University Physics Volume 1

Problems

17.1Sound Waves

29.

Consider a sound wave modeled with the equation$s(x,t)=4.00nmcos(3.66m−1x−1256s−1t).s(x,t)=4.00nmcos(3.66m−1x−1256s−1t).$ What is the maximum displacement, the wavelength, the frequency, and the speed of the sound wave?

30.

Consider a sound wave moving through the air modeled with the equation$s(x,t)=6.00nmcos(54.93m−1x−18.84×103s−1t).s(x,t)=6.00nmcos(54.93m−1x−18.84×103s−1t).$ What is the shortest time required for an air molecule to move between 3.00 nm and –3.00 nm?

31.

Consider a diagnostic ultrasound of frequency 5.00 MHz that is used to examine an irregularity in soft tissue. (a) What is the wavelength in air of such a sound wave if the speed of sound is 343 m/s? (b) If the speed of sound in tissue is 1800 m/s, what is the wavelength of this wave in tissue?

32.

A sound wave is modeled as $ΔP=1.80Pasin(55.41m−1x−18,840s−1t).ΔP=1.80Pasin(55.41m−1x−18,840s−1t).$ What is the maximum change in pressure, the wavelength, the frequency, and the speed of the sound wave?

33.

A sound wave is modeled with the wave function $ΔP=1.20Pasin(kx−6.28×104s−1t)ΔP=1.20Pasin(kx−6.28×104s−1t)$ and the sound wave travels in air at a speed of $v=343.00m/s.v=343.00m/s.$ (a) What is the wave number of the sound wave? (b) What is the value for $ΔP(3.00m,20.00s)ΔP(3.00m,20.00s)$?

34.

The displacement of the air molecules in sound wave is modeled with the wave function $s(x,t)=5.00nmcos(91.54m−1x−3.14×104s−1t)s(x,t)=5.00nmcos(91.54m−1x−3.14×104s−1t)$. (a) What is the wave speed of the sound wave? (b) What is the maximum speed of the air molecules as they oscillate in simple harmonic motion? (c) What is the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the air molecules as they oscillate in simple harmonic motion?

35.

A speaker is placed at the opening of a long horizontal tube. The speaker oscillates at a frequency f, creating a sound wave that moves down the tube. The wave moves through the tube at a speed of $v=340.00m/s.v=340.00m/s.$ The sound wave is modeled with the wave function $s(x,t)=smaxcos(kx−ωt+ϕ).s(x,t)=smaxcos(kx−ωt+ϕ).$ At time $t=0.00st=0.00s$, an air molecule at $x=3.5mx=3.5m$ is at the maximum displacement of 7.00 nm. At the same time, another molecule at $x=3.7mx=3.7m$ has a displacement of 3.00 nm. What is the frequency at which the speaker is oscillating?

36.

A 250-Hz tuning fork is struck and begins to vibrate. A sound-level meter is located 34.00 m away. It takes the sound $Δt=0.10sΔt=0.10s$ to reach the meter. The maximum displacement of the tuning fork is 1.00 mm. Write a wave function for the sound.

37.

A sound wave produced by an ultrasonic transducer, moving in air, is modeled with the wave equation $s(x,t)=4.50nmcos(9.15×104m−1x−2π(5.00MHz)t).s(x,t)=4.50nmcos(9.15×104m−1x−2π(5.00MHz)t).$ The transducer is to be used in nondestructive testing to test for fractures in steel beams. The speed of sound in the steel beam is $v=5950m/s.v=5950m/s.$ Find the wave function for the sound wave in the steel beam.

38.

Porpoises emit sound waves that they use for navigation. If the wavelength of the sound wave emitted is 4.5 cm, and the speed of sound in the water is $v=1530m/s,v=1530m/s,$ what is the period of the sound?

39.

Bats use sound waves to catch insects. Bats can detect frequencies up to 100 kHz. If the sound waves travel through air at a speed of $v=343m/s,v=343m/s,$ what is the wavelength of the sound waves?

40.

A bat sends of a sound wave 100 kHz and the sound waves travel through air at a speed of $v=343m/s.v=343m/s.$ (a) If the maximum pressure difference is 1.30 Pa, what is a wave function that would model the sound wave, assuming the wave is sinusoidal? (Assume the phase shift is zero.) (b) What are the period and wavelength of the sound wave?

41.

Consider the graph shown below of a compression wave. Shown are snapshots of the wave function for $t=0.000st=0.000s$ (blue) and $t=0.005st=0.005s$ (orange). What are the wavelength, maximum displacement, velocity, and period of the compression wave?

42.

Consider the graph in the preceding problem of a compression wave. Shown are snapshots of the wave function for $t=0.000st=0.000s$ (blue) and $t=0.005st=0.005s$ (orange). Given that the displacement of the molecule at time $t=0.00st=0.00s$ and position $x=0.00mx=0.00m$ is $s(0.00m,0.00s)=1.08mm,s(0.00m,0.00s)=1.08mm,$ derive a wave function to model the compression wave.

43.

A guitar string oscillates at a frequency of 100 Hz and produces a sound wave. (a) What do you think the frequency of the sound wave is that the vibrating string produces? (b) If the speed of the sound wave is
$v=343m/s,v=343m/s,$ what is the wavelength of the sound wave?

17.2Speed of Sound

44.

When poked by a spear, an operatic soprano lets out a 1200-Hz shriek. What is its wavelength if the speed of sound is 345 m/s?

