Skip to ContentGo to accessibility pageKeyboard shortcuts menu
OpenStax Logo
Anatomy and Physiology

Index

Anatomy and PhysiologyIndex
Menu
Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. Levels of Organization
    1. 1 An Introduction to the Human Body
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
      3. 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body
      4. 1.3 Functions of Human Life
      5. 1.4 Requirements for Human Life
      6. 1.5 Homeostasis
      7. 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
      8. 1.7 Medical Imaging
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Review
      11. Interactive Link Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 2 The Chemical Level of Organization
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
      3. 2.2 Chemical Bonds
      4. 2.3 Chemical Reactions
      5. 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
      6. 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Review
      9. Interactive Link Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 3 The Cellular Level of Organization
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 The Cell Membrane
      3. 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
      4. 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
      5. 3.4 Protein Synthesis
      6. 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
      7. 3.6 Cellular Differentiation
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Review
      10. Interactive Link Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 4 The Tissue Level of Organization
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Types of Tissues
      3. 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
      4. 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
      5. 4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion
      6. 4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
      7. 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Review
      10. Interactive Link Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
  3. Support and Movement
    1. 5 The Integumentary System
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Layers of the Skin
      3. 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
      4. 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System
      5. 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Review
      8. Interactive Link Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 6 Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
      3. 6.2 Bone Classification
      4. 6.3 Bone Structure
      5. 6.4 Bone Formation and Development
      6. 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
      7. 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
      8. 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Review
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 7 Axial Skeleton
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
      3. 7.2 The Skull
      4. 7.3 The Vertebral Column
      5. 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
      6. 7.5 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Review
      9. Interactive Link Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 8 The Appendicular Skeleton
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
      3. 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
      4. 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
      5. 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
      6. 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Review
      9. Interactive Link Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    5. 9 Joints
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Classification of Joints
      3. 9.2 Fibrous Joints
      4. 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
      5. 9.4 Synovial Joints
      6. 9.5 Types of Body Movements
      7. 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
      8. 9.7 Development of Joints
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Review
      11. Interactive Link Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
    6. 10 Muscle Tissue
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
      3. 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
      4. 10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
      5. 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
      6. 10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers
      7. 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance
      8. 10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
      9. 10.8 Smooth Muscle
      10. 10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
      11. Key Terms
      12. Chapter Review
      13. Interactive Link Questions
      14. Review Questions
      15. Critical Thinking Questions
    7. 11 The Muscular System
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
      3. 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
      4. 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
      5. 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
      6. 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
      7. 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Review
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
  4. Regulation, Integration, and Control
    1. 12 The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
      3. 12.2 Nervous Tissue
      4. 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue
      5. 12.4 The Action Potential
      6. 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Review
      9. Interactive Link Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 13 Anatomy of the Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
      3. 13.2 The Central Nervous System
      4. 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
      5. 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Review
      8. Interactive Link Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 14 The Somatic Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Sensory Perception
      3. 14.2 Central Processing
      4. 14.3 Motor Responses
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Interactive Link Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 15 The Autonomic Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
      3. 15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
      4. 15.3 Central Control
      5. 15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Review
      8. Interactive Link Questions
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
    5. 16 The Neurological Exam
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
      3. 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
      4. 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
      5. 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
      6. 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Review
      9. Interactive Link Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    6. 17 The Endocrine System
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
      3. 17.2 Hormones
      4. 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
      5. 17.4 The Thyroid Gland
      6. 17.5 The Parathyroid Glands
      7. 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
      8. 17.7 The Pineal Gland
      9. 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones
      10. 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
      11. 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
      12. 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
      13. Key Terms
      14. Chapter Review
      15. Interactive Link Questions
      16. Review Questions
      17. Critical Thinking Questions
  5. Fluids and Transport
    1. 18 The Cardiovascular System: Blood
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 An Overview of Blood
      3. 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
      4. 18.3 Erythrocytes
      5. 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
      6. 18.5 Hemostasis
      7. 18.6 Blood Typing
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Review
      10. Interactive Link Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Heart Anatomy
      3. 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
      4. 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
      5. 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
      6. 19.5 Development of the Heart
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Review
      9. Interactive Link Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 20 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
      3. 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
      4. 20.3 Capillary Exchange
      5. 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
      6. 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
      7. 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Review
      10. Interactive Link Questions
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 21 The Lymphatic and Immune System
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
      3. 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
      4. 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
      5. 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
      6. 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens
      7. 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
      8. 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Review
      11. Interactive Link Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
  6. Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
    1. 22 The Respiratory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
      3. 22.2 The Lungs
      4. 22.3 The Process of Breathing
      5. 22.4 Gas Exchange
      6. 22.5 Transport of Gases
      7. 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
      8. 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Review
      11. Interactive Link Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 23 The Digestive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System
      3. 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
      4. 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
      5. 23.4 The Stomach
      6. 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
      7. 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
      8. 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Review
      11. Interactive Link Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
    3. 24 Metabolism and Nutrition
      1. Introduction
      2. 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
      3. 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
      4. 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
      5. 24.4 Protein Metabolism
      6. 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body
      7. 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
      8. 24.7 Nutrition and Diet
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Review
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
    4. 25 The Urinary System
      1. Introduction
      2. 25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine
      3. 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
      4. 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
      5. 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
      6. 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation
      7. 25.6 Tubular Reabsorption
      8. 25.7 Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
      9. 25.8 Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
      10. 25.9 Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
      11. 25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis
      12. Key Terms
      13. Chapter Review
      14. Review Questions
      15. Critical Thinking Questions
    5. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
      1. Introduction
      2. 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
      3. 26.2 Water Balance
      4. 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
      5. 26.4 Acid-Base Balance
      6. 26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Review
      9. Interactive Link Questions
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
  7. Human Development and the Continuity of Life
    1. 27 The Reproductive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
      3. 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
      4. 27.3 Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Review
      7. Interactive Link Questions
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
    2. 28 Development and Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 28.1 Fertilization
      3. 28.2 Embryonic Development
      4. 28.3 Fetal Development
      5. 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
      6. 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
      7. 28.6 Lactation
      8. 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Review
      11. Interactive Link Questions
      12. Review Questions
      13. Critical Thinking Questions
  8. References
  9. Index
Symbols
α-dextrin 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
α-dextrinase 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
A
abdominal aorta 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
abdominopelvic cavity 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
abducens nerve 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
abduct 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
Abduction 9.5 Types of Body Movements
abductor 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
abductor digiti minimi 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
abductor pollicis brevis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
abductor pollicis longus 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
ABO blood group 18.6 Blood Typing
absolute refractory period 12.4 The Action Potential
absorption 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
absorptive state 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body
accessory digestive organ 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System
accessory duct 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
Acclimatization 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
accommodation 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
accommodation–convergence reflex 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
acetabular labrum 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
acetabulum 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
acetylcholine (ACh) 10.2 Skeletal Muscle , 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
acid 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
acinus 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
