Population Genetics
incomplete dominance 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
incus 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
indeterminate cleavage 27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals
induced fit 6.5 Enzymes
Induced mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
Inductive reasoning 1.1 The Science of Biology
inert 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
inferior vena cava 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels, 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Infertility 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
inflammation 42.1 Innate Immune Response
ingestion 34.3 Digestive System Processes
inhibin 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
inhibitor 9.3 Response to the Signal
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
initiation complex 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis, 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
initiation site 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
initiator tRNA 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
innate behaviors 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Innate immunity 42.1 Innate Immune Response
inner cell mass 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
inner ear 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
inorganic compound 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
Inorganic nutrients 44.2 Biogeography
inositol phospholipids 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
inositol triphosphate (IP3) 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
insectivorous 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
inspiratory capacity (IC) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
Insulin 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Integral proteins 5.1 Components and Structure
integument 26.2 Gymnosperms
Intercalary meristems 30.1 The Plant Body
intercellular signaling 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
intercostal muscles 39.3 Breathing
interferon 42.1 Innate Immune Response
interkinesis 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
interlobar arteries 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Intermediate filaments 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
intermittent 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
internal fertilization 43.2 Fertilization
Internal receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
internode 30.2 Stems
interphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
intersexual selection 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
interspecific competition 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
interstitial cells of Leydig 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
interstitial fluid 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
intertidal zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
Intervertebral discs 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
intestinal phase 34.4 Digestive System Regulation
intine 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
intracellular hormone receptors 37.2 How Hormones Work
intracellular mediators 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
intracellular signaling 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Intramembranous ossification 38.2 Bone
intrapleural space 39.3 Breathing
intrasexual selection 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
intraspecific competition 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
introduction 1.1 The Science of Biology
introns 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
Inversion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Ion channel-linked receptors 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
Ionic bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
ions 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
iridophores 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
iris 36.5 Vision
Irregular bones 38.2 Bone
irreversible 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
island biogeography 45.6 Community Ecology
islets of Langerhans 37.5 Endocrine Glands
isomerase 7.2 Glycolysis
isomers 2.3 Carbon
isotonic 5.2 Passive Transport
Isotopes 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
isthmus 37.5 Endocrine Glands
Iteroparity 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
J
J-shaped growth curve 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Jacobson's organ 29.4 Reptiles
Jasmonates 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
jejunum 34.1 Digestive Systems
joint 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
juxtaglomerular cells 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
juxtamedullary nephrons 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
K
K-selected species 45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
karyogamy 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
karyogram 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
karyokinesis 10.2 The Cell Cycle
karyotype 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
keratin 29.6 Mammals
keystone species 45.6 Community Ecology, 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
kidneys 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
kin selection 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
kinase 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
kinesis 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
kinesthesia 36.1 Sensory Processes
kinetic energy 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
kinetochore 10.2 The Cell Cycle
kingdom 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Koch's postulates 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Kozak’s rules 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Krebs cycle 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
L
labia majora 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
labia minora 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
labyrinth 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
lac operon 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Lacks 1.1 The Science of Biology
lactases 34.3 Digestive System Processes
lacunae 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
lagging strand 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
lamellae 38.2 Bone
lamina 30.4 Leaves
large intestine 34.1 Digestive Systems
larynx 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
late Devonian extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
latency 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
lateral line 29.2 Fishes
Lateral meristems 30.1 The Plant Body
lateral rotation 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
Laurasia 29.3 Amphibians
Laurentia 29.3 Amphibians
law of dominance 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
law of independent assortment 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
law of mass action 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
law of segregation 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
Layering 32.3 Asexual Reproduction
