Index - Introductory Statistics

Symbols

α 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion

A

absolute value of a residual 12.3 The Regression Equation

alternative hypothesis 9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses

Area to the left 6.2 Using the Normal Distribution

Area to the right 6.2 Using the Normal Distribution

assumption 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion

average 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

B

balanced design 13.3 Facts About the F Distribution

bar graph 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

Bernoulli Trial 4.3 Binomial Distribution

binomial distribution 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem, 8.3 A Population Proportion, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing

binomial probability distribution 4.3 Binomial Distribution

bivariate Introduction

Blinding 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

Box plots 2.4 Box Plots

box-and-whisker plots 2.4 Box Plots

box-whisker plots 2.4 Box Plots

C

categorical data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

Categorical variables 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

central limit theorem Introduction, 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem, 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples

central limit theorem for means 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)

central limit theorem for sums 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums

chi-square distribution 11.1 Facts About the Chi-Square Distribution

coefficient of determination 12.3 The Regression Equation

Cohen's d 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations

complement 3.1 Terminology

conditional probability 3.1 Terminology, 5.2 The Uniform Distribution

confidence interval Introduction, 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution

confidence intervals 8.3 A Population Proportion, Introduction

confidence level 8.1 A Single Population Mean using the Normal Distribution, 8.3 A Population Proportion

contingency table 3.4 Contingency Tables, 11.3 Test of Independence

continuity correction factor 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem

continuous 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

continuous random variable 5.3 The Exponential Distribution

control group 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

critical value 6.2 Using the Normal Distribution

cumulative distribution function (CDF) 5.3 The Exponential Distribution

Cumulative relative frequency 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement

D

data 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

degrees of freedom 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution

degrees of freedom (df) 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations

descriptive statistics 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

discrete 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

double-blind experiment 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

E

Empirical Rule 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution, Introduction

equal standard deviations 13.1 One-Way ANOVA

Equally likely 3.1 Terminology, 5.2 The Uniform Distribution

error bound 8.3 A Population Proportion

error bound for a population mean 8.1 A Single Population Mean using the Normal Distribution, 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution

event 3.1 Terminology

expected value 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation, 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation

expected values 11.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test

experiment 3.1 Terminology

experimental unit 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

explanatory variable 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

exponential distribution 5.3 The Exponential Distribution, 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem

extrapolation 12.5 Prediction

F

F distribution 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio

F ratio 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio

fair 3.1 Terminology

first quartile 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data

frequency 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement, 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs

G

geometric distribution 4.4 Geometric Distribution

goodness-of-fit test 11.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test

H

histogram 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs

hypergeometric experiment 4 Chapter Review

hypergeometric probability 4.5 Hypergeometric Distribution

hypotheses 9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses

hypothesis test 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples, 9 Chapter Review

hypothesis testing Introduction

I

independent 3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events, 3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability

Independent groups Introduction

inferential statistics 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, Introduction

influential points 12.6 Outliers

informed consent 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

Institutional Review Boards (IRB) 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

interpolation 12.5 Prediction

interquartile range 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data

interval scale 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement

L

law of large numbers 3.1 Terminology, 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem

Least-Squares Line 12.3 The Regression Equation

least-squares regression line 12.3 The Regression Equation

level of measurement 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement

Line of Best Fit 12.3 The Regression Equation

linear regression 12.2 Scatter Plots

long-term relative frequency 3.1 Terminology

lurking variables 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

M

margin of error Introduction

matched pairs Introduction

mean 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data, 4.2 Mean or Expected Value and Standard Deviation, Introduction, 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem

mean square 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio

median 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data, 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data

mode 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data

multivariate Introduction

mutually exclusive 3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events, 3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability

N

nominal scale 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement

normal approximation to the binomial 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem

normal distribution 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution, 8.3 A Population Proportion, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations

normally distributed 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing

null hypothesis 9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion

Numerical variables 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

O

observed values 11.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test

ordinal scale 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement

outcome 3.1 Terminology

outlier 2.1 Stem-and-Leaf Graphs (Stemplots), Line Graphs, and Bar Graphs, 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data

outliers 12.6 Outliers

P

p-value 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion, 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples

paired data set 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs

parameter 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, Introduction

Pareto chart 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

Pearson 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

percentile 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums

percentiles 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data

pie chart 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

placebo 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

point estimate Introduction

Poisson probability distribution 4.6 Poisson Distribution, 4 Chapter Review

population 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

population variance 11.6 Test of a Single Variance

potential outlier 12.6 Outliers

Probability 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms, 3.1 Terminology

probability density function Introduction

probability distribution function 4.1 Probability Distribution Function (PDF) for a Discrete Random Variable

proportion 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

Q

Qualitative data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

quantitative continuous data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

Quantitative data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

quantitative discrete data 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

quartiles 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data, 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data

R

random assignment 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

random variable Introduction, 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations, 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations

ratio scale 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement

relative frequency 1.3 Frequency, Frequency Tables, and Levels of Measurement, 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs

replacement 3.2 Independent and Mutually Exclusive Events

representative sample 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

residual 12.3 The Regression Equation

response variable 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

S

sample 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

sample mean 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)

sample size 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages), 7.2 The Central Limit Theorem for Sums

sample space 3.1 Terminology, 3.3 Two Basic Rules of Probability, 3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams

samples 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

sampling 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

sampling distribution 2.5 Measures of the Center of the Data

sampling variability of a statistic 2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data

simple random sample 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing

single population mean 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing

single population proportion 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing

standard deviation 2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data, 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion, 9.5 Additional Information and Full Hypothesis Test Examples

standard error 10.1 Two Population Means with Unknown Standard Deviations

standard error of the mean. 7.1 The Central Limit Theorem for Sample Means (Averages)

standard normal distribution 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution

statistic 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

statistics 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

Student's t-distribution 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing, 9.3 Distribution Needed for Hypothesis Testing

Sum of Squared Errors (SSE) 12.3 The Regression Equation

sum of squares 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio

T

test for homogeneity 11.4 Test for Homogeneity

test of a single variance 11.6 Test of a Single Variance

test of independence 11.3 Test of Independence

test statistic 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations

The standard deviation 10.2 Two Population Means with Known Standard Deviations

third quartile 2.3 Measures of the Location of the Data

treatments 1.4 Experimental Design and Ethics

tree diagram 3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams

Type I error 9.2 Outcomes and the Type I and Type II Errors, 9.4 Rare Events, the Sample, Decision and Conclusion

Type II error 9.2 Outcomes and the Type I and Type II Errors

U

unfair 3.1 Terminology

uniform distribution 7.3 Using the Central Limit Theorem

V

variable 1.1 Definitions of Statistics, Probability, and Key Terms

variance 2.7 Measures of the Spread of the Data

Variance between samples 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio

Variance within samples 13.2 The F Distribution and the F-Ratio

variances 13.1 One-Way ANOVA

Variation 1.2 Data, Sampling, and Variation in Data and Sampling

Venn diagram 3.5 Tree and Venn Diagrams

Z

z-score 8.2 A Single Population Mean using the Student t Distribution

z-scores 6.1 The Standard Normal Distribution