Acne 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
acromegaly 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
acromial end of the clavicle 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
acromial process 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
acromioclavicular joint 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
acromion 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
acrosomal reaction 28.1 Fertilization
acrosome 28.1 Fertilization
actin 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
action potential 10.2 Skeletal Muscle , 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue
activation energy 2.3 Chemical Reactions
activation gate 12.4 The Action Potential
Active immunity 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
active transport 3.1 The Cell Membrane
Acute inflammation 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
adaptive immune response 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
adduction 9.5 Types of Body Movements
adductor 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
adductor brevis 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
adductor longus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
adductor magnus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
adductor pollicis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
adductor tubercle 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 1.3 Functions of Human Life , 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
adenylyl cyclase 17.2 Hormones
Adipocytes 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
Adipose tissue 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
adrenal artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
adrenal cortex 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
adrenal glands 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
adrenal medulla 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System , 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
adrenal vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
adrenergic 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
Aerobic respiration 10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
afferent branch 15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
afferent lymphatic vessels 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
afterbirth 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
Afterload 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
agglutination 18.6 Blood Typing
agonist 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems , 15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
agranular leukocytes 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
ala 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
alar cartilage 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
alar plate 13.2 The Central Nervous System
alarm reaction 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
Albinism 5.1 Layers of the Skin
Albumin 18.1 An Overview of Blood
Aldosterone 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
alimentary canal 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System
Alkaloids 14.1 Sensory Perception
allantois 28.2 Embryonic Development
allele 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
alpha (α)-adrenergic receptor 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
alpha cell 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
Alveolar dead space 22.3 The Process of Breathing
alveolar duct 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
alveolar macrophage 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
alveolar pores 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
Alveolar process of the mandible 7.2 The Skull
alveolar process of the maxilla 7.2 The Skull
alveolar sac 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
alveoli 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
alveolus 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
amacrine cells 14.1 Sensory Perception
amino acid 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
aminopeptidase 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
amnion 28.2 Embryonic Development
amniotic cavity 28.2 Embryonic Development
amphiarthrosis 9.1 Classification of Joints
amphipathic 3.1 The Cell Membrane
ampulla 14.1 Sensory Perception , 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
amygdala 13.2 The Central Nervous System
Anabolic hormones 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
anabolic reactions 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
anabolism 1.3 Functions of Human Life , 1.3 Functions of Human Life
anagen 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
anal canal 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
anal column 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
anal sinus 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
anal triangle 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
Anaphase 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
Anaphylactic shock 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
anastomosis 19.1 Heart Anatomy
anatomical dead space 22.3 The Process of Breathing
anatomical neck 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
anatomical position 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
anatomical sphincter 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
anatomy 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
anchoring junction 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
anconeus 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
anemia 18.3 Erythrocytes
angioblasts 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
angiogenesis 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance , 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
angiotensin I 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
Angiotensin II 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
angiotensin-converting enzyme 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
angiotensinogen 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
angle of the mandible 7.2 The Skull
angle of the rib 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
anion 2.2 Chemical Bonds
ankle joint 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
annular ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
anosmia 14.1 Sensory Perception
antagonist 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems , 15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
Anterior 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
anterior (ventral) sacral foramen 7.3 The Vertebral Column
anterior arch 7.3 The Vertebral Column
anterior border of the tibia 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
anterior cardiac veins 19.1 Heart Anatomy
anterior cerebral artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
anterior columns 13.2 The Central Nervous System
anterior communicating artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
anterior compartment of the arm 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
anterior compartment of the forearm 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
anterior compartment of the leg 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
anterior compartment of the thigh 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
anterior corticospinal tract 14.3 Motor Responses
anterior cranial fossa 7.2 The Skull
anterior cruciate ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
anterior horn 13.2 The Central Nervous System
anterior inferior iliac spine 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
anterior interventricular artery 19.1 Heart Anatomy
anterior interventricular sulcus 19.1 Heart Anatomy
anterior longitudinal ligament 7.3 The Vertebral Column
anterior median fissure 13.2 The Central Nervous System
anterior sacroiliac ligament 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
anterior scalene 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
anterior spinal artery 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
anterior superior iliac spine 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
anterior talofibular ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
anterior tibial artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
anterior tibial vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
anterograde amnesia 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
antibodies 18.1 An Overview of Blood
antibody 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
anticholinergic drugs 15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
anticoagulant 18.5 Hemostasis
anticodon 3.4 Protein Synthesis
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus , 26.2 Water Balance
antigen 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
antigen presentation 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
Antigen processing 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
antigen receptor 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
antigenic determinant 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
Antithrombin 18.5 Hemostasis
antrum 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
anulus fibrosus 7.3 The Vertebral Column
anuria 25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine
aorta 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
aortic arch 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
aortic hiatus 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
aortic sinuses 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
aortic valve 19.1 Heart Anatomy
apex 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
aphasia 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
apical 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
apical ectodermal ridge 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
apneustic center 22.3 The Process of Breathing
Apocrine secretion 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
apocrine sweat gland 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
aponeurosis 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
Apoptosis 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
appendicular 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
appendicular skeleton 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
appendix 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
aquaporin 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
aqueous humor 14.1 Sensory Perception
arachnoid granulations 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
arachnoid mater 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
arachnoid trabeculae 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
arcuate line of the ilium 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
areola 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
Areolar tissue 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
arm 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
arrector pili 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
arterial circle 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
arteriole 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
arteriovenous anastomosis 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
artery 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
articular capsule 9.4 Synovial Joints
articular cartilage 6.3 Bone Structure , 9.4 Synovial Joints
articular disc 9.4 Synovial Joints
Articular tubercle 7.2 The Skull
articulation 6.3 Bone Structure , 9.1 Classification of Joints
artificial pacemaker 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
ascending aorta 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
ascending colon 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
ascending pathway 14.2 Central Processing
Ascending tracts 13.2 The Central Nervous System
association area 14.2 Central Processing
Astrocyte 4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response , 12.2 Nervous Tissue
ataxia 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
atlanto-occipital joint 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
atlantoaxial joint 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
atlas 7.3 The Vertebral Column
Atmospheric pressure 22.3 The Process of Breathing
atom 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
atomic number 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
ATP synthase 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
ATPase 10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
atrial reflex 19.4 Cardiac Physiology , 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
atrioventricular (AV) node 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
atrioventricular bundle 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
atrioventricular bundle branches 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
atrioventricular septum 19.1 Heart Anatomy
atrioventricular valves 19.1 Heart Anatomy
atrium 19.1 Heart Anatomy
atrophy 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging , 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance
audition 14.1 Sensory Perception
auricle 14.1 Sensory Perception , 19.1 Heart Anatomy
auricular surface of the ilium 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
autocrine 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
autolysis 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
autonomic nervous system (ANS) 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
autonomic tone 15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis , 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
Autophagy 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
autorhythmicity 10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue , 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
autosomal chromosomes 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
autosomal dominant 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
autosomal recessive 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
axial 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
axial skeleton 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
axillary artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
axillary nerve 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
axillary vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
axis 7.3 The Vertebral Column
axon 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
axon hillock 12.2 Nervous Tissue
axon segment 12.2 Nervous Tissue
axon terminal 12.2 Nervous Tissue
axoplasm 12.2 Nervous Tissue
azygos vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
B
B cells 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
B lymphocytes 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
Babinski sign 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
Bachmann’s bundle 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
