Introductory Statistics

# Homework

### 2.1Stem-and-Leaf Graphs (Stemplots), Line Graphs, and Bar Graphs

74.

Student grades on a chemistry exam were: 77, 78, 76, 81, 86, 51, 79, 82, 84, 99

1. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot of the data.
2. Are there any potential outliers? If so, which scores are they? Why do you consider them outliers?
75.

Table 2.61 contains the 2010 obesity rates in U.S. states and Washington, DC.

State Percent (%) State Percent (%) State Percent (%)
Alabama 32.2 Kentucky 31.3 North Dakota 27.2
Alaska 24.5 Louisiana 31.0 Ohio 29.2
Arizona 24.3 Maine 26.8 Oklahoma 30.4
Arkansas 30.1 Maryland 27.1 Oregon 26.8
California 24.0 Massachusetts 23.0 Pennsylvania 28.6
Colorado 21.0 Michigan 30.9 Rhode Island 25.5
Connecticut 22.5 Minnesota 24.8 South Carolina 31.5
Delaware 28.0 Mississippi 34.0 South Dakota 27.3
Washington, DC 22.2 Missouri 30.5 Tennessee 30.8
Florida 26.6 Montana 23.0 Texas 31.0
Georgia 29.6 Nebraska 26.9 Utah 22.5
Hawaii 22.7 Nevada 22.4 Vermont 23.2
Idaho 26.5 New Hampshire 25.0 Virginia 26.0
Illinois 28.2 New Jersey 23.8 Washington 25.5
Indiana 29.6 New Mexico 25.1 West Virginia 32.5
Iowa 28.4 New York 23.9 Wisconsin 26.3
Kansas 29.4 North Carolina 27.8 Wyoming 25.1
Table 2.61
1. Use a random number generator to randomly pick eight states. Construct a bar graph of the obesity rates of those eight states.
2. Construct a bar graph for all the states beginning with the letter "A."
3. Construct a bar graph for all the states beginning with the letter "M."

### 2.2Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Time Series Graphs

76.

Suppose that three book publishers were interested in the number of fiction paperbacks adult consumers purchase per month. Each publisher conducted a survey. In the survey, adult consumers were asked the number of fiction paperbacks they had purchased the previous month. The results are as follows:

# of books Freq. Rel. Freq.
0 10
1 12
2 16
3 12
4 8
5 6
6 2
8 2
Table 2.62 Publisher A
# of books Freq. Rel. Freq.
0 18
1 24
2 24
3 22
4 15
5 10
7 5
9 1
Table 2.63 Publisher B
# of books Freq. Rel. Freq.
0–1 20
2–3 35
4–5 12
6–7 2
8–9 1
Table 2.64 Publisher C
1. Find the relative frequencies for each survey. Write them in the charts.
2. Using either a graphing calculator, computer, or by hand, use the frequency column to construct a histogram for each publisher's survey. For Publishers A and B, make bar widths of one. For Publisher C, make bar widths of two.
3. In complete sentences, give two reasons why the graphs for Publishers A and B are not identical.
4. Would you have expected the graph for Publisher C to look like the other two graphs? Why or why not?
5. Make new histograms for Publisher A and Publisher B. This time, make bar widths of two.
6. Now, compare the graph for Publisher C to the new graphs for Publishers A and B. Are the graphs more similar or more different? Explain your answer.
77.

Often, cruise ships conduct all on-board transactions, with the exception of gambling, on a cashless basis. At the end of the cruise, guests pay one bill that covers all onboard transactions. Suppose that 60 single travelers and 70 couples were surveyed as to their on-board bills for a seven-day cruise from Los Angeles to the Mexican Riviera. Following is a summary of the bills for each group.

