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Chemistry

Index

ChemistryIndex
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Essential Ideas
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Chemistry in Context
    3. 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
    4. 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
    5. 1.4 Measurements
    6. 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
    7. 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  3. 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
    3. 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
    4. 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
    5. 2.4 Chemical Formulas
    6. 2.5 The Periodic Table
    7. 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
    8. 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  4. 3 Composition of Substances and Solutions
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
    3. 3.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
    4. 3.3 Molarity
    5. 3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  5. 4 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
    3. 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
    4. 4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
    5. 4.4 Reaction Yields
    6. 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  6. 5 Thermochemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Energy Basics
    3. 5.2 Calorimetry
    4. 5.3 Enthalpy
    5. Key Terms
    6. Key Equations
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  7. 6 Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
    3. 6.2 The Bohr Model
    4. 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
    5. 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
    6. 6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  8. 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 Ionic Bonding
    3. 7.2 Covalent Bonding
    4. 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
    5. 7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
    6. 7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
    7. 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  9. 8 Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 Valence Bond Theory
    3. 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
    4. 8.3 Multiple Bonds
    5. 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  10. 9 Gases
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 Gas Pressure
    3. 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
    4. 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
    5. 9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
    6. 9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
    7. 9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  11. 10 Liquids and Solids
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
    3. 10.2 Properties of Liquids
    4. 10.3 Phase Transitions
    5. 10.4 Phase Diagrams
    6. 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
    7. 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  12. 11 Solutions and Colloids
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 The Dissolution Process
    3. 11.2 Electrolytes
    4. 11.3 Solubility
    5. 11.4 Colligative Properties
    6. 11.5 Colloids
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  13. 12 Kinetics
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
    3. 12.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    4. 12.3 Rate Laws
    5. 12.4 Integrated Rate Laws
    6. 12.5 Collision Theory
    7. 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
    8. 12.7 Catalysis
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  14. 13 Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 Chemical Equilibria
    3. 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
    4. 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
    5. 13.4 Equilibrium Calculations
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  15. 14 Acid-Base Equilibria
    1. Introduction
    2. 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
    3. 14.2 pH and pOH
    4. 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
    5. 14.4 Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
    6. 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
    7. 14.6 Buffers
    8. 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  16. 15 Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
    1. Introduction
    2. 15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
    3. 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
    4. 15.3 Multiple Equilibria
    5. Key Terms
    6. Key Equations
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  17. 16 Thermodynamics
    1. Introduction
    2. 16.1 Spontaneity
    3. 16.2 Entropy
    4. 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
    5. 16.4 Free Energy
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  18. 17 Electrochemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    3. 17.2 Galvanic Cells
    4. 17.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
    5. 17.4 The Nernst Equation
    6. 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
    7. 17.6 Corrosion
    8. 17.7 Electrolysis
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  19. 18 Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
    1. Introduction
    2. 18.1 Periodicity
    3. 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
    4. 18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
    5. 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
    6. 18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
    7. 18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
    8. 18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
    9. 18.8 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
    10. 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
    11. 18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
    12. 18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
    13. 18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
    14. Key Terms
    15. Summary
    16. Exercises
  20. 19 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
    3. 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
    4. 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
    5. Key Terms
    6. Summary
    7. Exercises
  21. 20 Organic Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 20.1 Hydrocarbons
    3. 20.2 Alcohols and Ethers
    4. 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
    5. 20.4 Amines and Amides
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  22. 21 Nuclear Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
    3. 21.2 Nuclear Equations
    4. 21.3 Radioactive Decay
    5. 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
    6. 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
    7. 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  23. A | The Periodic Table
  24. B | Essential Mathematics
  25. C | Units and Conversion Factors
  26. D | Fundamental Physical Constants
  27. E | Water Properties
  28. F | Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
  29. G | Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
  30. H | Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
  31. I | Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
  32. J | Solubility Products
  33. K | Formation Constants for Complex Ions
  34. L | Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
  35. M | Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
  36. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
    14. Chapter 14
    15. Chapter 15
    16. Chapter 16
    17. Chapter 17
    18. Chapter 18
    19. Chapter 19
    20. Chapter 20
    21. Chapter 21
  37. Index
Symbols
Δoct19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