bacterial flora 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
Bainbridge reflex 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
ball-and-socket joint 9.4 Synovial Joints
baroreceptor 15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
baroreceptor reflex 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
Barrier defenses 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Bartholin’s glands 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
basal cell 5.1 Layers of the Skin
Basal cell carcinoma 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
basal forebrain 13.2 The Central Nervous System
basal lamina 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
basal metabolic rate (BMR) 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
basal nuclei 13.2 The Central Nervous System
basal plate 13.2 The Central Nervous System
base 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
base of the metatarsal bone 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
basement membrane 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
basilar artery 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System , 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
basilar membrane 14.1 Sensory Perception
basilic vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
Basophils 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
bedsore 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
belly 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
beta (β)-adrenergic receptor 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
beta (β)-hydroxybutyrate 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
beta (β)-oxidation 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
beta cell 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
Betz cells 14.3 Motor Responses
bi 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
biaxial joint 9.1 Classification of Joints
biceps brachii 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
biceps femoris 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
bicipital groove 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
bicuspid valve 19.1 Heart Anatomy
Bile 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
bile canaliculus 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
bile salts 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
bilirubin 18.3 Erythrocytes , 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
biliverdin 18.3 Erythrocytes
binocular depth cues 14.2 Central Processing
biogenic amine 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
biosynthesis reactions 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
bipennate 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
Bipolar 12.2 Nervous Tissue
bipolar cells 14.1 Sensory Perception
blastocoel 28.2 Embryonic Development
blastocyst 28.2 Embryonic Development
blastomere 28.2 Embryonic Development
blood 18.1 An Overview of Blood
blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP) 20.3 Capillary Exchange
Blood flow 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Blood hydrostatic pressure 20.3 Capillary Exchange
blood islands 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
blood pressure 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
blood-brain barrier (BBB) 12.2 Nervous Tissue
blood–testis barrier 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
body 23.4 The Stomach
body mass index (BMI) 24.7 Nutrition and Diet
body of the rib 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
body of uterus 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
Bohr effect 22.5 Transport of Gases
bolus 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
bond 2.2 Chemical Bonds
Bone 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
bone marrow 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
bone marrow biopsy 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
bone marrow transplant 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
Bowman’s capsule 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
Boyle’s law 22.3 The Process of Breathing
brachial artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
brachial plexus 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
brachial vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
brachialis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
brachiocephalic vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
brachioradialis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
brain 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
brain case 7.2 The Skull
brain stem 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
Braxton Hicks contractions 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
brevis 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
bridge 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
broad ligament 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
Broca’s area 13.2 The Central Nervous System , 14.3 Motor Responses
Brodmann’s areas 13.2 The Central Nervous System
bronchi 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
bronchial artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
bronchial bud 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
bronchial tree 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
bronchial vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
bronchiole 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
bronchoconstriction 22.2 The Lungs
bronchodilation 22.2 The Lungs
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
brown adipose tissue 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
bruise 18.3 Erythrocytes
brush border 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines , 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
buccinator 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
buffer 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
buffy coat 18.1 An Overview of Blood
bulbourethral glands 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
bulbus cordis 19.5 Development of the Heart
bundle of His 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
bursa 9.4 Synovial Joints
C
calcaneal tendon 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
calcaneofibular ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
calcaneus 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
calcitonin 17.4 The Thyroid Gland
callus 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
calmodulin 10.8 Smooth Muscle
Calorie 24.7 Nutrition and Diet
calvaria 7.2 The Skull
calyces 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
canaliculi 6.3 Bone Structure
capacitance 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
capacitance vessels 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
capacitation 28.1 Fertilization
capillary 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
capillary bed 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) 20.3 Capillary Exchange
capitate 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
capitulum 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
capsaicin 14.1 Sensory Perception
carbaminohemoglobin 18.3 Erythrocytes , 22.5 Transport of Gases
carbohydrate 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) 22.5 Transport of Gases
cardia 23.4 The Stomach
cardiac accelerator nerves 15.3 Central Control
cardiac cycle 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac muscle 4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion , 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
cardiac notch 19.1 Heart Anatomy , 22.2 The Lungs
Cardiac output (CO) 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
cardiac plexus 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
cardiac reflexes 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
cardiac reserve 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
cardiac skeleton 19.1 Heart Anatomy
cardiogenic area 19.5 Development of the Heart
cardiogenic cords 19.5 Development of the Heart
Cardiogenic shock 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
cardiomyocyte 19.1 Heart Anatomy
cardiovascular center 15.3 Central Control
Carotid canal 7.2 The Skull , 7.2 The Skull , 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
carotid sinuses 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
carpal bone 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
carpal tunnel 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
carpometacarpal joint 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
carrier 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
cartilage 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
cartilaginous joint 9.1 Classification of Joints
Catabolic hormones 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
Catabolic reactions 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
catabolism 1.3 Functions of Human Life , 1.3 Functions of Human Life
catagen 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
catalyst 2.3 Chemical Reactions
cation 2.2 Chemical Bonds
cauda equina 13.2 The Central Nervous System
caudal 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
caudate 13.2 The Central Nervous System
caval opening 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
cavernous sinus 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
cecum 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
celiac ganglion 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
celiac trunk 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
cell 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body
cell cycle 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
cell junction 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
cell membrane 3.1 The Cell Membrane
cellular respiration 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
cementum 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
central canal 6.3 Bone Structure , 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
central chemoreceptor 22.3 The Process of Breathing
central nervous system (CNS) 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
central neuron 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
central sulcus 13.2 The Central Nervous System
Central tolerance 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
central vein 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
centriole 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
centromere 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
centrosome 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
cephalic flexure 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
cephalic phase 23.4 The Stomach
cephalic vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
cerebellum 13.2 The Central Nervous System
cerebral aqueduct 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
cerebral cortex 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue , 13.2 The Central Nervous System
cerebral hemisphere 13.2 The Central Nervous System
cerebral peduncles 14.3 Motor Responses
cerebrocerebellum 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 12.2 Nervous Tissue
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
cerebrum 13.2 The Central Nervous System
cervical curve 7.3 The Vertebral Column
cervical enlargement 14.3 Motor Responses
cervical plexus 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
cervical vertebrae 7.3 The Vertebral Column
cervix 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
channel protein 3.1 The Cell Membrane
check reflex 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
checkpoint 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
chemical digestion 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
Chemical energy 2.3 Chemical Reactions
chemical synapse 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
chemokine 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
chemoreceptor 14.1 Sensory Perception
chief cells 23.4 The Stomach
chief sensory nucleus 14.2 Central Processing
chloride shift 22.5 Transport of Gases
cholecystokinin (CCK) 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
cholinergic 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
cholinergic system 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
chondrocytes 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
chordae tendineae 19.1 Heart Anatomy
chorion 28.2 Embryonic Development
chorionic membrane 28.2 Embryonic Development
chorionic villi 28.2 Embryonic Development
choroid 14.1 Sensory Perception
choroid plexus 12.2 Nervous Tissue , 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
chromaffin 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
chromaffin cells 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
chromatin 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
chromosome 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
Chronic inflammation 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
chyle 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
chylomicron 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
chylomicrons 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
chyme 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
chymotrypsin 24.4 Protein Metabolism
chymotrypsinogen 24.4 Protein Metabolism
Cilia 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
ciliary body 14.1 Sensory Perception
ciliary ganglion 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
circadian rhythm 14.2 Central Processing
circle of Willis 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System , 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
Circular 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
circular fold 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
circulatory shock 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
Circumduction 9.5 Types of Body Movements
circumflex artery 19.1 Heart Anatomy
cisterna chyli 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
citric acid cycle 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
clasp-knife response 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
Class switching 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
clavicle 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
clavicular notch 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
cleavage 28.2 Embryonic Development
cleavage furrow 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
clitoris 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
clonal anergy 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
clonal deletion 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
clonal expansion 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
Clonal selection 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
clone 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
closed reduction 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
Clotting 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
clotting factors 18.5 Hemostasis
coagulation 18.5 Hemostasis