Amount($) Frequency Rel. Frequency 51–100 5 101–150 10 151–200 15 201–250 15 251–300 10 301–350 5 Table 2.65 Singles Amount($) Frequency Rel. Frequency
100–150 5
201–250 5
251–300 5
301–350 5
351–400 10
401–450 10
451–500 10
501–550 10
551–600 5
601–650 5
Table 2.66 Couples
1. Fill in the relative frequency for each group.
2. Construct a histogram for the singles group. Scale the x-axis by $50 widths. Use relative frequency on the y-axis. 3. Construct a histogram for the couples group. Scale the x-axis by$50 widths. Use relative frequency on the y-axis.
4. Compare the two graphs:
1. List two similarities between the graphs.
2. List two differences between the graphs.
3. Overall, are the graphs more similar or different?
5. Construct a new graph for the couples by hand. Since each couple is paying for two individuals, instead of scaling the x-axis by $50, scale it by$100. Use relative frequency on the y-axis.
6. Compare the graph for the singles with the new graph for the couples:
1. List two similarities between the graphs.
2. Overall, are the graphs more similar or different?
7. How did scaling the couples graph differently change the way you compared it to the singles graph?
8. Based on the graphs, do you think that individuals spend the same amount, more or less, as singles as they do person by person as a couple? Explain why in one or two complete sentences.
78.

Twenty-five randomly selected students were asked the number of movies they watched the previous week. The results are as follows.

# of movies Frequency Relative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency
0 5
1 9
2 6
3 4
4 1
Table 2.67
1. Construct a histogram of the data.
2. Complete the columns of the chart.

Use the following information to answer the next two exercises: Suppose one hundred eleven people who shopped in a special t-shirt store were asked the number of t-shirts they own costing more than $19 each. 79. The percentage of people who own at most three t-shirts costing more than$19 each is approximately:

1. 21
2. 59
3. 41
4. Cannot be determined
80.

If the data were collected by asking the first 111 people who entered the store, then the type of sampling is:

1. cluster
2. simple random
3. stratified
4. convenience
81.

Following are the 2010 obesity rates by U.S. states and Washington, DC.

State Percent (%) State Percent (%) State Percent (%)
Alabama 32.2 Kentucky 31.3 North Dakota 27.2
Alaska 24.5 Louisiana 31.0 Ohio 29.2
Arizona 24.3 Maine 26.8 Oklahoma 30.4
Arkansas 30.1 Maryland 27.1 Oregon 26.8
California 24.0 Massachusetts 23.0 Pennsylvania 28.6
Colorado 21.0 Michigan 30.9 Rhode Island 25.5
Connecticut 22.5 Minnesota 24.8 South Carolina 31.5
Delaware 28.0 Mississippi 34.0 South Dakota 27.3
Washington, DC 22.2 Missouri 30.5 Tennessee 30.8
Florida 26.6 Montana 23.0 Texas 31.0
Georgia 29.6 Nebraska 26.9 Utah 22.5
Hawaii 22.7 Nevada 22.4 Vermont 23.2
Idaho 26.5 New Hampshire 25.0 Virginia 26.0
Illinois 28.2 New Jersey 23.8 Washington 25.5
Indiana 29.6 New Mexico 25.1 West Virginia 32.5
Iowa 28.4 New York 23.9 Wisconsin 26.3
Kansas 29.4 North Carolina 27.8 Wyoming 25.1
Table 2.68

Construct a bar graph of obesity rates of your state and the four states closest to your state. Hint: Label the x-axis with the states.

### 2.3Measures of the Location of the Data

82.

The median age for U.S. blacks currently is 30.9 years; for U.S. whites it is 42.3 years.

1. Based upon this information, give two reasons why the black median age could be lower than the white median age.
2. Does the lower median age for blacks necessarily mean that blacks die younger than whites? Why or why not?
3. How might it be possible for blacks and whites to die at approximately the same age, but for the median age for whites to be higher?
83.

Six hundred adult Americans were asked by telephone poll, "What do you think constitutes a middle-class income?" The results are in Table 2.69. Also, include left endpoint, but not the right endpoint.

