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Chemistry

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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Essential Ideas
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 Chemistry in Context
    3. 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
    4. 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
    5. 1.4 Measurements
    6. 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
    7. 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  3. 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
    3. 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
    4. 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
    5. 2.4 Chemical Formulas
    6. 2.5 The Periodic Table
    7. 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
    8. 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  4. 3 Composition of Substances and Solutions
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
    3. 3.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
    4. 3.3 Molarity
    5. 3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  5. 4 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
    3. 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
    4. 4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
    5. 4.4 Reaction Yields
    6. 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  6. 5 Thermochemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Energy Basics
    3. 5.2 Calorimetry
    4. 5.3 Enthalpy
    5. Key Terms
    6. Key Equations
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  7. 6 Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties of Elements
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
    3. 6.2 The Bohr Model
    4. 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
    5. 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
    6. 6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  8. 7 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 Ionic Bonding
    3. 7.2 Covalent Bonding
    4. 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
    5. 7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
    6. 7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
    7. 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  9. 8 Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 Valence Bond Theory
    3. 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
    4. 8.3 Multiple Bonds
    5. 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  10. 9 Gases
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 Gas Pressure
    3. 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
    4. 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
    5. 9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
    6. 9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
    7. 9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  11. 10 Liquids and Solids
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
    3. 10.2 Properties of Liquids
    4. 10.3 Phase Transitions
    5. 10.4 Phase Diagrams
    6. 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
    7. 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  12. 11 Solutions and Colloids
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 The Dissolution Process
    3. 11.2 Electrolytes
    4. 11.3 Solubility
    5. 11.4 Colligative Properties
    6. 11.5 Colloids
    7. Key Terms
    8. Key Equations
    9. Summary
    10. Exercises
  13. 12 Kinetics
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
    3. 12.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
    4. 12.3 Rate Laws
    5. 12.4 Integrated Rate Laws
    6. 12.5 Collision Theory
    7. 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
    8. 12.7 Catalysis
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  14. 13 Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
    1. Introduction
    2. 13.1 Chemical Equilibria
    3. 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
    4. 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
    5. 13.4 Equilibrium Calculations
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  15. 14 Acid-Base Equilibria
    1. Introduction
    2. 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
    3. 14.2 pH and pOH
    4. 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
    5. 14.4 Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
    6. 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
    7. 14.6 Buffers
    8. 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  16. 15 Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
    1. Introduction
    2. 15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
    3. 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
    4. 15.3 Multiple Equilibria
    5. Key Terms
    6. Key Equations
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  17. 16 Thermodynamics
    1. Introduction
    2. 16.1 Spontaneity
    3. 16.2 Entropy
    4. 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
    5. 16.4 Free Energy
    6. Key Terms
    7. Key Equations
    8. Summary
    9. Exercises
  18. 17 Electrochemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
    3. 17.2 Galvanic Cells
    4. 17.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
    5. 17.4 The Nernst Equation
    6. 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
    7. 17.6 Corrosion
    8. 17.7 Electrolysis
    9. Key Terms
    10. Key Equations
    11. Summary
    12. Exercises
  19. 18 Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals
    1. Introduction
    2. 18.1 Periodicity
    3. 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
    4. 18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
    5. 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
    6. 18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
    7. 18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
    8. 18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
    9. 18.8 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
    10. 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
    11. 18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
    12. 18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
    13. 18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
    14. Key Terms
    15. Summary
    16. Exercises
  20. 19 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
    3. 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
    4. 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
    5. Key Terms
    6. Summary
    7. Exercises
  21. 20 Organic Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 20.1 Hydrocarbons
    3. 20.2 Alcohols and Ethers
    4. 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
    5. 20.4 Amines and Amides
    6. Key Terms
    7. Summary
    8. Exercises
  22. 21 Nuclear Chemistry
    1. Introduction
    2. 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
    3. 21.2 Nuclear Equations
    4. 21.3 Radioactive Decay
    5. 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
    6. 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
    7. 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
    8. Key Terms
    9. Key Equations
    10. Summary
    11. Exercises
  23. A | The Periodic Table
  24. B | Essential Mathematics
  25. C | Units and Conversion Factors
  26. D | Fundamental Physical Constants
  27. E | Water Properties
  28. F | Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
  29. G | Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
  30. H | Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
  31. I | Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
  32. J | Solubility Products
  33. K | Formation Constants for Complex Ions
  34. L | Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
  35. M | Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
  36. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
    14. Chapter 14
    15. Chapter 15
    16. Chapter 16
    17. Chapter 17
    18. Chapter 18
    19. Chapter 19
    20. Chapter 20
    21. Chapter 21