coccyx 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
cochlea 14.1 Sensory Perception
cochlear duct 14.1 Sensory Perception
Codominance 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
codon 3.4 Protein Synthesis
Collagen fiber 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
Collateral ganglia 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
colloid 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning , 17.4 The Thyroid Gland
colon 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
colostrum 28.6 Lactation
common bile duct 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
common carotid arteries 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
common carotid artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
common hepatic artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
common hepatic duct 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
common iliac artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
common iliac vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
common pathway 18.5 Hemostasis
compact bone 6.3 Bone Structure
complement 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
Compliance 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
compound 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter , 2.2 Chemical Bonds
compressor urethrae 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
Computed tomography (CT) 1.7 Medical Imaging
concentration 2.3 Chemical Reactions
concentration gradient 3.1 The Cell Membrane
concentric contraction 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
conceptus 28.2 Embryonic Development
conducting zone 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
Conduction 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
Conduction aphasia 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
conductive hearing 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
condylar process of the mandible 7.2 The Skull
condyle 7.2 The Skull
condyloid joint 9.4 Synovial Joints
cone photoreceptor 14.1 Sensory Perception
conjugate gaze 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
Connective tissue 4.1 Types of Tissues
connective tissue membrane 4.1 Types of Tissues
Connective tissue proper 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
constant region domain 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
continuous capillary 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
continuous conduction 12.4 The Action Potential
Contractility 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
contraction phase 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
contralateral 14.1 Sensory Perception
control center 1.5 Homeostasis
Convection 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
convergence 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
convergent 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
coordination exam 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
coracobrachialis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
coracoclavicular ligament 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
coracohumeral ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
coracoid process 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
corn 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
cornea 14.1 Sensory Perception
corneal reflex 14.3 Motor Responses
corona radiata 28.1 Fertilization
coronal suture 7.2 The Skull
Coronary arteries 19.1 Heart Anatomy
coronary sinus 19.1 Heart Anatomy
coronary sulcus 19.1 Heart Anatomy
Coronary veins 19.1 Heart Anatomy
coronoid fossa 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
coronoid process of the mandible 7.2 The Skull
coronoid process of the ulna 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
corpus albicans 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
corpus callosum 13.2 The Central Nervous System
corpus cavernosum 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
corpus luteum 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
corpus spongiosum 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
corrugator supercilii 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
cortex 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
cortical nephrons 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
cortical reaction 28.1 Fertilization
cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
corticobulbar tract 14.3 Motor Responses
corticospinal tract 14.3 Motor Responses
cortisol 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
costal cartilage 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
costal facet 7.3 The Vertebral Column
costal groove 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
costoclavicular ligament 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
countercurrent multiplier system 25.6 Tubular Reabsorption
covalent bond 2.2 Chemical Bonds
coxal bone 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
cranial 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
cranial cavity 1.6 Anatomical Terminology , 7.2 The Skull
cranial nerve 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
cranial nerve exam 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
cranial nerve ganglion 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
craniosacral system 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
cranium 7.2 The Skull
Creatine phosphate 10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
cribriform plate 7.2 The Skull
cricoid cartilage 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
crista galli 7.2 The Skull
crown 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
cuboid 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
cupula 14.1 Sensory Perception
cuspids 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
cutaneous membrane 4.1 Types of Tissues
cuticle 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) 17.2 Hormones
cyclin 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
cystic artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
cystic duct 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
cytoarchitecture 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
cytokine 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
Cytokines 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
Cytokinesis 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
cytoplasm 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
cytoskeleton 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
Cytosol 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
D
Dalton’s law 22.4 Gas Exchange
deciduous teeth 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
decomposition reaction 2.3 Chemical Reactions
decussates 14.2 Central Processing
Deep 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
deep anterior compartment 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
deep femoral artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
deep femoral vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
deep posterior compartment of the forearm 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
deep tendon reflex 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
deep transverse perineal 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
defecation 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
defensins 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
deglutition 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back , 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
dehydration 26.2 Water Balance
Delayed hypersensitivity 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
delta cell 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
deltoid 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
deltoid ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
deltoid tuberosity 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
Denaturation 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
dendrite 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
dens 7.3 The Vertebral Column
dense body 10.8 Smooth Muscle
dense connective tissue 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
dentes 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
dentin 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
dentition 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
deoxyhemoglobin 18.3 Erythrocytes
deoxyribonuclease 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
depolarization 12.4 The Action Potential
depolarize 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
Depression 9.5 Types of Body Movements
dermal papilla 5.1 Layers of the Skin
dermis 5.1 Layers of the Skin
descending aorta 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
descending colon 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
descending tracts 13.2 The Central Nervous System
desmosome 5.1 Layers of the Skin , 10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
detrusor muscle 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
Development 1.3 Functions of Human Life
diabetes mellitus 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
diacylglycerol (DAG) 17.2 Hormones
diapedesis 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
diaphragm 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
diaphysis 6.3 Bone Structure
diarthrosis 9.1 Classification of Joints
diastole 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
diastolic pressure 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
diencephalon 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
differentiation 1.3 Functions of Human Life
Diffusion 3.1 The Cell Membrane
digastric 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
digital arteries 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
digital veins 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
dihydroxyvitamin D 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
dilation 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
dipeptidase 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
diploë 6.3 Bone Structure
diploid 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
diplopia 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
direct pathway 13.2 The Central Nervous System
disaccharide 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
disinhibition 13.2 The Central Nervous System
Distal 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
distal convoluted tubules 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
distal radioulnar joint 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
distal tibiofibular joint 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
disulfide bond 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
Diuresis 26.2 Water Balance
diuretic 25.9 Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
DNA polymerase 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
DNA replication 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
dominant 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
Dominant lethal 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
dorsal 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
dorsal (posterior) cavity 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
dorsal (posterior) nerve root 13.2 The Central Nervous System
dorsal (posterior) root ganglion 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
dorsal arch 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
dorsal column system 14.2 Central Processing
dorsal group 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
dorsal interossei 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus 15.3 Central Control
dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
dorsal respiratory group (DRG) 22.3 The Process of Breathing
dorsal stream 14.2 Central Processing
dorsal venous arch 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
dorsalis pedis artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
Dorsiflexion 9.5 Types of Body Movements
dorsum nasi 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
downregulation 17.2 Hormones
ductus arteriosus 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation , 28.3 Fetal Development
ductus deferens 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
ductus venosus 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation , 28.3 Fetal Development
duodenal glands 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
duodenum 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
dura mater 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
dural sinuses 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
E
ear ossicles 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
early induced immune response 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
eccentric contraction 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
eccrine sweat gland 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
ectoderm 4.1 Types of Tissues , 28.2 Embryonic Development
ectopic pregnancy 28.2 Embryonic Development
Eczema 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
edema 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
Edinger–Westphal nucleus 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
effector 1.5 Homeostasis
effector protein 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
effector T cells 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
efferent arteriole 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
efferent branch 15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
efferent lymphatic vessels 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
ejaculatory duct 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
ejection fraction 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
elastase 24.4 Protein Metabolism
elastic artery 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
Elastic cartilage 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
Elastic fiber 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
elasticity 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
Elastin fibers 5.1 Layers of the Skin
elbow joint 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb , 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
electrical gradient 3.1 The Cell Membrane
electrical synapse 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
electrocardiogram (ECG) 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
electrochemical exclusion 12.4 The Action Potential
electron 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
electron shell 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
electron transport chain (ETC) 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
eleidin 5.1 Layers of the Skin
element 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
elevation 9.5 Types of Body Movements
embolus 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam , 18.5 Hemostasis
embryo 28.2 Embryonic Development
embryonic folding 28.2 Embryonic Development
