3.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity

Kinematics is the description of motion without considering its causes. In this chapter, it is limited to motion along a straight line, called one-dimensional motion.
Displacement is the change in position of an object. The SI unit for displacement is the meter. Displacement has direction as well as magnitude.
Distance traveled is the total length of the path traveled between two positions.
Time is measured in terms of change. The time between two position points $x_{1}$ and $x_{2}$ is $Δ t = t_{2} - t_{1}$ . Elapsed time for an event is $Δ t = t_{f} - t_{0}$ , where $t_{f}$ is the final time and $t_{0}$ is the initial time. The initial time is often taken to be zero.
Average velocity $\overset{–}{v}$ is defined as displacement divided by elapsed time. If $x_{1}, t_{1}$ and $x_{2}, t_{2}$ are two position time points, the average velocity between these points is
$\overset{–}{v} = \frac{Δ x}{Δ t} = \frac{x_{2} - x_{1}}{t_{2} - t_{1}} .$

3.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

Instantaneous velocity is a continuous function of time and gives the velocity at any point in time during a particle’s motion. We can calculate the instantaneous velocity at a specific time by taking the derivative of the position function, which gives us the functional form of instantaneous velocity v(t).
Instantaneous velocity is a vector and can be negative.
Instantaneous speed is found by taking the absolute value of instantaneous velocity, and it is always positive.
Average speed is total distance traveled divided by elapsed time.
The slope of a position-versus-time graph at a specific time gives instantaneous velocity at that time.

Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. The SI unit for acceleration is meters per second squared.
Acceleration is a vector. It has both magnitude and direction and so can be the rate of change of the magnitude or direction of the velocity, or both.
Instantaneous acceleration a(t) is a continuous function of time and gives the acceleration at any specific time during the motion. It is calculated from the derivative of the velocity function. Instantaneous acceleration is the slope of the velocity-versus-time graph.
Negative acceleration (sometimes called deceleration) is acceleration in the negative direction in the chosen coordinate system.

When analyzing one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration, identify the known quantities and choose the appropriate equations to solve for the unknowns. Either one or two of the kinematic equations are needed to solve for the unknowns, depending on the known and unknown quantities.
Two-body pursuit problems always require two equations to be solved simultaneously for the unknowns.

An object in free fall experiences constant acceleration if air resistance is negligible.
On Earth, all free-falling objects have an acceleration g due to gravity, which averages $g = 9.81 {m/s}^{2}$ .
For objects in free fall, the upward direction is normally taken as positive for displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

Integral calculus gives us a more complete formulation of kinematics.
If acceleration a(t) is known, we can use integral calculus to derive expressions for velocity v(t) and position x(t).
If acceleration is constant, the integral equations reduce to Equation 3.12 and Equation 3.13 for motion with constant acceleration.