  37. Index
Symbols
Δoct 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
π* antibonding molecular orbital 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
σ s molecular orbital 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
σ s * σ s * molecular orbital 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
A
A 12.5 Collision Theory
absolute zero 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
accuracy 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
acid 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
acid anhydrides 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
acid ionization 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
acid-base indicators 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
acid-base reaction 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
acid-ionization constant, Ka 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
acidic 14.2 pH and pOH
acids 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
actinide series 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
actinides 2.5 The Periodic Table
actinoid series 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
activated complex 12.5 Collision Theory
activation energy (Ea) 12.5 Collision Theory
active electrode 17.2 Galvanic Cells
activity 11.4 Colligative Properties, 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
actual yield 4.4 Reaction Yields
addition reaction 20.1 Hydrocarbons
adhesive forces 10.2 Properties of Liquids
Alcohols 20.2 Alcohols and Ethers
aldehydes 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
alkali metals 2.5 The Periodic Table
Alkaline batteries 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
alkaline earth metals 2.5 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
Alkanes 20.1 Hydrocarbons
alkenes 20.1 Hydrocarbons
alkyl group 20.1 Hydrocarbons
alkynes 20.1 Hydrocarbons
Allotropes 18.1 Periodicity
alloys 11.1 The Dissolution Process
Alpha (α) decay 21.3 Radioactive Decay
Alpha particles 21.2 Nuclear Equations
alpha particles (α particles) 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Amides 20.4 Amines and Amides
Amines 20.4 Amines and Amides
Amontons’s law 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
amorphous 18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
amorphous solids 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
amphiphilic 11.5 Colloids
amphiprotic 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
amphoteric 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
amplitude 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
analyte 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
angular momentum quantum number 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
anion 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
anode 17.2 Galvanic Cells
antibonding orbitals 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
antimatter 21.2 Nuclear Equations
aqueous solution 3.3 Molarity
aromatic hydrocarbons 20.1 Hydrocarbons
Arrhenius 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Arrhenius equation 12.5 Collision Theory
atmosphere (atm) 9.1 Gas Pressure
atom 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter, 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
atomic mass 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
atomic mass unit (amu) 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
atomic number (Z) 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
atomic orbital 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Atwater system 5.2 Calorimetry
Aufbau principle 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
autoionization 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Autumn 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
average rate 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
Avogadro’s law 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Avogadro’s number (NA) 3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
axial position 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
B
balanced 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Balmer 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
band of stability 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
bar 9.1 Gas Pressure
barometer 9.1 Gas Pressure
Bartlett 18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
base 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
base anhydrides 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
base ionization 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
base-ionization constant (Kb) 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
basic 14.2 pH and pOH
battery 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
becquerel (Bq) 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Beta (β) decay 21.3 Radioactive Decay
Beta particles 21.2 Nuclear Equations
bicarbonate anion 18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
Bidentate ligands 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
bimolecular reaction 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
binary acid 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
binary compounds 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
binding energy per nucleon 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
biofuel 5.3 Enthalpy
Bismuth 18.1 Periodicity
blackbody 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
body-centered cubic (BCC) solid 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
body-centered cubic unit cell 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Bohr 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy, 6.2 The Bohr Model
Bohr’s model 6.2 The Bohr Model
boiling point 10.3 Phase Transitions
boiling point elevation 11.4 Colligative Properties
boiling point elevation constant 11.4 Colligative Properties
Boltzmann 16.2 Entropy
bomb calorimeter 5.2 Calorimetry
bond angle 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
bond dipole moment 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
bond distance 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
bond length 7.2 Covalent Bonding
bond order 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
bonding orbitals 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Borates 18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
Born 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Born-Haber cycle 7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Boyle 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Boyle’s law 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Bragg 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Bragg equation 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Brønsted-Lowry acid 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Brønsted-Lowry base 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
buffer 14.6 Buffers
buffer capacity 14.6 Buffers
buret 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
C
calories (cal) 5.1 Energy Basics
calorimeter 5.2 Calorimetry
calorimetry 5.2 Calorimetry
capillary action 10.2 Properties of Liquids
carbonates 18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
carbonyl group 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
carboxylic acids 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
Carnot 16.2 Entropy
catalyst 12.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
cathode 17.2 Galvanic Cells
cathode ray 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
cathodic protection 17.6 Corrosion
cations 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
cell notation 17.2 Galvanic Cells
cell potential 17.2 Galvanic Cells
Celsius (°C) 1.4 Measurements
central metal 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Chadwick 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory, 21.2 Nuclear Equations
chain reaction 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
chalcogens 2.5 The Periodic Table
Charles’s law 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
chelate 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
chelating ligands 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