π* antibonding molecular orbital8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
σs molecular orbital8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
σs*σs* molecular orbital8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
A12.5 Collision Theory
absolute zero9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
accuracy1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
acid4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
acid anhydrides18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
acid ionization14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
acid-base indicators14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
acid-base reaction4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
acid-ionization constant, Ka14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
acidic14.2 pH and pOH
acids2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
actinide series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
actinides2.5 The Periodic Table
actinoid series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
activated complex12.5 Collision Theory
activation energy (Ea)12.5 Collision Theory
active electrode17.2 Galvanic Cells
activity11.4 Colligative Properties, 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
actual yield4.4 Reaction Yields
addition reaction20.1 Hydrocarbons
adhesive forces10.2 Properties of Liquids
Alcohols20.2 Alcohols and Ethers
aldehydes20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
alkali metals2.5 The Periodic Table
Alkaline batteries17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
alkaline earth metals2.5 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
Alkanes20.1 Hydrocarbons
alkenes20.1 Hydrocarbons
alkyl group20.1 Hydrocarbons
alkynes20.1 Hydrocarbons
Allotropes18.1 Periodicity
alloys11.1 The Dissolution Process
Alpha (α) decay21.3 Radioactive Decay
Alpha particles21.2 Nuclear Equations
alpha particles (α particles)2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Amides20.4 Amines and Amides
Amines20.4 Amines and Amides
Amontons’s law9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
amorphous18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
amorphous solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
amphiphilic11.5 Colloids
amphiprotic14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
amphoteric14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
amplitude6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
analyte4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
angular momentum quantum number6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
anion2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
anode17.2 Galvanic Cells
antibonding orbitals8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
antimatter21.2 Nuclear Equations
aqueous solution3.3 Molarity
aromatic hydrocarbons20.1 Hydrocarbons
Arrhenius14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Arrhenius equation12.5 Collision Theory
atmosphere (atm)9.1 Gas Pressure
atom1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter, 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
atomic mass2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
atomic mass unit (amu)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
atomic number (Z)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
atomic orbital6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Atwater system5.2 Calorimetry
Aufbau principle6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
autoionization14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Autumn10.1 Intermolecular Forces
average rate12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
Avogadro’s law9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Avogadro’s number (NA)3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
axial position7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
B
balanced4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Balmer6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
band of stability21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
bar9.1 Gas Pressure
barometer9.1 Gas Pressure
Bartlett18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
base4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
base anhydrides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
base ionization14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
base-ionization constant (Kb)14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
basic14.2 pH and pOH
battery17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
becquerel (Bq)21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Beta (β) decay21.3 Radioactive Decay
Beta particles21.2 Nuclear Equations
bicarbonate anion18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
Bidentate ligands19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
bimolecular reaction12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
binary acid2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
binary compounds2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
binding energy per nucleon21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
biofuel5.3 Enthalpy
Bismuth18.1 Periodicity
blackbody6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
body-centered cubic (BCC) solid10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
body-centered cubic unit cell10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Bohr6.1 Electromagnetic Energy, 6.2 The Bohr Model
Bohr’s model6.2 The Bohr Model
boiling point10.3 Phase Transitions
boiling point elevation11.4 Colligative Properties
boiling point elevation constant11.4 Colligative Properties
Boltzmann16.2 Entropy
bomb calorimeter5.2 Calorimetry
bond angle7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
bond dipole moment7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
bond distance7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
bond length7.2 Covalent Bonding
bond order8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
bonding orbitals8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Borates18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
Born6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Born-Haber cycle7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Boyle14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Boyle’s law9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Bragg10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Bragg equation10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Brønsted-Lowry acid14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Brønsted-Lowry base14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
buffer14.6 Buffers
buffer capacity14.6 Buffers
buret4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
C
calories (cal)5.1 Energy Basics
calorimeter5.2 Calorimetry
calorimetry5.2 Calorimetry
capillary action10.2 Properties of Liquids
carbonates18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
carbonyl group20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
carboxylic acids20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
Carnot16.2 Entropy
catalyst12.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
cathode17.2 Galvanic Cells
cathode ray2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
cathodic protection17.6 Corrosion
cations2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
cell notation17.2 Galvanic Cells
cell potential17.2 Galvanic Cells
Celsius (°C)1.4 Measurements
central metal19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Chadwick2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory, 21.2 Nuclear Equations
chain reaction21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
chalcogens2.5 The Periodic Table
Charles’s law9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
chelate19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
chelating ligands19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