leading strand 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
learned behaviors 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
lens 36.5 Vision
lenticels 30.2 Stems
lepidosaurs 29.4 Reptiles
leptin 37.5 Endocrine Glands
leucophores 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
Lichens 24.3 Ecology of Fungi
life cycles 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
life history 45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
life sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology
life tables 45.1 Population Demography
ligand 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
ligase 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
light microscopes 4.1 Studying Cells
light-dependent reactions 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
light-harvesting complex 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
light-independent reactions 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
lignin 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
limbic system 35.3 The Central Nervous System
linkage 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
linkage analysis 17.2 Mapping Genomes
lipase 34.1 Digestive Systems
lipid hormones 37.1 Types of Hormones
Lipids 3.3 Lipids
litmus 2.2 Water
Little Ice Age 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
liver 34.1 Digestive Systems
Liverworts 25.3 Bryophytes
loams 31.2 The Soil
lobe 35.3 The Central Nervous System, 35.3 The Central Nervous System, 35.3 The Central Nervous System
lobes of the kidney 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
locus 10.1 Cell Division
logistic growth 45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
Long bones 38.2 Bone
Long-term depression (LTD) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
Long-term potentiation (LTP) 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
loop of Henle 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Loose connective tissue 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
Lophotrochozoa 27.3 Animal Phylogeny
lower limb 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
lung capacities 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
lung volumes 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
luteinizing hormone (LH) 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Lycophyta 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
Lymph 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
Lymph nodes 40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
Lymphocytes 42.1 Innate Immune Response
lysis 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
lysis buffer 17.1 Biotechnology
lysogenic cycle 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
lysosomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
lytic cycle 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
M
macromolecules 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
macronutrients 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
macrophage 42.1 Innate Immune Response
macula densa 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
madreporite 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
Major depression 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules 42.1 Innate Immune Response
malleus 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
Malpighian tubules 41.3 Excretion Systems
maltases 34.3 Digestive System Processes
Mammals 29.6 Mammals
Mammary glands 29.6 Mammals
mantle 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
mark and recapture 45.1 Population Demography
mass extinction 27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom, 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
mass extinctions 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
mass number 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
mast cell 42.1 Innate Immune Response
mastax 28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans
materials and methods 1.1 The Science of Biology
mating factor 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
matrix 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues
matrix proteins 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
Matter 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
maximum parsimony 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
mechanoreceptor 36.1 Sensory Processes
medial rotation 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
medulla 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
megafauna 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
megagametogenesis 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
megapascals 30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
megaphylls 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
megasporangium 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
megasporocyte 26.2 Gymnosperms
megasporogenesis 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
megasporophylls 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
meiosis Introduction, 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
meiosis I 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Meiosis II 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
Meissner’s corpuscles 36.2 Somatosensation
membrane potential 35.2 How Neurons Communicate
memory cell 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
meninges 35.3 The Central Nervous System
menopause 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
menstrual cycle 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
Meristematic tissue 30.1 The Plant Body
meristems 30.1 The Plant Body
Merkel’s disks 36.2 Somatosensation
meroblastic 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
mesocarp 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
mesocosm 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
mesohyl 28.1 Phylum Porifera
mesophyll 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
messenger RNA (mRNA) 3.5 Nucleic Acids
metabolism 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
metabolome 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
Metabolomics 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
metacarpus 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Metagenomics 17.4 Applying Genomics
metamerism 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
Metaphase 10.2 The Cell Cycle, 10.2 The Cell Cycle
metaphase plate 10.2 The Cell Cycle
metatarsals 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Metazoa 27.3 Animal Phylogeny
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
MHC II molecules 42.1 Innate Immune Response
microbial mat 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
Microbiology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
microcosm 46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems
microfilaments 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
Microglia 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
micronutrients 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
microphylls 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
Micropropagation 32.3 Asexual Reproduction
micropyle 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
microRNAs 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
