Introduction

Consider the following scenarios:

• A patient recently signed a do not resuscitate order and has a living will stating they do not want any extreme lifesaving measures; however, when they cease breathing, their adult children demand they be placed on life support.
• A provider has asked a nurse to facilitate understanding of the informed consent documents with a patient before surgery; however, based on their confusion about the procedure and aftercare expectations, it is apparent the health literacy of the patient and family is low, and they do not understand what the patient was asked to sign.
• A teenager has been brought in with multiple traumatic injuries following a motor vehicle accident. They require blood transfusions and surgery to survive; however, the family refuses to consent to the procedures, citing religious conflicts.
• An older patient from a skilled nursing facility has been brought to the hospital in a coma after a fall. They have no family, no living will, and no chance of recovery; however, they have no one to make decisions for them since they are incapacitated.

What is the nurse’s role in these types of situations? These scenarios offer real examples of why a clear understanding of values, ethics, laws, and advocacy is critical for nurses. Every nurse will face these or similar scenarios and ethical and legal questions in their careers. For this reason, entering practice with a solid moral and ethical foundation is vital for all nurses and healthcare workers.