chemical change1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
chemical equation4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
chemical property1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
chemical reduction18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
chemical symbol2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
chemical thermodynamics5.3 Enthalpy
chemistry1.1 Chemistry in Context
chemotherapy21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
chlor-alkali process18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
circuit17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
cis configuration19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Clausius16.2 Entropy
Clausius-Clapeyron equation10.3 Phase Transitions
coefficients4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
cohesive forces10.2 Properties of Liquids
colligative properties11.4 Colligative Properties
Collision theory12.5 Collision Theory
colloidal dispersions11.5 Colloids
colloids11.5 Colloids
color-change interval14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
combustion analysis4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
combustion reactions4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
common ion effect15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
complete ionic equation4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
complex ion15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
compounds1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
compressibility factor (Z)9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
concentrated3.3 Molarity
concentration3.3 Molarity
concentration cell17.4 The Nernst Equation
condensation10.3 Phase Transitions
conjugate acid14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
conjugate base14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
containment system21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
continuous spectrum6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
control rods21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
coordinate covalent bond15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
coordination compounds19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
coordination isomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
coordination number10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
coordination sphere19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
core electrons6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Corrosion17.6 Corrosion
Cottrell11.5 Colloids
covalent bonds2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds, 7.2 Covalent Bonding
Covalent network solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
covalent radius6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
crenation11.4 Colligative Properties
Crick10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
critical mass21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
critical point10.4 Phase Diagrams
Cronin2.4 Chemical Formulas
crystal field splitting19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
crystal field theory19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
crystalline solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
cubic centimeter (cm3)1.4 Measurements
cubic closest packing (CCP)10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
cubic meter (m3)1.4 Measurements
Curie21.2 Nuclear Equations
curie (Ci)21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
current17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
D
d orbitals6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
d-block elements19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Dalton1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Dalton (Da)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
Dalton’s atomic theory2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
Dalton’s law of partial pressures9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
daughter nuclide21.3 Radioactive Decay
Davisson6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Davy14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
de Broglie6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Debye11.4 Colligative Properties
degenerate orbitals6.3 Development of Quantum Theory, 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
density1.4 Measurements
deposition10.3 Phase Transitions
diamagnetic8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Diffraction10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
diffusion9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
dilute3.3 Molarity
Dilution3.3 Molarity
dimensional analysis1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
dipole moment7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
dipole-dipole attraction10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Diprotic acids14.5 Polyprotic Acids
diprotic base14.5 Polyprotic Acids
dispersed phase11.5 Colloids
dispersion force10.1 Intermolecular Forces
dispersion medium11.5 Colloids
disproportionation reactions18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
dissociation11.2 Electrolytes
dissociation constant (Kd)15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
dissolved3.3 Molarity
donor atom19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
double bond7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
Downs cell18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
dry cell17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
dynamic equilibrium10.3 Phase Transitions
E
effective nuclear charge, Zeff6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
effusion9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
eg orbitals19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Electrical potential17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
electrical work17.4 The Nernst Equation
electrolysis17.7 Electrolysis
electrolytes11.2 Electrolytes
electrolytic cells17.7 Electrolysis
electromagnetic radiation6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
electromagnetic spectrum6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
electron2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
electron affinity6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
Electron capture21.3 Radioactive Decay
electron configuration6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
electron volts (eV)21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
electron-pair geometry7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
electronegativity7.2 Covalent Bonding
electroplating17.7 Electrolysis
element2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
elementary reaction12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
elements1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
empirical formula2.4 Chemical Formulas
empirical formula mass3.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
emulsifying agent11.5 Colloids
emulsion11.5 Colloids
enantiomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
end point4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
endothermic process5.1 Energy Basics
Energy5.1 Energy Basics
enthalpy (H)5.3 Enthalpy
enthalpy change (ΔH)5.3 Enthalpy
entropy (S)16.2 Entropy
equatorial position7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
equilibrium13.1 Chemical Equilibria
equilibrium constant (K)13.2 Equilibrium Constants
equivalence point4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
esters20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
Ethers20.2 Alcohols and Ethers
exact number1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
excess reactant4.4 Reaction Yields
excited electronic state6.2 The Bohr Model
exothermic process5.1 Energy Basics
expansion work5.3 Enthalpy
extensive property1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
external beam radiation therapy21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