Salary ($) Relative Frequency < 20,000 0.02 20,000–25,000 0.09 25,000–30,000 0.19 30,000–40,000 0.26 40,000–50,000 0.18 50,000–75,000 0.17 75,000–99,999 0.02 100,000+ 0.01 Table 2.69 1. What percentage of the survey answered "not sure"? 2. What percentage think that middle-class is from$25,000 to $50,000? 3. Construct a histogram of the data. 1. Should all bars have the same width, based on the data? Why or why not? 2. How should the <20,000 and the 100,000+ intervals be handled? Why? 4. Find the 40th and 80th percentiles 5. Construct a bar graph of the data 84. Given the following box plot: Figure 2.41 1. which quarter has the smallest spread of data? What is that spread? 2. which quarter has the largest spread of data? What is that spread? 3. find the interquartile range (IQR). 4. are there more data in the interval 5–10 or in the interval 10–13? How do you know this? 5. which interval has the fewest data in it? How do you know this? 1. 0–2 2. 2–4 3. 10–12 4. 12–13 5. need more information 85. The following box plot shows the U.S. population for 1990, the latest available year. Figure 2.42 1. Are there fewer or more children (age 17 and under) than senior citizens (age 65 and over)? How do you know? 2. 12.6% are age 65 and over. Approximately what percentage of the population are working age adults (above age 17 to age 65)? ### 2.4Box Plots 86. In a survey of 20-year-olds in China, Germany, and the United States, people were asked the number of foreign countries they had visited in their lifetime. The following box plots display the results. Figure 2.43 1. In complete sentences, describe what the shape of each box plot implies about the distribution of the data collected. 2. Have more Americans or more Germans surveyed been to over eight foreign countries? 3. Compare the three box plots. What do they imply about the foreign travel of 20-year-old residents of the three countries when compared to each other? 87. Given the following box plot, answer the questions. Figure 2.44 1. Think of an example (in words) where the data might fit into the above box plot. In 2–5 sentences, write down the example. 2. What does it mean to have the first and second quartiles so close together, while the second to third quartiles are far apart? 88. Given the following box plots, answer the questions. Figure 2.45 1. In complete sentences, explain why each statement is false. 1. Data 1 has more data values above two than Data 2 has above two. 2. The data sets cannot have the same mode. 3. For Data 1, there are more data values below four than there are above four. 2. For which group, Data 1 or Data 2, is the value of “7” more likely to be an outlier? Explain why in complete sentences. 89. A survey was conducted of 130 purchasers of new BMW 3 series cars, 130 purchasers of new BMW 5 series cars, and 130 purchasers of new BMW 7 series cars. In it, people were asked the age they were when they purchased their car. The following box plots display the results. Figure 2.46 1. In complete sentences, describe what the shape of each box plot implies about the distribution of the data collected for that car series. 2. Which group is most likely to have an outlier? Explain how you determined that. 3. Compare the three box plots. What do they imply about the age of purchasing a BMW from the series when compared to each other? 4. Look at the BMW 5 series. Which quarter has the smallest spread of data? What is the spread? 5. Look at the BMW 5 series. Which quarter has the largest spread of data? What is the spread? 6. Look at the BMW 5 series. Estimate the interquartile range (IQR). 7. Look at the BMW 5 series. Are there more data in the interval 31 to 38 or in the interval 45 to 55? How do you know this? 8. Look at the BMW 5 series. Which interval has the fewest data in it? How do you know this? 1. 31–35 2. 38–41 3. 41–64 90. Twenty-five randomly selected students were asked the number of movies they watched the previous week. The results are as follows: # of movies Frequency 0 5 1 9 2 6 3 4 4 1 Table 2.70 Construct a box plot of the data. ### 2.5Measures of the Center of the Data 91. The most obese countries in the world have obesity rates that range from 11.4% to 74.6%. This data is summarized in the following table. Percent of Population Obese Number of Countries 11.4–20.45 29 20.45–29.45 13 29.45–38.45 4 38.45–47.45 0 47.45–56.45 2 56.45–65.45 1 65.45–74.45 0 74.45–83.45 1 Table 2.71 1. What is the best estimate of the average obesity percentage for these countries? 2. The United States has an average obesity rate of 33.9%. Is this rate above average or below? 3. How does the United States compare to other countries? 92. Table 2.72 gives the percent of children under five considered to be underweight. What is the best estimate for the mean percentage of underweight children? Percent of Underweight Children Number of Countries 16–21.45 23 21.45–26.9 4 26.9–32.35 9 32.35–37.8 7 37.8–43.25 6 43.25–48.7 1 Table 2.72 ### 2.6Skewness and the Mean, Median, and Mode 93. The median age of the U.S. population in 1980 was 30.0 years. In 1991, the median age was 33.1 years. 1. What does it mean for the median age to rise? 2. Give two reasons why the median age could rise. 3. For the median age to rise, is the actual number of children less in 1991 than it was in 1980? Why or why not? ### 2.7Measures of the Spread of the Data Use the following information to answer the next nine exercises: The population parameters below describe the full-time equivalent number of students (FTES) each year at Lake Tahoe Community College from 1976–1977 through 2004–2005. • μ = 1000 FTES • median = 1,014 FTES • σ = 474 FTES • first quartile = 528.5 FTES • third quartile = 1,447.5 FTES • n = 29 years 94. A sample of 11 years is taken. About how many are expected to have a FTES of 1014 or above? Explain how you determined your answer. 95. 75% of all years have an FTES: 1. at or below: _____ 2. at or above: _____ 96. The population standard deviation = _____ 97. What percent of the FTES were from 528.5 to 1447.5? How do you know? 98. What is the IQR? What does the IQR represent? 99. How many standard deviations away from the mean is the median? Additional Information: The population FTES for 2005–2006 through 2010–2011 was given in an updated report. The data are reported here.  Year 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 Total FTES 1,585 1,690 1,735 1,935 2,021 1,890 Table 2.73 100. Calculate the mean, median, standard deviation, the first quartile, the third quartile and the IQR. Round to one decimal place. 101. What additional information is needed to construct a box plot for the FTES for 2005-2006 through 2010-2011 and a box plot for the FTES for 1976-1977 through 2004-2005? 102. Compare the IQR for the FTES for 1976–77 through 2004–2005 with the IQR for the FTES for 2005-2006 through 2010–2011. Why do you suppose the IQRs are so different? 103. Three students were applying to the same graduate school. They came from schools with different grading systems. Which student had the best GPA when compared to other students at his school? Explain how you determined your answer. Student GPA School Average GPA School Standard Deviation Thuy 2.7 3.2 0.8 Vichet 87 75 20 Kamala 8.6 8 0.4 Table 2.74 104. A music school has budgeted to purchase three musical instruments. They plan to purchase a piano costing$3,000, a guitar costing $550, and a drum set costing$600. The mean cost for a piano is $4,000 with a standard deviation of$2,500. The mean cost for a guitar is $500 with a standard deviation of$200. The mean cost for drums is $700 with a standard deviation of$100. Which cost is the lowest, when compared to other instruments of the same type? Which cost is the highest when compared to other instruments of the same type. Justify your answer.