emigration 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
enamel 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
encapsulated ending 14.1 Sensory Perception
end diastolic volume (EDV) 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
end systolic volume (ESV) 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
endocardial tubes 19.5 Development of the Heart
endocardium 19.1 Heart Anatomy
endochondral ossification 6.4 Bone Formation and Development
endocrine gland 4.2 Epithelial Tissue , 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
endocrine system 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
Endocytosis 3.1 The Cell Membrane
endoderm 4.1 Types of Tissues , 28.2 Embryonic Development
endogenous 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
endogenous chemical 15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
endometrium 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
endomysium 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
endoneurium 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
endosteum 6.3 Bone Structure
Endothelins 25.8 Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
endothelium 4.2 Epithelial Tissue , 19.1 Heart Anatomy
energy-consuming phase 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
energy-yielding phase 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
enteric nervous system 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
enteric nervous system (ENS) 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
enteric plexus 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
enteroendocrine cells 23.4 The Stomach
enterohepatic circulation 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
enterokinase 24.4 Protein Metabolism
enteropeptidase 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
enzyme 2.3 Chemical Reactions
Eosinophils 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
ependymal cell 12.2 Nervous Tissue
epiblast 28.2 Embryonic Development
epicardial coronary arteries 19.1 Heart Anatomy
epicardium 19.1 Heart Anatomy
epicranial aponeurosis 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
epidermis 5.1 Layers of the Skin
epididymis 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
epiglottis 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
epimysium 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
epinephrine 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System , 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
epineurium 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
epiphyseal line 6.4 Bone Formation and Development
epiphyseal plate 6.3 Bone Structure
epiphysis 6.3 Bone Structure
epiploic appendages 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
episiotomy 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
episodic memory 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
epithalamus 13.2 The Central Nervous System
epithelial membrane 4.1 Types of Tissues
Epithelial tissue 4.1 Types of Tissues
eponychium 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
equilibrium 14.1 Sensory Perception
erector spinae group 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
erythroblastosis fetalis 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
erythrocyte 18.3 Erythrocytes
erythropoietin (EPO) 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions , 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
esophageal artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
esophageal plexus 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
esophageal vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
esophagus 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
estrogens 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones
ethmoid air cell 7.2 The Skull
ethmoid bone 7.2 The Skull
Evaporation 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
eversion 9.5 Types of Body Movements
exchange reaction 2.3 Chemical Reactions
excitability 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
excitable membrane 12.4 The Action Potential
excitation-contraction coupling 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
executive functions 14.3 Motor Responses
exocrine gland 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
exocrine system 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
exocytosis 3.1 The Cell Membrane
exogenous 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
exogenous chemical 15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
exon 3.4 Protein Synthesis
expiration 22.3 The Process of Breathing
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 22.3 The Process of Breathing
expressive aphasia 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
expulsion 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
extensibility 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
extension 9.5 Types of Body Movements
extensor 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
extensor carpi radialis brevis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
extensor carpi ulnaris 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
extensor digiti minimi 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
extensor digitorum 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
extensor digitorum brevis 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
extensor digitorum longus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
extensor hallucis longus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
extensor indicis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
extensor pollicis brevis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
extensor pollicis longus 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
extensor radialis longus 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
extensor retinaculum 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
External acoustic meatus 7.2 The Skull
external anal sphincter 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
external callus 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
external carotid artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
external ear 14.1 Sensory Perception
external elastic membrane 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
external iliac artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
external iliac vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
external intercostal 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
external jugular vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
external nose 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
external oblique 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
external occipital protuberance 7.2 The Skull
External respiration 22.4 Gas Exchange
external root sheath 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
external urinary sphincter 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
exteroceptor 14.1 Sensory Perception
Extracellular fluid (ECF) 3.1 The Cell Membrane , 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
extraocular muscles 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System , 14.1 Sensory Perception
extrapyramidal system 14.3 Motor Responses
extrinsic eye muscles 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
extrinsic ligament 9.4 Synovial Joints
extrinsic muscles of the hand 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
extrinsic muscles of the tongue 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
extrinsic pathway 18.5 Hemostasis
F
facet 7.3 The Vertebral Column
facial bones 7.2 The Skull
facial nerve 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
Facilitated diffusion 3.1 The Cell Membrane
FADH2 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
false ribs 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
fas ligand 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
fascicle 10.2 Skeletal Muscle , 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
fascicles 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
fasciculation 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
fasciculus cuneatus 14.2 Central Processing
fasciculus gracilis 14.2 Central Processing
fast glycolytic (FG) 10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers
Fast oxidative (FO) 10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers
fatty acid oxidation 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
fauces 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam , 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System , 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
Fc region 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
feces 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
femoral artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
femoral circumflex vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
femoral nerve 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
femoral triangle 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
femoral vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
femoropatellar joint 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
femur 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
fenestrated capillary 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
fenestrations 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
ferritin 18.3 Erythrocytes
Fertilization 28.1 Fertilization
fertilization membrane 28.1 Fertilization
fetus 28.2 Embryonic Development
fibrillation 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
fibrin 18.5 Hemostasis
Fibrinogen 18.1 An Overview of Blood
Fibrinolysis 18.5 Hemostasis
fibroblast 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
Fibrocartilage 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
fibrocyte 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
fibroelastic membrane 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
fibrosis 10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
fibrous joint 9.1 Classification of Joints
fibrous tunic 14.1 Sensory Perception
fibula 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
fibular collateral ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
fibular nerve 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
fibular notch 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
fibular vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
fibularis brevis 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
fibularis longus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
fibularis tertius 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
fight-or-flight response 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
filling time 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
filtration 20.3 Capillary Exchange
filtration slits 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
fimbriae 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
first messenger 17.2 Hormones
first-degree burn 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
fixator 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
flaccid paralysis 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
flaccidity 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
flagellum 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
flat bone 6.2 Bone Classification
flatus 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
Flexion 9.5 Types of Body Movements , 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
flexor 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
flexor carpi radialis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
flexor carpi ulnaris 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
flexor digiti minimi brevis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
flexor digitorum longus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
flexor digitorum profundus 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
flexor digitorum superficialis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
flexor hallucis longus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
flexor pollicis brevis 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
flexor pollicis longus 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
flexor retinaculum 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb , 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
floating ribs 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
flocculonodular lobe 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
fluid compartment 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
fluid connective tissue 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
follicle 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
folliculogenesis 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
fontanelle 7.5 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
fontanelles 9.2 Fibrous Joints
foot 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
Foramen lacerum 7.2 The Skull
foramen magnum 7.2 The Skull , 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
foramen ovale 19.1 Heart Anatomy , 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation , 28.3 Fetal Development
Foramen ovale of the middle cranial fossa 7.2 The Skull
Foramen rotundum 7.2 The Skull
Foramen spinosum 7.2 The Skull
forced breathing 22.3 The Process of Breathing
forearm 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
forebrain 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
foregut 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
foremilk 28.6 Lactation
formed elements 18.1 An Overview of Blood
forming urine 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
fossa 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
fossa ovalis 19.1 Heart Anatomy
fourth ventricle 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
fourth-degree burn 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
fovea 14.1 Sensory Perception
fovea capitis 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
fracture 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
fracture hematoma 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
Frank-Starling mechanism 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
free nerve ending 14.1 Sensory Perception
frontal bone 7.2 The Skull
frontal eye fields 13.2 The Central Nervous System , 14.3 Motor Responses
frontal lobe 13.2 The Central Nervous System
frontal plane 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
frontal sinus 7.2 The Skull
frontalis 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
functional group 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
functional residual capacity (FRC) 22.3 The Process of Breathing
fundus 23.4 The Stomach , 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
fusiform 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
G
G cells 23.4 The Stomach
G protein 12.5 Communication Between Neurons , 17.2 Hormones