F
f orbitals6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
f-block elements19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
face-centered cubic (FCC) solid10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
face-centered cubic unit cell10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
factor-label method1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Fahrenheit1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Faraday’s constant17.4 The Nernst Equation
first law of thermodynamics5.3 Enthalpy
first transition series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
fissile21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
fission21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
fissionable21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
formal charge7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
formation constant (Kf)15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
formula mass3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
fourth transition series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Franklin10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Frasch process18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
free radicals7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
freezing10.3 Phase Transitions
freezing point10.3 Phase Transitions
freezing point depression11.4 Colligative Properties
freezing point depression constant11.4 Colligative Properties
frequency6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
frequency factor12.5 Collision Theory
fuel cell17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
FullerIntroduction, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
functional group20.1 Hydrocarbons
fundamental unit of charge (e)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
fusion21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
fusion reactor21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
G
Galvanic cells17.2 Galvanic Cells
galvanized iron17.6 Corrosion
Gamma emission (γ emission)21.3 Radioactive Decay
gamma rays (γ)21.2 Nuclear Equations
gas1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Gay-Lussac’s law9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Geiger2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Geiger counter21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Geim10.5 The Solid State of Matter, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
gel11.5 Colloids
Germer6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Gibbs16.4 Free Energy
Gibbs free energy change (G)16.4 Free Energy
Gouy8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Graham’s law of effusion9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
gravimetric analysis4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
gray (Gy)21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Greaney10.1 Intermolecular Forces
ground electronic state6.2 The Bohr Model
groups2.5 The Periodic Table
H
Haber process18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
half-life21.3 Radioactive Decay
half-life of a reaction (t1/2)12.4 Integrated Rate Laws
half-reaction4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
half-reaction method17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
halides18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
Hall18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
Hall–Héroult cell18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
halogens2.5 The Periodic Table
Hasselbalch14.6 Buffers
Heat (q)5.1 Energy Basics
heat capacity (C)5.1 Energy Basics
Heisenberg uncertainty principle6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
hemolysis11.4 Colligative Properties
Henderson14.6 Buffers
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation14.6 Buffers
Henry’s law11.3 Solubility, 11.3 Solubility
Héroult18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
hertz (Hz)6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Hess’s law5.3 Enthalpy, 5.3 Enthalpy
heterogeneous catalyst12.7 Catalysis
heterogeneous equilibrium13.2 Equilibrium Constants
heterogeneous mixture1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
hexagonal closest packing (HCP)10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
high-spin complexes19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
holes10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
homogeneous catalyst12.7 Catalysis
homogeneous equilibrium13.2 Equilibrium Constants
homogeneous mixture1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
homonuclear diatomic molecules8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Hu10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Hückel11.4 Colligative Properties
Hund’s rule6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Huygens6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
hybrid orbitals8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
hybridization8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
hydrocarbons5.3 Enthalpy
hydrogen bonding10.1 Intermolecular Forces
hydrogen carbonates18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
hydrogen halides18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
hydrogen sulfates18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
hydrogen sulfites18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
hydrogenation18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
hydrometallurgy19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
hydrostatic pressure9.1 Gas Pressure
hydroxides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
hypertonic11.4 Colligative Properties
hypervalent molecules7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
hypothesis1.1 Chemistry in Context
hypotonic11.4 Colligative Properties
I
ideal gas9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
ideal gas constant9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
ideal gas law9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
ideal solution11.1 The Dissolution Process
immiscible11.3 Solubility
indicators4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
induced dipole10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Inert electrodes17.2 Galvanic Cells
inert gases2.5 The Periodic Table
inert pair effect7.1 Ionic Bonding
initial rate12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
inner transition metals2.5 The Periodic Table
insoluble4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
instantaneous dipole10.1 Intermolecular Forces
instantaneous rate12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
integrated rate laws12.4 Integrated Rate Laws
intensive property1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
interference patterns6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
interhalogens18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
intermediates12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
intermolecular forces10.1 Intermolecular Forces
internal energy (U)5.3 Enthalpy
internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy)21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
International System of Units1.4 Measurements
interstitial sites10.5 The Solid State of Matter
ion2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
ion-dipole attraction11.2 Electrolytes
ion-product constant for water (Kw)14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
ionic bonds2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds, 7.1 Ionic Bonding
ionic compound2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
Ionic solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
ionization energy6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
Ionization isomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
ionizing radiation21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
isoelectronic6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