chemical change 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
chemical equation 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
chemical property 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
chemical reduction 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
chemical symbol 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
chemical thermodynamics 5.3 Enthalpy
chemistry 1.1 Chemistry in Context
chemotherapy 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
chlor-alkali process 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
circuit 17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
cis configuration 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Clausius 16.2 Entropy
Clausius-Clapeyron equation 10.3 Phase Transitions
coefficients 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
cohesive forces 10.2 Properties of Liquids
colligative properties 11.4 Colligative Properties
Collision theory 12.5 Collision Theory
colloidal dispersions 11.5 Colloids
colloids 11.5 Colloids
color-change interval 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
combustion analysis 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
combustion reactions 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
common ion effect 15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
complete ionic equation 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
complex ion 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
compounds 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
compressibility factor (Z) 9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
concentrated 3.3 Molarity
concentration 3.3 Molarity
concentration cell 17.4 The Nernst Equation
condensation 10.3 Phase Transitions
conjugate acid 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
conjugate base 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
containment system 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
continuous spectrum 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
control rods 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
coordinate covalent bond 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
coordination compounds 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
coordination isomers 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
coordination number 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
coordination sphere 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
core electrons 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Corrosion 17.6 Corrosion
Cottrell 11.5 Colloids
covalent bonds 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds, 7.2 Covalent Bonding
Covalent network solids 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
covalent radius 6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
crenation 11.4 Colligative Properties
Crick 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
critical mass 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
critical point 10.4 Phase Diagrams
Cronin 2.4 Chemical Formulas
crystal field splitting 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
crystal field theory 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
crystalline solids 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
cubic centimeter (cm3) 1.4 Measurements
cubic closest packing (CCP) 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
cubic meter (m3) 1.4 Measurements
Curie 21.2 Nuclear Equations
curie (Ci) 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
current 17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
D
d orbitals 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
d-block elements 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Dalton 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Dalton (Da) 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
Dalton’s atomic theory 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
Dalton’s law of partial pressures 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
daughter nuclide 21.3 Radioactive Decay
Davisson 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Davy 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
de Broglie 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Debye 11.4 Colligative Properties
degenerate orbitals 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory, 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
density 1.4 Measurements
deposition 10.3 Phase Transitions
diamagnetic 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Diffraction 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
diffusion 9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
dilute 3.3 Molarity
Dilution 3.3 Molarity
dimensional analysis 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
dipole moment 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
dipole-dipole attraction 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Diprotic acids 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
diprotic base 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
dispersed phase 11.5 Colloids
dispersion force 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
dispersion medium 11.5 Colloids
disproportionation reactions 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
dissociation 11.2 Electrolytes
dissociation constant (Kd) 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
dissolved 3.3 Molarity
donor atom 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
double bond 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
Downs cell 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
dry cell 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
dynamic equilibrium 10.3 Phase Transitions
E
effective nuclear charge, Zeff 6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
effusion 9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
e g orbitals 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Electrical potential 17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
electrical work 17.4 The Nernst Equation
electrolysis 17.7 Electrolysis
electrolytes 11.2 Electrolytes
electrolytic cells 17.7 Electrolysis
electromagnetic radiation 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
electromagnetic spectrum 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
electron 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
electron affinity 6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
Electron capture 21.3 Radioactive Decay
electron configuration 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
electron volts (eV) 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
electron-pair geometry 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
electronegativity 7.2 Covalent Bonding
electroplating 17.7 Electrolysis
element 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
elementary reaction 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
elements 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
empirical formula 2.4 Chemical Formulas
empirical formula mass 3.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
emulsifying agent 11.5 Colloids
emulsion 11.5 Colloids
enantiomers 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
end point 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
endothermic process 5.1 Energy Basics
Energy 5.1 Energy Basics
enthalpy (H) 5.3 Enthalpy
enthalpy change (ΔH) 5.3 Enthalpy
entropy (S) 16.2 Entropy
equatorial position 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
equilibrium 13.1 Chemical Equilibria
equilibrium constant (K) 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
equivalence point 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
esters 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
Ethers 20.2 Alcohols and Ethers
exact number 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
excess reactant 4.4 Reaction Yields
excited electronic state 6.2 The Bohr Model
exothermic process 5.1 Energy Basics
expansion work 5.3 Enthalpy
extensive property 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