G protein–coupled receptor 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
G0 phase 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
G1 phase 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
G2 phase 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
gait 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
gait exam 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
gallbladder 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
gamete 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
ganglion 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
ganglionic neuron 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
gap junction 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
gastric emptying 23.4 The Stomach
gastric gland 23.4 The Stomach
gastric phase 23.4 The Stomach
gastric pits 23.4 The Stomach
gastric plexuses 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
gastrin 23.4 The Stomach
gastrocnemius 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
gastrocolic reflex 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
gastroileal reflex 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
gastrulation 28.2 Embryonic Development
gated 12.4 The Action Potential
gene 3.4 Protein Synthesis
Gene expression 3.4 Protein Synthesis
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
general sense 14.1 Sensory Perception
generator potential 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
genicular artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
genioglossus 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
geniohyoid 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
genome 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
genotype 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
Germinal centers 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
gestation 28.2 Embryonic Development
gigantism 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
Gingivae 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
glabella 7.2 The Skull
glans penis 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
glassy membrane 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
glenohumeral joint 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle , 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
glenohumeral ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
glenoid cavity 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
glenoid labrum 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
glial cell 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
globin 18.3 Erythrocytes
globulins 18.1 An Overview of Blood
globus pallidus 13.2 The Central Nervous System
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation
glomerulus 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
glossopharyngeal nerve 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
glottis 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
glucagon 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
glucocorticoids 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
Glucokinase 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
Gluconeogenesis 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
glucose-6-phosphate 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
gluteal group 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
gluteal tuberosity 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
gluteus maximus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
gluteus medius 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
gluteus minimus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
glycocalyx 3.1 The Cell Membrane
glycogen 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body
Glycolysis 10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation , 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
glycoprotein 3.1 The Cell Membrane
glycosuria 25.6 Tubular Reabsorption
gnosis 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
goblet cell 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
goiter 17.4 The Thyroid Gland
Golgi apparatus 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
gomphosis 9.2 Fibrous Joints
gonadal artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
gonadal vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
gonadotropins 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
gonads 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
gracilis 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
graded muscle response 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
graded potential 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue
graft-versus-host disease 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
Granular leukocytes 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
granulosa cells 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
granzyme 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
graphesthesia 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
gray matter 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
gray rami communicantes 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
great cardiac vein 19.1 Heart Anatomy
great cerebral vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
great saphenous vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
greater pelvis 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
greater sciatic foramen 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
greater sciatic notch 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
greater splanchnic nerve 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
greater trochanter 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
greater tubercle 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
greater wings of the sphenoid bone 7.2 The Skull
Gross anatomy 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
ground substance 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
Growth 1.3 Functions of Human Life
growth hormone (GH) 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
gustation 14.1 Sensory Perception
gustatory receptor cells 14.1 Sensory Perception
gyrus 13.2 The Central Nervous System
H
Hair 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
hair bulb 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
hair cells 14.1 Sensory Perception
hair follicle 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
hair matrix 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
hair papilla 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
hair root 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
hair shaft 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
Haldane effect 22.5 Transport of Gases
hallux 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
hamate 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
hamstring group 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
hand 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
hard palate 7.2 The Skull
haustra 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
haustral contraction 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
head of the femur 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
head of the fibula 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
head of the humerus 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
head of the metatarsal bone 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
head of the radius 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
head of the rib 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
head of the ulna 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
heart block 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
heart bulge 19.5 Development of the Heart
heart rate (HR) 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
heart sounds 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
heavy chain 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
helicase 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
Helper T cells (Th) 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
hemangioblasts 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
hematocrit 18.1 An Overview of Blood
hematopoiesis 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
hematopoietic stem cell 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
heme 18.3 Erythrocytes
hemiazygos vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
hemisection 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
hemocytoblast 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
Hemoglobin 18.3 Erythrocytes
hemolysis 18.6 Blood Typing
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) 18.6 Blood Typing
hemophilia 18.5 Hemostasis
hemopoiesis 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
hemopoietic growth factors 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
hemorrhage 18.5 Hemostasis
hemorrhagic stroke 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
hemosiderin 18.3 Erythrocytes
hemostasis 18.5 Hemostasis
Henry’s law 22.4 Gas Exchange
heparin 18.5 Hemostasis
hepatic artery 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
hepatic artery proper 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
hepatic lobule 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
hepatic portal system 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
hepatic portal vein 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
hepatic sinusoid 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
hepatic vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways , 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
hepatocyte 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
hepatopancreatic ampulla 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
hepatopancreatic sphincter 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
heterozygous 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
Hexokinase 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
high endothelial venules 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
hilum 22.2 The Lungs
hindbrain 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
Hindmilk 28.6 Lactation
hinge joint 9.4 Synovial Joints
hip bone 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
hip joint 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
hippocampus 13.2 The Central Nervous System
histamine 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging , 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
histology 4.1 Types of Tissues
histone 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
hole 6.3 Bone Structure
holocrine secretion 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
Homeostasis 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
homologous 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
homozygous 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
hook of the hamate bone 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
horizontal plate 7.2 The Skull
hormone 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
hormone receptor 17.2 Hormones
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 28.2 Embryonic Development
humeroradial joint 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
humeroulnar joint 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
humerus 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
Hyaline cartilage 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
hydrochloric acid (HCl) 23.4 The Stomach
hydrogen bond 2.2 Chemical Bonds
hydrophilic 3.1 The Cell Membrane
hydrophobic 3.1 The Cell Membrane
Hydrostatic pressure 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
hymen 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
hyoglossus 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
hyoid bone 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
hypercalcemia 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems , 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
Hypercapnia 26.4 Acid-Base Balance
Hyperchloremia 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
Hyperextension 9.5 Types of Body Movements
hyperflexia 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
hyperflexion 9.5 Types of Body Movements
hyperglycemia 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
Hyperkalemia 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
Hypernatremia 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
hyperparathyroidism 17.5 The Parathyroid Glands
Hyperphosphatemia 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
hyperplasia 10.8 Smooth Muscle
Hyperpnea 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
hypertension 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
hyperthyroidism 17.4 The Thyroid Gland
hypertonia 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
hypertonic 3.1 The Cell Membrane
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 19.1 Heart Anatomy
hypertrophy 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance
hyperventilation 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
Hypervolemia 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
hypoblast 28.2 Embryonic Development
Hypocalcemia 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems , 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
Hypocapnia 26.4 Acid-Base Balance
Hypochloremia 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
hypodermis 5.1 Layers of the Skin
hypoglossal canal 7.2 The Skull
hypoglossal nerve 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
Hypokalemia 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
Hyponatremia 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
hyponychium 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
hypoparathyroidism 17.5 The Parathyroid Glands
Hypophosphatemia 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa 7.2 The Skull
hypophyseal portal system 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
hypothalamus 13.2 The Central Nervous System , 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
hypothenar 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
hypothenar eminence 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
hypothyroidism 17.4 The Thyroid Gland
hypotonia 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
hypotonic 3.1 The Cell Membrane
hypotonicity 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
hypovolemia 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam , 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Hypovolemic shock 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
hypoxemia 18.3 Erythrocytes
hypoxia 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
I
IgA 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
IgD 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
IgE 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
IgG 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
IgM 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
ileocecal sphincter 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