isomers2.4 Chemical Formulas
isomorphous10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
isotonic11.4 Colligative Properties
isotopes2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
IUPAC20.1 Hydrocarbons
J
joule (J)5.1 Energy Basics
K12.3 Rate Laws
Kc13.2 Equilibrium Constants
kelvin (K)1.4 Measurements
ketones20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
kilogram (kg)1.4 Measurements
kinetic energy5.1 Energy Basics
kinetic molecular theory9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Kohn8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
KP13.2 Equilibrium Constants
L
lanthanide series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
lanthanides2.5 The Periodic Table
lanthanoid series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
lattice energy (ΔHlattice)7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Lavoisier9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
law of conservation of matter1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
law of constant composition2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
law of definite proportions2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
law of mass action13.2 Equilibrium Constants
law of multiple proportions2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
laws1.1 Chemistry in Context
Le Châtelier's principle13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
lead acid battery17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
length1.4 Measurements
leveling effect of water14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
Lewis15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis acid15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis acid-base adduct15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis base15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis structures7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
Lewis symbol7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
ligands15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
limiting reactant4.4 Reaction Yields
line spectra6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
linear7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO)8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Linkage isomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
liquid1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
liter (L) 1.4 Measurements
Lithium ion batteries17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
London10.1 Intermolecular Forces
London dispersion force10.1 Intermolecular Forces
lone pairs7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
low-spin complexes19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
M
macroscopic domain1.1 Chemistry in Context
magic numbers21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
magnetic quantum number6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
main-group elements2.5 The Periodic Table
manometer9.1 Gas Pressure
Marsden2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
mass1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
mass defect21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
mass number (A)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
mass percentage3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
mass-energy equivalence equation21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
mass-volume percent3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
Matter1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Maxwell6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
mean free path9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
melting10.3 Phase Transitions
melting point10.3 Phase Transitions
Mendeleev2.5 The Periodic Table
Metallic solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
metalloid18.1 Periodicity
metalloids2.5 The Periodic Table
metals2.5 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
meter (m)1.4 Measurements
method of initial rates12.3 Rate Laws
Meyer2.5 The Periodic Table
microscopic domain1.1 Chemistry in Context
microstate (W)16.2 Entropy
millicurie (mCi)21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Millikan2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
milliliter (mL)1.4 Measurements
miscible11.3 Solubility
mixture1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Molality11.4 Colligative Properties
molar mass3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
Molarity (M)3.3 Molarity
mole3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
mole fraction (X)9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
molecular compounds2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
molecular equation4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
molecular formula2.4 Chemical Formulas
molecular mass2.4 Chemical Formulas
molecular orbital (Ψ2)8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
molecular orbital diagram8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular orbital theory8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular solids10.5 The Solid State of Matter
molecular structure7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance, 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
molecularity12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
molecule1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Molina12.7 Catalysis
monatomic ions2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
monodentate19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
monoprotic acids14.5 Polyprotic Acids
ms6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
multiple equilibria15.3 Multiple Equilibria
N
Nagaoka2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Nernst equation17.4 The Nernst Equation
net ionic equation4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
neutral14.2 pH and pOH
neutralization reaction4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
neutrons2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Newton6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Nickel-cadmium17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Nitrates18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
nitrogen fixation18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
noble gases2.5 The Periodic Table
node8.1 Valence Bond Theory
nodes6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Nomenclature2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
nonelectrolytes11.2 Electrolytes
nonionizing radiation21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
nonmetals2.5 The Periodic Table
nonspontaneous process16.1 Spontaneity
normal boiling point10.3 Phase Transitions
Novoselov10.5 The Solid State of Matter, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
nuclear binding energy21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
Nuclear chemistry21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
Nuclear fuel21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
nuclear moderator21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
nuclear reactions21.2 Nuclear Equations
nuclear reactor21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
Nuclear transmutation21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
nucleons21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
nucleus2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
nuclide21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
nutritional calorie (Calorie)5.2 Calorimetry
O
octahedral7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
octahedral hole10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
octet rule7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
optical isomers19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Orbital diagrams6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
organic compounds20.1 Hydrocarbons
osmosis11.4 Colligative Properties
osmotic pressure (Π)11.4 Colligative Properties