microsatellite polymorphisms 17.2 Mapping Genomes
microscope 4.1 Studying Cells
microsporangium 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
microsporocytes 26.2 Gymnosperms
microsporophylls 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
microtubules 4.5 The Cytoskeleton
microvilli 41.3 Excretion Systems
middle ear 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
midsagittal plane 33.1 Animal Form and Function
Migration 44.2 Biogeography, 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Milankovitch cycles 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
mineral soils 31.2 The Soil
mineralocorticoid 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Minerals 34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
mismatch repair 14.6 DNA Repair
mitochondria 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
mitochondria-first 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
mitosis 10.2 The Cell Cycle, 10.2 The Cell Cycle
mitotic phase 10.2 The Cell Cycle
mitotic spindle 10.2 The Cell Cycle
mixotrophs 23.2 Characteristics of Protists
model organism 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
model system 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
modern synthesis 19.1 Population Evolution
molality 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
molarity 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
mold 24.2 Classifications of Fungi
mole 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
molecular biology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
molecular systematics 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
molecule 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Molecules 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
molting 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
monocarpic 32.3 Asexual Reproduction
monocot 26.3 Angiosperms
monocyte 42.1 Innate Immune Response
monoecious 26.2 Gymnosperms, 28.1 Phylum Porifera
monogamous 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
monogastric 34.1 Digestive Systems
monohybrid 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
monomers 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
monophyletic 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
monophyletic group 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Monosaccharides 3.2 Carbohydrates
monosomy 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
monosulcate 26.3 Angiosperms
monotremes 29.6 Mammals
morganucodonts 29.6 Mammals
mortality rate 45.1 Population Demography
mosses 25.3 Bryophytes
motor end plate 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
mucin 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
mucus 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
Müllerian mimicry 45.6 Community Ecology
multiple cloning site (MCS) 17.1 Biotechnology
Multiple fruit 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
Muscle spindles 36.2 Somatosensation
Mutations 14.6 DNA Repair
Mutualism 44.1 The Scope of Ecology, 45.6 Community Ecology
Myc 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
mycelium 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Mycetismus 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
Mycologists 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
mycology 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Mycorrhiza 24.3 Ecology of Fungi
mycorrhizae 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
mycosis 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
Mycotoxicosis 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
myelin 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
myocardial infarction 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
myocardium 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
myofibrils 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
myofilaments 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Myopia 36.5 Vision
myosin 38.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Myxini 29.2 Fishes
N
nasal cavity 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
natural killer (NK) cells 42.1 Innate Immune Response
natural sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology
Natural selection 18.1 Understanding Evolution
Nature Conservancy 47.4 Preserving Biodiversity
nectar guide 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
negative feedback loop 33.3 Homeostasis
negative gravitropism 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
negative polarity 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
negative regulators 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
nematocysts 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
Neornithes 29.5 Birds
Nephridia 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids, 41.3 Excretion Systems
nephridiopore 41.3 Excretion Systems
nephrons 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
neritic zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
nerve net 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
Net consumer productivity 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Net primary productivity 44.2 Biogeography, 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Net production efficiency (NPE) 46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
neural stimuli 37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
neural tube 43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
neurobiology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Neurodegenerative disorders 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
neurons 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
neurotransmitters 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
neutron 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
neutrophil 42.1 Innate Immune Response
next-generation sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
nitrogen fixation 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
nitrogenase 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
noble gases 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
nociception 36.2 Somatosensation
Nodes 30.2 Stems
nodes of Ranvier 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
nodules 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes, 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
non-electrolyte 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
non-endospermic dicots 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
non-vascular plants 25.1 Early Plant Life
noncellular 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
noncompetitive inhibition 6.5 Enzymes
nondisjunction 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
nonparental types 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
Nonpolar covalent bonds 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
nonrandom mating 19.2 Population Genetics
nonrenewable resource 46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
nonsense codons 15.1 The Genetic Code
nontemplate strand 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
norepinephrine 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System, 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Northern blotting 17.1 Biotechnology