external beam radiation therapy 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
F
f orbitals 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
f-block elements 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
face-centered cubic (FCC) solid 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
face-centered cubic unit cell 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
factor-label method 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Fahrenheit 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Faraday’s constant 17.4 The Nernst Equation
first law of thermodynamics 5.3 Enthalpy
first transition series 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
fissile 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
fission 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
fissionable 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
formal charge 7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
formation constant (Kf) 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
formula mass 3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
fourth transition series 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Franklin 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Frasch process 18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
free radicals 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
freezing 10.3 Phase Transitions
freezing point 10.3 Phase Transitions
freezing point depression 11.4 Colligative Properties
freezing point depression constant 11.4 Colligative Properties
frequency 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
frequency factor 12.5 Collision Theory
fuel cell 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Fuller Introduction, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
functional group 20.1 Hydrocarbons
fundamental unit of charge (e) 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
fusion 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
fusion reactor 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
G
Galvanic cells 17.2 Galvanic Cells
galvanized iron 17.6 Corrosion
Gamma emission (γ emission) 21.3 Radioactive Decay
gamma rays (γ) 21.2 Nuclear Equations
gas 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Gay-Lussac’s law 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Geiger 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Geiger counter 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Geim 10.5 The Solid State of Matter, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
gel 11.5 Colloids
Germer 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Gibbs 16.4 Free Energy
Gibbs free energy change (G) 16.4 Free Energy
Gouy 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Graham’s law of effusion 9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
gravimetric analysis 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
gray (Gy) 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Greaney 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
ground electronic state 6.2 The Bohr Model
groups 2.5 The Periodic Table
H
Haber process 18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
half-life 21.3 Radioactive Decay
half-life of a reaction (t1/2) 12.4 Integrated Rate Laws
half-reaction 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
half-reaction method 17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
halides 18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
Hall 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
Hall–Héroult cell 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
halogens 2.5 The Periodic Table
Hasselbalch 14.6 Buffers
Heat (q) 5.1 Energy Basics
heat capacity (C) 5.1 Energy Basics
Heisenberg uncertainty principle 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
hemolysis 11.4 Colligative Properties
Henderson 14.6 Buffers
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 14.6 Buffers
Henry’s law 11.3 Solubility, 11.3 Solubility
Héroult 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
hertz (Hz) 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Hess’s law 5.3 Enthalpy, 5.3 Enthalpy
heterogeneous catalyst 12.7 Catalysis
heterogeneous equilibrium 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
heterogeneous mixture 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
hexagonal closest packing (HCP) 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
high-spin complexes 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
holes 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
homogeneous catalyst 12.7 Catalysis
homogeneous equilibrium 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
homogeneous mixture 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
homonuclear diatomic molecules 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Hu 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Hückel 11.4 Colligative Properties
Hund’s rule 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Huygens 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
hybrid orbitals 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
hybridization 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
hydrocarbons 5.3 Enthalpy
hydrogen bonding 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
hydrogen carbonates 18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
hydrogen halides 18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
hydrogen sulfates 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
hydrogen sulfites 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
hydrogenation 18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
hydrometallurgy 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
hydrostatic pressure 9.1 Gas Pressure
hydroxides 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
hypertonic 11.4 Colligative Properties
hypervalent molecules 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
hypothesis 1.1 Chemistry in Context
hypotonic 11.4 Colligative Properties
I
ideal gas 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
ideal gas constant 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
ideal gas law 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
ideal solution 11.1 The Dissolution Process
immiscible 11.3 Solubility
indicators 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
induced dipole 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
Inert electrodes 17.2 Galvanic Cells
inert gases 2.5 The Periodic Table
inert pair effect 7.1 Ionic Bonding
initial rate 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
inner transition metals 2.5 The Periodic Table
insoluble 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
instantaneous dipole 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
instantaneous rate 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
integrated rate laws 12.4 Integrated Rate Laws
intensive property 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
interference patterns 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
interhalogens 18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
intermediates 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
intermolecular forces 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
internal energy (U) 5.3 Enthalpy
internal radiation therapy (brachytherapy) 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
International System of Units 1.4 Measurements
interstitial sites 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
ion 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
ion-dipole attraction 11.2 Electrolytes
ion-product constant for water (Kw) 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
ionic bonds 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds, 7.1 Ionic Bonding
ionic compound 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
Ionic solids 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
ionization energy 6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
Ionization isomers 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
ionizing radiation 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