Ostwald process18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
overall reaction order12.3 Rate Laws
overlap8.1 Valence Bond Theory
overpotential17.7 Electrolysis
oxidation4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxidation number4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxidation state4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
oxidizing agent (oxidant)4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxyacids2.7 Chemical Nomenclature, 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
Oxyanions2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
ozone18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
P
p orbitals6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
pairing energy (P)19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
paramagnetism8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
parent nuclide21.3 Radioactive Decay
partial pressure9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
partially miscible11.3 Solubility
particle accelerators21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
parts per billion (ppb)3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
parts per million (ppm)3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
pascal (Pa)9.1 Gas Pressure
passivation18.1 Periodicity
Pauli exclusion principle6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Pauling7.2 Covalent Bonding
percent composition3.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
percent ionization14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
percent yield4.4 Reaction Yields
periodic law2.5 The Periodic Table
periodic table2.5 The Periodic Table
periods2.5 The Periodic Table
peroxides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
Perrier21.2 Nuclear Equations
pH14.2 pH and pOH
phase diagram10.4 Phase Diagrams
photons6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
photosynthesis18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
physical change1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
physical property1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
pi (π) bonding molecular orbital8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
pi bond (π bond)8.1 Valence Bond Theory
Pidgeon process18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
plasma1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
platinum metals19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
pnictogens2.5 The Periodic Table
pOH14.2 pH and pOH
polar covalent bond7.2 Covalent Bonding
polar molecule7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
polarizability10.1 Intermolecular Forces
polyatomic ions2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
polydentate ligand19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
polymorphs18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
position of equilibrium13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
Positron emission (β+ decay21.3 Radioactive Decay
Positrons21.2 Nuclear Equations
potential energy5.1 Energy Basics
pounds per square inch (psi)9.1 Gas Pressure
precipitate4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
precipitation reaction4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
precision1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
pressure9.1 Gas Pressure
Primary batteries17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
principal quantum number6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
products4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
proton2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
pure covalent bond7.2 Covalent Bonding
pure substance1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Q
quantitative analysis4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
quantization6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
quantum mechanics6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
quantum numbers6.2 The Bohr Model
R
radiation absorbed dose (rad)21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Radiation dosimeters21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Radiation therapy21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactive decay21.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive decay series21.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive label21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactive tracer21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactivity21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
radiocarbon dating21.3 Radioactive Decay
radioisotope21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
radiometric dating21.3 Radioactive Decay
Raoult’s law11.4 Colligative Properties
rare earth elements19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
rate constant12.3 Rate Laws
rate equations12.3 Rate Laws
rate expression12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
Rate laws12.3 Rate Laws
rate of diffusion9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
rate of reaction12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
rate-limiting step12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
RBE21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
reactants4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
reaction mechanism12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
reaction order12.3 Rate Laws
reaction quotient (Q)13.2 Equilibrium Constants
reactor coolant21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
reducing agent (reductant)4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
reduction4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
reduction half-reaction17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
relative biological effectiveness21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
representative elements2.5 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
representative metals18.1 Periodicity
resonance7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
resonance forms7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
resonance hybrid7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
reversible process16.2 Entropy
reversible reaction13.1 Chemical Equilibria
roentgen equivalent for man (rem)21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
root mean square velocity9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
rounding1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
Rutherford2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory, 6.2 The Bohr Model, 21.2 Nuclear Equations
Rydberg6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
S
s orbitals6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
s-p mixing8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
sacrificial anodes17.6 Corrosion
salt4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
saturated11.3 Solubility
saturated hydrocarbons20.1 Hydrocarbons
scientific method1.1 Chemistry in Context
scintillation counter21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
second (s)1.4 Measurements
second law of thermodynamics16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
second transition series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Secondary batteries17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Segre21.2 Nuclear Equations
selective precipitation15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
semipermeable membranes11.4 Colligative Properties
series2.5 The Periodic Table
shells6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
SI Units1.4 Measurements
sievert (Sv)21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
sigma bonds (σ bonds)8.1 Valence Bond Theory
significant digits1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
significant figures1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
Silicates18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
simple cubic structure10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