notochord 29.1 Chordates
nuclear envelope 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleic acids 3.5 Nucleic Acids
nucleoid 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells, 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
nucleolus 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleoplasm 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleosome 10.1 Cell Division
nucleotide excision repair 14.6 DNA Repair
nucleotides 3.5 Nucleic Acids
nucleus 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks, 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
nucleus-first 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
nutrients 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity, 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
O
O horizon 31.2 The Soil
obligate aerobes 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
obligate anaerobes 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
Obstructive diseases 39.3 Breathing
occipital 35.3 The Central Nervous System
Ocean upwelling 44.2 Biogeography
octamer boxes 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
octet rule 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Odorants 36.3 Taste and Smell
Okazaki fragments 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
olfaction 36.3 Taste and Smell
olfactory bulb 36.3 Taste and Smell
olfactory epithelium 36.3 Taste and Smell
olfactory receptor 36.3 Taste and Smell
Oligodendrocytes 35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
Oligosaccharins 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Omega 3.3 Lipids
Omnivores 34.1 Digestive Systems
oncogenes 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
oncogenic viruses 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Oncolytic viruses 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
one-child policy 45.5 Human Population Growth
oogenesis 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
open circulatory system 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
operant conditioning 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
operator 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
operculum 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
operons 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Opposition 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
opsonization 42.1 Innate Immune Response
orbitals 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
order 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Ordovician-Silurian extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
organ of Corti 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
organ system 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
organelles 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
organic compound 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants
organic molecules 2.3 Carbon
organic soils 31.2 The Soil
Organisms 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
organogenesis 27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom, 43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
Organs 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
origin 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
Ornithorhynchidae 29.6 Mammals
Ornithurae 29.5 Birds
osculum 28.1 Phylum Porifera
osmoconformers 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
Osmolarity 5.2 Passive Transport
osmoreceptors 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Osmoregulation 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
osmoregulatory 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
osmotic balance 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
osmotic pressure 41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
osseous tissue 38.2 Bone
ossicles 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
Ossification 38.2 Bone
Osteichthyes 29.2 Fishes
Osteoblasts 38.2 Bone
Osteoclasts 38.2 Bone
Osteocytes 38.2 Bone
osteons 33.2 Animal Primary Tissues, 38.2 Bone
Osteoprogenitor cells 38.2 Bone
ostia 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
outer ear 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
oval window 36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
ovarian cycle 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
ovary 26.3 Angiosperms
oviducts 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
ovigers, 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
oviparity 43.2 Fertilization
ovoviviparity 43.2 Fertilization
ovulate cones 26.2 Gymnosperms
ovulation 43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
oxidative phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
oxygen 2.2 Water
oxygen dissociation curve 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
oxygen-carrying capacity 39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
oxytocin 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
P
P0 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
p21 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
p53 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
P680 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
P700 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Pacinian corpuscles 36.2 Somatosensation
packing 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
pairwise-end sequencing 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
Paleontology 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Paleoptera 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
palmately compound leaf 30.4 Leaves
Pan 29.7 The Evolution of Primates
pancreas 34.1 Digestive Systems, 37.5 Endocrine Glands
pandemic 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
Pangaea 29.3 Amphibians
papillae 36.3 Taste and Smell
papulae 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
parabronchi 29.5 Birds
paracentric 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
paracrine signals 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
parafollicular cells 37.5 Endocrine Glands
parapodia 28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids
parasite 45.6 Community Ecology
parasitic plant 31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants
Parasitism 24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens
parasympathetic nervous system 35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
parathyroid glands 37.5 Endocrine Glands
parathyroid hormone (PTH) 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
Parenchyma cells 30.2 Stems
parent material 31.2 The Soil
Parental types 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage
parietal 35.3 The Central Nervous System
Parkinson’s disease 35.5 Nervous System Disorders
Parthenogenesis 43.1 Reproduction Methods
Partial pressure 39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
particulate matter 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
passive immunity 42.3 Antibodies
Passive transport 5.2 Passive Transport
patella 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 42.1 Innate Immune Response
pathogens 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids, 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans, Introduction