isoelectronic 6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
isomers 2.4 Chemical Formulas
isomorphous 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
isotonic 11.4 Colligative Properties
isotopes 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
IUPAC 20.1 Hydrocarbons
J
joule (J) 5.1 Energy Basics
K
k 12.3 Rate Laws
Kc 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
kelvin (K) 1.4 Measurements
ketones 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
kilogram (kg) 1.4 Measurements
kinetic energy 5.1 Energy Basics
kinetic molecular theory 9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Kohn 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
KP 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
L
lanthanide series 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
lanthanides 2.5 The Periodic Table
lanthanoid series 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
lattice energy (ΔHlattice) 7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Lavoisier 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
law of conservation of matter 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
law of constant composition 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
law of definite proportions 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
law of mass action 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
law of multiple proportions 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
laws 1.1 Chemistry in Context
Le Châtelier's principle 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
lead acid battery 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
length 1.4 Measurements
leveling effect of water 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
Lewis 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis acid 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis acid-base adduct 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis base 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
Lewis structures 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
Lewis symbol 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
ligands 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases, 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
limiting reactant 4.4 Reaction Yields
line spectra 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
linear 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Linkage isomers 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
liquid 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
liter (L) 1.4 Measurements
Lithium ion batteries 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
London 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
London dispersion force 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
lone pairs 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
low-spin complexes 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
M
macroscopic domain 1.1 Chemistry in Context
magic numbers 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
magnetic quantum number 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
main-group elements 2.5 The Periodic Table
manometer 9.1 Gas Pressure
Marsden 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
mass 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
mass defect 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
mass number (A) 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
mass percentage 3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
mass-energy equivalence equation 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
mass-volume percent 3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
Matter 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Maxwell 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
mean free path 9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
melting 10.3 Phase Transitions
melting point 10.3 Phase Transitions
Mendeleev 2.5 The Periodic Table
Metallic solids 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
metalloid 18.1 Periodicity
metalloids 2.5 The Periodic Table
metals 2.5 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
meter (m) 1.4 Measurements
method of initial rates 12.3 Rate Laws
Meyer 2.5 The Periodic Table
microscopic domain 1.1 Chemistry in Context
microstate (W) 16.2 Entropy
millicurie (mCi) 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Millikan 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
milliliter (mL) 1.4 Measurements
miscible 11.3 Solubility
mixture 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Molality 11.4 Colligative Properties
molar mass 3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
Molarity (M) 3.3 Molarity
mole 3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
mole fraction (X) 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
molecular compounds 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
molecular equation 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
molecular formula 2.4 Chemical Formulas
molecular mass 2.4 Chemical Formulas
molecular orbital (Ψ2) 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
molecular orbital diagram 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular orbital theory 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
Molecular solids 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
molecular structure 7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance, 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
molecularity 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
molecule 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Molina 12.7 Catalysis
monatomic ions 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
monodentate 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
monoprotic acids 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
ms 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
multiple equilibria 15.3 Multiple Equilibria
N
Nagaoka 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Nernst equation 17.4 The Nernst Equation
net ionic equation 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
neutral 14.2 pH and pOH
neutralization reaction 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
neutrons 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
Newton 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Nickel-cadmium 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Nitrates 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
nitrogen fixation 18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
noble gases 2.5 The Periodic Table
node 8.1 Valence Bond Theory
nodes 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Nomenclature 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature
nonelectrolytes 11.2 Electrolytes
nonionizing radiation 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
nonmetals 2.5 The Periodic Table
nonspontaneous process 16.1 Spontaneity
normal boiling point 10.3 Phase Transitions
Novoselov 10.5 The Solid State of Matter, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
nuclear binding energy 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
Nuclear chemistry 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
Nuclear fuel 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
nuclear moderator 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
nuclear reactions 21.2 Nuclear Equations
nuclear reactor 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
Nuclear transmutation 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
nucleons 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
nucleus 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
nuclide 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
nutritional calorie (Calorie) 5.2 Calorimetry
O
octahedral 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
octahedral hole 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
octet rule 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
optical isomers 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
Orbital diagrams 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