simple cubic unit cell10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
single bond7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
Single-displacement (replacement) reactions4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
skeletal structure20.1 Hydrocarbons
Smalley7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
smelting19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Soddy2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
solid1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Solomon9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
solubility4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions, 11.3 Solubility
solubility product (Ksp)15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
soluble4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
solute3.3 Molarity
solution1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
solvation11.1 The Dissolution Process
solvent3.3 Molarity
sp hybrid orbitals8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp2 hybrid orbitals8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3 hybrid orbitals8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3d hybrid orbitals8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3d2 hybrid orbitals8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
space lattice10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
spatial isomers2.4 Chemical Formulas
specific heat capacity (c)5.1 Energy Basics
spectator ions4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
spectrochemical series19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
spin quantum number6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
spontaneous process11.1 The Dissolution Process, 16.1 Spontaneity
standard cell potential17.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
Standard enthalpy of combustion5.3 Enthalpy
standard enthalpy of formation ΔHf°ΔHf°5.3 Enthalpy
Standard entropies16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
standard entropy change (ΔS°)16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
standard free energy change (ΔG°)16.4 Free Energy
standard free energy of formation16.4 Free Energy
standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)17.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
standard molar volume9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
standard state5.3 Enthalpy
standard temperature and pressure (STP)9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Standing waves6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
state function5.3 Enthalpy
stationary waves6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Steel19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
stepwise ionization14.5 Polyprotic Acids
stoichiometric factors4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
stoichiometry4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
stress13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
strong acids4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
strong bases4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
strong electrolyte11.2 Electrolytes
strong nuclear force21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
strong-field ligands19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
structural formula2.4 Chemical Formulas
structural isomers2.4 Chemical Formulas
subcritical mass21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
sublimation10.3 Phase Transitions
subshell6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
substituents20.1 Hydrocarbons
substitution reaction20.1 Hydrocarbons
sulfates18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
sulfites18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
superconductor19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
supercritical fluid10.4 Phase Diagrams
supercritical mass21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
superoxides18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
supersaturated11.3 Solubility
Surface tension10.2 Properties of Liquids
surroundings5.2 Calorimetry
symbolic domain1.1 Chemistry in Context
system5.2 Calorimetry
T
t2g orbitals19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
temperature1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results, 5.1 Energy Basics
termolecular reaction12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
tetrahedral7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
tetrahedral hole10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
theoretical yield4.4 Reaction Yields
theories1.1 Chemistry in Context
Thermal energy5.1 Energy Basics
thermochemistry5.1 Energy Basics
third law of thermodynamics16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
third transition series19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Thomson2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
titrant4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
titration analysis4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
titration curve14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
torr9.1 Gas Pressure
trans configuration19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
transition metals2.5 The Periodic Table
transition state12.5 Collision Theory
transmutation21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
transuranium elements21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
trigonal bipyramidal7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
trigonal planar7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
triple bond7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
triple point10.4 Phase Diagrams
triprotic acid14.5 Polyprotic Acids
Tyndall effect11.5 Colloids
U
uncertainty1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
unified atomic mass unit (u)2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
unimolecular reaction12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
unit cell10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
unit conversion factor1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Units1.4 Measurements
unsaturated11.3 Solubility
urms9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
V
Vacancies10.5 The Solid State of Matter
Valence bond theory8.1 Valence Bond Theory
valence electrons6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
valence shell6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory)7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
van der Waals equation9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
van der Waals forces10.1 Intermolecular Forces
van’t Hoff factor (i)11.4 Colligative Properties
vapor pressure10.3 Phase Transitions
vapor pressure of water9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
vaporization10.3 Phase Transitions
vector7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
viscosity10.2 Properties of Liquids
voltaic cells17.2 Galvanic Cells
Volume1.4 Measurements
volume percentage3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
W
Watson10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
wave6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
wave-particle duality6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
wavefunctions6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
wavelength6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
weak acids4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
weak bases4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
weak electrolyte11.2 Electrolytes
weak-field ligands19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Weight1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Wilkins10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
WohlerIntroduction
work (w)5.1 Energy Basics
X
X-ray crystallography10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Y
Young6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
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