ileum 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
iliac crest 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
iliac fossa 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
iliacus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
iliococcygeus 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
iliocostalis cervicis 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
iliocostalis group 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
iliocostalis lumborum 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
iliocostalis thoracis 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
iliofemoral ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
iliopsoas group 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
iliotibial tract 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
ilium 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
immediate hypersensitivity 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
immune system 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
immunoglobulin 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
immunoglobulins 18.1 An Overview of Blood
immunological memory 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
implantation 28.2 Embryonic Development
inactivation gate 12.4 The Action Potential
inactive proenzymes 24.4 Protein Metabolism
incisors 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
incomplete dominance 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
incontinence 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
incus 14.1 Sensory Perception
indirect pathway 13.2 The Central Nervous System
Inferior 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
inferior angle of the scapula 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
inferior articular process 7.3 The Vertebral Column
inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
inferior colliculus 13.2 The Central Nervous System , 14.2 Central Processing
inferior extensor retinaculum 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
inferior gemellus 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
inferior mesenteric artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
inferior mesenteric ganglion 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
inferior nasal concha 7.2 The Skull
inferior oblique 14.1 Sensory Perception
inferior olive 13.2 The Central Nervous System , 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
inferior phrenic artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
inferior pubic ramus 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
inferior rectus 14.1 Sensory Perception
Inferior rotation 9.5 Types of Body Movements
inferior vena cava 19.1 Heart Anatomy , 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
Inflammation 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging , 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
infraglenoid tubercle 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
infrahyoid muscles 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
infraorbital foramen 7.2 The Skull
infraspinatus 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
infraspinous fossa 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
infratemporal fossa 7.2 The Skull
infundibulum 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus , 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
ingestion 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
inguinal canal 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
inhibin 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
initial segment 12.2 Nervous Tissue
innate immune response 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
inner cell mass 28.2 Embryonic Development
inner ear 14.1 Sensory Perception
inner segment 14.1 Sensory Perception
inner synaptic layer 14.1 Sensory Perception
innermost intercostal 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
inorganic compound 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
inositol triphosphate (IP3) 17.2 Hormones
insertion 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
Inspiration 22.3 The Process of Breathing
Inspiratory capacity (IC) 22.3 The Process of Breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 22.3 The Process of Breathing
insulin 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas , 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
integral protein 3.1 The Cell Membrane
integration 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
integumentary system 5.1 Layers of the Skin
interatrial band 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
interatrial septum 19.1 Heart Anatomy
interaural intensity difference 14.2 Central Processing
interaural time difference 14.2 Central Processing
intercalated cell 25.6 Tubular Reabsorption
intercalated disc 10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue , 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
intercondylar eminence 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
intercondylar fossa 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
intercostal artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
intercostal muscles 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
intercostal nerves 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
intercostal vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
Interferons 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
Interleukins 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
intermediate 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
intermediate cuneiform 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
intermediate filament 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
Internal acoustic meatus 7.2 The Skull
internal anal sphincter 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
internal callus 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
internal capsule 14.3 Motor Responses
internal carotid arteries 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
internal carotid artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
internal elastic membrane 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
internal iliac artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
internal iliac vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
internal intercostal 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
internal jugular vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
internal oblique 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
Internal respiration 22.4 Gas Exchange
internal root sheath 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
internal thoracic artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
internal thoracic vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
internal urinary sphincter 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
internodal pathways 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
internuclear ophthalmoplegia 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
interoceptor 14.1 Sensory Perception
interosseous border of the fibula 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
interosseous border of the radius 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
interosseous border of the tibia 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
interosseous border of the ulna 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
interosseous membrane 9.2 Fibrous Joints
interosseous membrane of the forearm 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
interosseous membrane of the leg 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
interphalangeal joint 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
Interphase 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
interstitial fluid (IF) 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
Interstitial fluid (IF) 3.1 The Cell Membrane
interstitial fluid colloidal osmotic pressure (IFCOP) 20.3 Capillary Exchange
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) 20.3 Capillary Exchange
intertrochanteric crest 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
intertrochanteric line 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
intertubercular groove (sulcus) 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
interventricular foramina 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
interventricular septum 19.1 Heart Anatomy
intervertebral disc 7.3 The Vertebral Column , 7.3 The Vertebral Column
intervertebral foramen 7.3 The Vertebral Column
intestinal gland 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
intestinal juice 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
intestinal phase 23.4 The Stomach
intorsion 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
Intra-alveolar pressure 22.3 The Process of Breathing
intracapsular ligament 9.4 Synovial Joints
intracellular fluid (ICF) 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
Intracellular fluid (ICF) 3.1 The Cell Membrane
intramembranous ossification 6.4 Bone Formation and Development
intramural ganglia 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Intrapleural pressure 22.3 The Process of Breathing
intrinsic factor 23.4 The Stomach
intrinsic ligament 9.4 Synovial Joints
intrinsic muscles of the hand 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
intrinsic muscles of the tongue 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
intrinsic pathway 18.5 Hemostasis
intron 3.4 Protein Synthesis
inulin 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation
Inversion 9.5 Types of Body Movements
involution 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
ion 2.2 Chemical Bonds
ionic bond 2.2 Chemical Bonds
ionotropic receptor 12.4 The Action Potential
ipsilateral 14.1 Sensory Perception
iris 14.1 Sensory Perception
irregular bone 6.2 Bone Classification
ischemia 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
ischemic stroke 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
ischial ramus 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
ischial spine 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
ischial tuberosity 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
ischiococcygeus 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
ischiofemoral ligament 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
ischiopubic ramus 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
ischium 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
isometric contraction 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
isotonic 3.1 The Cell Membrane
isotonic contractions 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
isotope 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
isovolumic contraction 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
isovolumic ventricular relaxation phase 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
isthmus 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
J
jaundice 18.3 Erythrocytes
jaw-jerk reflex 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
jejunum 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
joint 9.1 Classification of Joints
joint cavity 9.1 Classification of Joints
joint interzone 9.7 Development of Joints
jugular (suprasternal) notch 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
jugular foramen 7.2 The Skull
jugular veins 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
juxtaglomerular cell 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
juxtamedullary nephrons 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
K
karyotype 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
keloid 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
Keratin 5.1 Layers of the Skin
keratinocyte 5.1 Layers of the Skin
keratohyalin 5.1 Layers of the Skin
ketone bodies 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
kinesthesia 13.2 The Central Nervous System , 14.1 Sensory Perception
kinetic energy 2.3 Chemical Reactions
kinetochore 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
knee joint 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
Korotkoff sounds 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
Krebs cycle 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
kyphosis 7.3 The Vertebral Column
L
labia 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
labia majora 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
labia minora 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
labial frenulum 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
lacrimal bone 7.2 The Skull
lacrimal duct 14.1 Sensory Perception
lacrimal fossa 7.2 The Skull
lacrimal gland 14.1 Sensory Perception
lactase 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
Lactation 28.6 Lactation
lacteal 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
lactic acid 10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
lactiferous ducts 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
lactiferous sinus 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
lacuna 6.3 Bone Structure
lacunae 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
lambdoid suture 7.2 The Skull
lamina 7.3 The Vertebral Column
lamina propria 4.1 Types of Tissues
Langerhans cell 5.1 Layers of the Skin
lanugo 28.3 Fetal Development
large intestine 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
laryngeal prominence 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
laryngopharynx 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System , 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
laryngotracheal bud 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
larynx 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
latch-bridges 10.8 Smooth Muscle
latent period 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
Lateral 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
lateral (external) rotation 9.5 Types of Body Movements
lateral apertures 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
lateral border of the scapula 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
lateral circumflex artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
lateral columns 13.2 The Central Nervous System
lateral compartment of the leg 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
lateral condyle of the femur 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
lateral condyle of the tibia 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
lateral corticospinal tract 14.3 Motor Responses
lateral cuneiform 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
lateral epicondyle of the femur 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
lateral epicondyle of the humerus 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
Lateral excursion 9.5 Types of Body Movements
Lateral flexion 9.5 Types of Body Movements
lateral geniculate nucleus 14.2 Central Processing
lateral horn 13.2 The Central Nervous System
