Conceptual Questions

Define and make clear distinctions between the terms neutron, nucleon, nucleus, and nuclide.

Explain why a bound system should have less mass than its components. Why is this not observed traditionally, say, for a building made of bricks?

To obtain the most precise value of the binding energy per nucleon, it is important to take into account forces between nucleons at the surface of the nucleus. Will surface effects increase or decrease estimates of BEN?

For the carbon dating described in this chapter, what important assumption is made about the time variation in the intensity of cosmic rays?

What is the difference between $\gamma$ rays and characteristic X-rays and visible light?

Consider Figure 10.12. If the magnetic field is replaced by an electric field pointed in toward the page, in which directions will the $\alpha$-, ${\beta }^{+}$-, and $\gamma$ rays bend?

Should an atomic bomb really be called nuclear bomb?

In what way is an atomic nucleus like a liquid drop?

Why does the fusion of light nuclei into heavier nuclei release energy?

Isotopes that emit $\alpha$ radiation are relatively safe outside the body and exceptionally hazardous inside. Explain why.