organic compounds 20.1 Hydrocarbons
osmosis 11.4 Colligative Properties
osmotic pressure (Π) 11.4 Colligative Properties
Ostwald process 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
overall reaction order 12.3 Rate Laws
overlap 8.1 Valence Bond Theory
overpotential 17.7 Electrolysis
oxidation 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxidation number 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxidation state 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxides 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
oxidizing agent (oxidant) 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
oxyacids 2.7 Chemical Nomenclature, 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
Oxyanions 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
ozone 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
P
p orbitals 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
pairing energy (P) 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
paramagnetism 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
parent nuclide 21.3 Radioactive Decay
partial pressure 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
partially miscible 11.3 Solubility
particle accelerators 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
parts per billion (ppb) 3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
parts per million (ppm) 3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
pascal (Pa) 9.1 Gas Pressure
passivation 18.1 Periodicity
Pauli exclusion principle 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
Pauling 7.2 Covalent Bonding
percent composition 3.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
percent ionization 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
percent yield 4.4 Reaction Yields
periodic law 2.5 The Periodic Table
periodic table 2.5 The Periodic Table
periods 2.5 The Periodic Table
peroxides 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
Perrier 21.2 Nuclear Equations
pH 14.2 pH and pOH
phase diagram 10.4 Phase Diagrams
photons 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
photosynthesis 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
physical change 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
physical property 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
pi (π) bonding molecular orbital 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
pi bond (π bond) 8.1 Valence Bond Theory
Pidgeon process 18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
plasma 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
platinum metals 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
pnictogens 2.5 The Periodic Table
pOH 14.2 pH and pOH
polar covalent bond 7.2 Covalent Bonding
polar molecule 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
polarizability 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
polyatomic ions 2.6 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
polydentate ligand 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
polymorphs 18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
position of equilibrium 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
Positron emission (β+ decay 21.3 Radioactive Decay
Positrons 21.2 Nuclear Equations
potential energy 5.1 Energy Basics
pounds per square inch (psi) 9.1 Gas Pressure
precipitate 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
precipitation reaction 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
precision 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
pressure 9.1 Gas Pressure
Primary batteries 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
principal quantum number 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
products 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
proton 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
pure covalent bond 7.2 Covalent Bonding
pure substance 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Q
quantitative analysis 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
quantization 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
quantum mechanics 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
quantum numbers 6.2 The Bohr Model
R
radiation absorbed dose (rad) 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Radiation dosimeters 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
Radiation therapy 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactive decay 21.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive decay series 21.3 Radioactive Decay
radioactive label 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactive tracer 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
radioactivity 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
radiocarbon dating 21.3 Radioactive Decay
radioisotope 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
radiometric dating 21.3 Radioactive Decay
Raoult’s law 11.4 Colligative Properties
rare earth elements 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
rate constant 12.3 Rate Laws
rate equations 12.3 Rate Laws
rate expression 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
Rate laws 12.3 Rate Laws
rate of diffusion 9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
rate of reaction 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
rate-limiting step 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
RBE 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
reactants 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
reaction mechanism 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
reaction order 12.3 Rate Laws
reaction quotient (Q) 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
reactor coolant 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
reducing agent (reductant) 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
reduction 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
reduction half-reaction 17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
relative biological effectiveness 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
representative elements 2.5 The Periodic Table, 18.1 Periodicity
representative metals 18.1 Periodicity
resonance 7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
resonance forms 7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
resonance hybrid 7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance
reversible process 16.2 Entropy
reversible reaction 13.1 Chemical Equilibria
roentgen equivalent for man (rem) 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
root mean square velocity 9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
rounding 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
Rutherford 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory, 6.2 The Bohr Model, 21.2 Nuclear Equations
Rydberg 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
S
s orbitals 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
s-p mixing 8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
sacrificial anodes 17.6 Corrosion
salt 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
saturated 11.3 Solubility
saturated hydrocarbons 20.1 Hydrocarbons
scientific method 1.1 Chemistry in Context
scintillation counter 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
second (s) 1.4 Measurements
second law of thermodynamics 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
second transition series 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Secondary batteries 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
Segre 21.2 Nuclear Equations
selective precipitation 15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
semipermeable membranes 11.4 Colligative Properties
series 2.5 The Periodic Table
shells 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
SI Units 1.4 Measurements
sievert (Sv) 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
sigma bonds (σ bonds) 8.1 Valence Bond Theory
significant digits 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
significant figures 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
Silicates 18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