lateral malleolus 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
lateral meniscus 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
lateral plantar artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
lateral pterygoid 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
lateral pterygoid plate 7.2 The Skull
lateral rectus 14.1 Sensory Perception
lateral sacral crest 7.3 The Vertebral Column
lateral sulcus 13.2 The Central Nervous System
lateral supracondylar ridge 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
lateral tibiofemoral joint 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
lateral ventricles 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
lateralis 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
latissimus dorsi 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
leakage channel 12.4 The Action Potential
leaky tight junctions 25.6 Tubular Reabsorption
left atrioventricular valve 19.1 Heart Anatomy
left colic flexure 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
left gastric artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
leg 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
lens 14.1 Sensory Perception
leptin 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
lesser pelvis 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
lesser sciatic foramen 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
lesser sciatic notch 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
lesser splanchnic nerve 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
lesser trochanter 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
lesser tubercle 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
lesser wings of the sphenoid bone 7.2 The Skull
let-down reflex 28.6 Lactation
Leukemia 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
leukocyte 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
Leukocyte esterase 25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine
leukocytosis 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
Leukopenia 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
levator ani 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
levator palpebrae superioris 14.1 Sensory Perception
Leydig cells 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
ligament 9.2 Fibrous Joints
ligament of the head of the femur 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb , 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
ligamentum flavum 7.3 The Vertebral Column
ligand 3.1 The Cell Membrane
ligand-gated cation channel 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
ligand-gated channel 12.4 The Action Potential
light chain 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
lightening 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
limb bud 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
limbic cortex 13.2 The Central Nervous System
limbic lobe 15.3 Central Control
limbic system 13.2 The Central Nervous System
linea alba 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
linea aspera 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
lingual frenulum 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
lingual lipase 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
lingual tonsil 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
Lingula 7.2 The Skull
lipid 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
lipogenesis 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
lipolysis 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
lipoprotein lipase 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
liver 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
Localization of function 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
lochia 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
long bone 6.2 Bone Classification
long reflex 15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
longissimus capitis 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
longissimus cervicis 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
longissimus group 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
longissimus thoracis 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
longitudinal fissure 13.2 The Central Nervous System
longus 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
loop of Henle 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
loose connective tissue 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
lordosis 7.3 The Vertebral Column
lower esophageal sphincter 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
lower motor neuron 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue
lumbar arteries 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
lumbar curve 7.3 The Vertebral Column
lumbar enlargement 14.3 Motor Responses
lumbar plexus 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
lumbar puncture 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
lumbar veins 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
Lumbar vertebrae 7.3 The Vertebral Column
lumbrical 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
lumen 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
lunate 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
lung 22.2 The Lungs
lung bud 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
lunula 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
Luteinizing hormone (LH) 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
Lymph 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
lymph node 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lymphatic capillaries 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
lymphatic system 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
lymphatic trunks 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lymphocytes 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets , 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
lymphoid nodules 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lymphoid stem cells 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
Lymphoma 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
lysosome 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
lysozyme 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
M
macromolecule 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
macrophage 18.3 Erythrocytes , 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
Macrophage oxidative metabolism 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens
macula 14.1 Sensory Perception
macula densa 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1.7 Medical Imaging
main pancreatic duct 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
major duodenal papilla 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
malleus 14.1 Sensory Perception
maltase 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
mammary glands 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
mandible 7.2 The Skull , 7.2 The Skull
Mandibular foramen 7.2 The Skull
Mandibular fossa 7.2 The Skull
mandibular notch 7.2 The Skull
manubrium 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
marginal arteries 19.1 Heart Anatomy
mass movement 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
mass number 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
masseter 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
mast cell 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
mastication 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back , 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
mastoid process 7.2 The Skull
matrix 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
matter 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
maxillary bone 7.2 The Skull
maxillary sinus 7.2 The Skull
maxillary vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
maximus 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
meatuses 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
Mechanical digestion 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
mechanically gated channel 12.4 The Action Potential
mechanoreceptor 14.1 Sensory Perception
meconium 28.3 Fetal Development
Medial 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
medial (internal) rotation 9.5 Types of Body Movements
medial border of the scapula 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
medial compartment of the thigh 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
medial condyle of the femur 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
medial condyle of the tibia 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
medial cuneiform 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
medial epicondyle of the femur 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
medial epicondyle of the humerus 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
Medial excursion 9.5 Types of Body Movements
medial forebrain bundle 15.3 Central Control
medial geniculate nucleus 14.2 Central Processing
medial lemniscus 14.2 Central Processing
medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
medial malleolus 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
medial meniscus 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
medial plantar artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
medial pterygoid 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
medial pterygoid plate 7.2 The Skull
medial rectus 14.1 Sensory Perception
medial tibiofemoral joint 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
medialis 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
median antebrachial vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
median aperture 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
median cubital vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
median nerve 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
median sacral artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
median sacral crest 7.3 The Vertebral Column
mediastinal artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
medius 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
medulla 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin , 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
medullary cavity 6.3 Bone Structure
megakaryocyte 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
Meissner corpuscle 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System
Melanin 5.1 Layers of the Skin
melanocyte 5.1 Layers of the Skin
melanoma 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
melanosome 5.1 Layers of the Skin
melatonin 17.7 The Pineal Gland
membrane potential 12.4 The Action Potential
memory cell 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
memory T cells 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
menarche 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
meninges 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
meniscus 9.4 Synovial Joints
menses 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
menses phase 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
menstrual cycle 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
Mental foramen 7.2 The Skull
Mental protuberance 7.2 The Skull
mental status exam 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
Merkel cell 5.1 Layers of the Skin
Merocrine secretion 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
mesangial 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
mesencephalic nuclei 14.2 Central Processing
mesencephalon 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
mesenchymal cell 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
mesenchyme 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
mesenteric plexus 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
mesoappendix 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
mesoderm 4.1 Types of Tissues , 19.5 Development of the Heart , 28.2 Embryonic Development
mesothelium 4.2 Epithelial Tissue , 19.1 Heart Anatomy
messenger RNA (mRNA) 3.4 Protein Synthesis
Metabolic acidosis 26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
Metabolic alkalosis 26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
metabolic rate 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
Metabolism 1.3 Functions of Human Life , 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
metabotropic receptor 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
metacarpal bone 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
metacarpophalangeal joint 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
Metaphase 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
metaphase plate 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
metarteriole 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
metastasis 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
metatarsal bone 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
metatarsophalangeal joint 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
metencephalon 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
MHC class I 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
MHC class II 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
MHC polygeny 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
MHC polymorphism 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
micelle 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
microcirculation 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
microfilament 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
Microglia 12.2 Nervous Tissue
microscopic anatomy 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
microtubule 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
microvilli 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
Micturition 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
midbrain 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
midcarpal joint 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
middle cardiac vein 19.1 Heart Anatomy
middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
middle cerebral artery 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
middle cranial fossa 7.2 The Skull
middle ear 14.1 Sensory Perception
middle nasal concha 7.2 The Skull
middle sacral vein 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
middle scalene 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
migrating motility complex 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
mineralocorticoids 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
Minerals 24.7 Nutrition and Diet
minimus 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
mitochondrion 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
Mitosis 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
mitotic phase 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
mitotic spindle 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
mitral valve 19.1 Heart Anatomy
mixing wave 23.4 The Stomach
modeling 6.4 Bone Formation and Development
moderator band 19.1 Heart Anatomy
molars