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 42.1 Innate Immune Response
peat moss 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
pectoral girdle 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
pedalia 28.2 Phylum Cnidaria
pedicellaria 28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia
pedigree analysis 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
pedipalps 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
Peer-reviewed manuscripts 1.1 The Science of Biology
pelagic realm 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
pellicles 23.2 Characteristics of Protists
pelvic girdle 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
penis 43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
Pepsin 34.1 Digestive Systems
pepsinogen 34.1 Digestive Systems
peptide bond 3.4 Proteins
peptide hormones 37.1 Types of Hormones
peptidoglycan 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
peptidyl transferase 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Perception 36.1 Sensory Processes
perfect flowers 26.3 Angiosperms
perforin 42.1 Innate Immune Response
perianth 26.3 Angiosperms, 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
pericardium 40.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
pericarp 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
pericentric 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
pericycle 30.3 Roots
periderm 30.2 Stems
periodic table 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
Peripheral proteins 5.1 Components and Structure
peripheral resistance 40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
perirenal fat capsule 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
peristalsis 34.1 Digestive Systems
peritubular capillary network 41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
permafrost 44.3 Terrestrial Biomes
permanent tissue 30.1 The Plant Body
Permian extinction 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
permissive 21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts
Peroxisomes 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
Petals 26.3 Angiosperms
petiole 30.4 Leaves
Petromyzontida 29.2 Fishes
pH scale 2.2 Water
phage therapy 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
phagolysosome 23.2 Characteristics of Protists
phalanges 38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
Pharmacogenomics 17.4 Applying Genomics
pharyngeal nerve ring 28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades
Pharyngeal slits 29.1 Chordates
pharynx 39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
Phenology 44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
phenotype 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
pheromone 36.3 Taste and Smell
pheromones 28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods
Phloem 25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants
phosphatases 9.3 Response to the Signal
phosphoanhydride bonds 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
phosphodiester 3.5 Nucleic Acids
phosphodiesterase 9.3 Response to the Signal, 37.2 How Hormones Work
Phospholipids 3.3 Lipids
Phosphorylation 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
photic zone 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
photoact 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
photoautotrophs 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Photomorphogenesis 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
photon 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
Photoperiodism 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
photosystem 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
photosystem I 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
photosystem II 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis
phototrophs 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity, 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
phototropins 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Phototropism 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
phyllotaxy 30.4 Leaves
phylogenetic tree 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
phylogeny 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
phylum 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
physical map 17.2 Mapping Genomes
physical sciences 1.1 The Science of Biology
physiological dead space 39.3 Breathing
phytochromes 30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Phytoplankton 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
pia mater 35.3 The Central Nervous System
pigment 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
Pinnately compound leaves 30.4 Leaves
pinocytosis 5.4 Bulk Transport
pioneer species 45.6 Community Ecology
pistil 26.3 Angiosperms
pith 30.2 Stems
pituitary dwarfism 37.3 Regulation of Body Processes
pituitary gland 37.5 Endocrine Glands
pituitary stalk 37.5 Endocrine Glands
Pivot joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
placenta 43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth
plagiarism 1.1 The Science of Biology
Planar joints 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
planktivores 44.4 Aquatic Biomes
plankton 23.3 Groups of Protists
Plantar flexion 38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
plasma 40.2 Components of the Blood
plasma cell 42.2 Adaptive Immune Response
plasma membrane 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
plasma membrane hormone receptors 37.2 How Hormones Work
plasmids 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
plasmodesmata 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
plasmogamy 24.1 Characteristics of Fungi
plasmolysis 5.2 Passive Transport
plastid 23.1 Eukaryotic Origins
plastron 29.4 Reptiles
platelets 40.2 Components of the Blood
Pleistocene Extinction 47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
pleura 39.3 Breathing
Pleurisy 39.3 Breathing
plumule 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
Pneumatic bones 29.5 Birds
polar covalent bond 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
polar microtubules 10.2 The Cell Cycle
polar nuclei 32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure
pollination 26.4 The Role of Seed Plants, 32.2 Pollination and Fertilization
poly-A tail 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes, 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
polyandrous 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Polycarpic 32.3 Asexual Reproduction
polygenic 17.4 Applying Genomics
Polygynous 45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
polymers 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
polynucleotide 3.5 Nucleic Acids
polyploid 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
polysaccharide 3.2 Carbohydrates
polysome 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
polyspermy 43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
polytomy 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
Pongo 29.7 The Evolution of Primates
population 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology, 44.1 The Scope of Ecology
population density 45.1 Population Demography
population genetics 19.1 Population Evolution
population growth rate