simple cubic structure 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
simple cubic unit cell 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
single bond 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
Single-displacement (replacement) reactions 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
skeletal structure 20.1 Hydrocarbons
Smalley 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures, 18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
smelting 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Soddy 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
solid 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Solomon 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
solubility 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions, 11.3 Solubility
solubility product (Ksp) 15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
soluble 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
solute 3.3 Molarity
solution 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
solvation 11.1 The Dissolution Process
solvent 3.3 Molarity
sp hybrid orbitals 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp2 hybrid orbitals 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3 hybrid orbitals 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3d hybrid orbitals 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
sp3d2 hybrid orbitals 8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
space lattice 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
spatial isomers 2.4 Chemical Formulas
specific heat capacity (c) 5.1 Energy Basics
spectator ions 4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
spectrochemical series 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
spin quantum number 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
spontaneous process 11.1 The Dissolution Process, 16.1 Spontaneity
standard cell potential 17.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
Standard enthalpy of combustion 5.3 Enthalpy
standard enthalpy of formation Δ H f ° Δ H f ° 5.3 Enthalpy
Standard entropies 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
standard entropy change (ΔS°) 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
standard free energy change (ΔG°) 16.4 Free Energy
standard free energy of formation 16.4 Free Energy
standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) 17.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
standard molar volume 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
standard state 5.3 Enthalpy
standard temperature and pressure (STP) 9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
Standing waves 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
state function 5.3 Enthalpy
stationary waves 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
Steel 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
stepwise ionization 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
stoichiometric factors 4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
stoichiometry 4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
stress 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
strong acids 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
strong bases 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
strong electrolyte 11.2 Electrolytes
strong nuclear force 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
strong-field ligands 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
structural formula 2.4 Chemical Formulas
structural isomers 2.4 Chemical Formulas
subcritical mass 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
sublimation 10.3 Phase Transitions
subshell 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
substituents 20.1 Hydrocarbons
substitution reaction 20.1 Hydrocarbons
sulfates 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
sulfites 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
superconductor 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
supercritical fluid 10.4 Phase Diagrams
supercritical mass 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
superoxides 18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
supersaturated 11.3 Solubility
Surface tension 10.2 Properties of Liquids
surroundings 5.2 Calorimetry
symbolic domain 1.1 Chemistry in Context
system 5.2 Calorimetry
T
t2g orbitals 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
temperature 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results, 5.1 Energy Basics
termolecular reaction 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
tetrahedral 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
tetrahedral hole 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
theoretical yield 4.4 Reaction Yields
theories 1.1 Chemistry in Context
Thermal energy 5.1 Energy Basics
thermochemistry 5.1 Energy Basics
third law of thermodynamics 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
third transition series 19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
Thomson 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
titrant 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
titration analysis 4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
titration curve 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
torr 9.1 Gas Pressure
trans configuration 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
transition metals 2.5 The Periodic Table
transition state 12.5 Collision Theory
transmutation 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
transuranium elements 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
trigonal bipyramidal 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
trigonal planar 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
triple bond 7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures
triple point 10.4 Phase Diagrams
triprotic acid 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
Tyndall effect 11.5 Colloids
U
uncertainty 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
unified atomic mass unit (u) 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
unimolecular reaction 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
unit cell 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
unit conversion factor 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
Units 1.4 Measurements
unsaturated 11.3 Solubility
urms 9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
V
Vacancies 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
Valence bond theory 8.1 Valence Bond Theory
valence electrons 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
valence shell 6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
van der Waals equation 9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
van der Waals forces 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
van’t Hoff factor (i) 11.4 Colligative Properties
vapor pressure 10.3 Phase Transitions
vapor pressure of water 9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
vaporization 10.3 Phase Transitions
vector 7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity
viscosity 10.2 Properties of Liquids
voltaic cells 17.2 Galvanic Cells
Volume 1.4 Measurements
volume percentage 3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
W
Watson 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
wave 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
wave-particle duality 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
wavefunctions 6.3 Development of Quantum Theory
wavelength 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
weak acids 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
weak bases 4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
weak electrolyte 11.2 Electrolytes
weak-field ligands 19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Weight 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
Wilkins 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Wohler Introduction
work (w) 5.1 Energy Basics
X
X-ray crystallography 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
Y
Young 6.1 Electromagnetic Energy
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