105.

An elementary school class ran one mile with a mean of 11 minutes and a standard deviation of three minutes. Rachel, a student in the class, ran one mile in eight minutes. A junior high school class ran one mile with a mean of nine minutes and a standard deviation of two minutes. Kenji, a student in the class, ran 1 mile in 8.5 minutes. A high school class ran one mile with a mean of seven minutes and a standard deviation of four minutes. Nedda, a student in the class, ran one mile in eight minutes.

1. Why is Kenji considered a better runner than Nedda, even though Nedda ran faster than he?
2. Who is the fastest runner with respect to his or her class? Explain why.
106.

The most obese countries in the world have obesity rates that range from 11.4% to 74.6%. This data is summarized in Table 14.

Percent of Population ObeseNumber of Countries
11.4–20.4529
20.45–29.4513
29.45–38.454
38.45–47.450
47.45–56.452
56.45–65.451
65.45–74.450
74.45–83.451
Table 2.75

What is the best estimate of the average obesity percentage for these countries? What is the standard deviation for the listed obesity rates? The United States has an average obesity rate of 33.9%. Is this rate above average or below? How “unusual” is the United States’ obesity rate compared to the average rate? Explain.

107.

Table 2.76 gives the percent of children under five considered to be underweight.

Percent of Underweight Children Number of Countries
16–21.4523
21.45–26.94
26.9–32.359
32.35–37.87
37.8–43.256
43.25–48.71
Table 2.76

What is the best estimate for the mean percentage of underweight children? What is the standard deviation? Which interval(s) could be considered unusual? Explain.

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