45.

What frequency sound has a 0.10-m wavelength when the speed of sound is 340 m/s?

46.

Calculate the speed of sound on a day when a 1500-Hz frequency has a wavelength of 0.221 m.

47.

(a) What is the speed of sound in a medium where a 100-kHz frequency produces a 5.96-cm wavelength? (b) Which substance in Table 17.1 is this likely to be?

48.

Show that the speed of sound in $20.0°C20.0°C$ air is $343m/s,343m/s,$ as claimed in the text.

49.

Air temperature in the Sahara Desert can reach $56.0°C56.0°C$ (about $134°F134°F$). What is the speed of sound in air at that temperature?

50.

Dolphins make sounds in air and water. What is the ratio of the wavelength of a sound in air to its wavelength in seawater? Assume air temperature is $20.0°C.20.0°C.$

51.

A sonar echo returns to a submarine 1.20 s after being emitted. What is the distance to the object creating the echo? (Assume that the submarine is in the ocean, not in fresh water.)

52.

(a) If a submarine’s sonar can measure echo times with a precision of 0.0100 s, what is the smallest difference in distances it can detect? (Assume that the submarine is in the ocean, not in fresh water.) (b) Discuss the limits this time resolution imposes on the ability of the sonar system to detect the size and shape of the object creating the echo.

53.

Ultrasonic sound waves are often used in methods of nondestructive testing. For example, this method can be used to find structural faults in a steel I-beams used in building. Consider a 10.00 meter long, steel I-beam with a cross-section shown below. The weight of the I-beam is 3846.50 N. What would be the speed of sound through in the I-beam? $(Ysteel=200GPa,βsteel=159GPa)(Ysteel=200GPa,βsteel=159GPa)$.

54.

A physicist at a fireworks display times the lag between seeing an explosion and hearing its sound, and finds it to be 0.400 s. (a) How far away is the explosion if air temperature is $24.0°C24.0°C$ and if you neglect the time taken for light to reach the physicist? (b) Calculate the distance to the explosion taking the speed of light into account. Note that this distance is negligibly greater.

55.

During a 4th of July celebration, an M80 firework explodes on the ground, producing a bright flash and a loud bang. The air temperature of the night air is $TF=90.00°F.TF=90.00°F.$ Two observers see the flash and hear the bang. The first observer notes the time between the flash and the bang as 1.00 second. The second observer notes the difference as 3.00 seconds. The line of sight between the two observers meet at a right angle as shown below. What is the distance $ΔxΔx$ between the two observers?

56.

The density of a sample of water is $ρ=998.00kg/m3ρ=998.00kg/m3$ and the bulk modulus is $β=2.15GPa.β=2.15GPa.$ What is the speed of sound through the sample?

57.

Suppose a bat uses sound echoes to locate its insect prey, 3.00 m away. (See Figure 17.6.) (a) Calculate the echo times for temperatures of $5.00°C5.00°C$ and $35.0°C.35.0°C.$ (b) What percent uncertainty does this cause for the bat in locating the insect? (c) Discuss the significance of this uncertainty and whether it could cause difficulties for the bat. (In practice, the bat continues to use sound as it closes in, eliminating most of any difficulties imposed by this and other effects, such as motion of the prey.)

17.3Sound Intensity

58.

What is the intensity in watts per meter squared of a 85.0-dB sound?

59.

The warning tag on a lawn mower states that it produces noise at a level of 91.0 dB. What is this in watts per meter squared?

60.

A sound wave traveling in air has a pressure amplitude of 0.5 Pa. What is the intensity of the wave?

61.

What intensity level does the sound in the preceding problem correspond to?

62.

What sound intensity level in dB is produced by earphones that create an intensity of $4.00×10−2W/m24.00×10−2W/m2$?

63.

What is the decibel level of a sound that is twice as intense as a 90.0-dB sound? (b) What is the decibel level of a sound that is one-fifth as intense as a 90.0-dB sound?

64.

What is the intensity of a sound that has a level 7.00 dB lower than a $4.00×10−9-W/m24.00×10−9-W/m2$ sound? (b) What is the intensity of a sound that is 3.00 dB higher than a $4.00×10−9-W/m24.00×10−9-W/m2$ sound?

65.

People with good hearing can perceive sounds as low as −8.00 dB at a frequency of 3000 Hz. What is the intensity of this sound in watts per meter squared?

66.

If a large housefly 3.0 m away from you makes a noise of 40.0 dB, what is the noise level of 1000 flies at that distance, assuming interference has a negligible effect?

67.

Ten cars in a circle at a boom box competition produce a 120-dB sound intensity level at the center of the circle. What is the average sound intensity level produced there by each stereo, assuming interference effects can be neglected?

68.

The amplitude of a sound wave is measured in terms of its maximum gauge pressure. By what factor does the amplitude of a sound wave increase if the sound intensity level goes up by 40.0 dB?

69.

If a sound intensity level of 0 dB at 1000 Hz corresponds to a maximum gauge pressure (sound amplitude) of $10−9atm10−9atm$, what is the maximum gauge pressure in a 60-dB sound? What is the maximum gauge pressure in a 120-dB sound?

70.

An 8-hour exposure to a sound intensity level of 90.0 dB may cause hearing damage. What energy in joules falls on a 0.800-cm-diameter eardrum so exposed?

71.

Sound is more effectively transmitted into a stethoscope by direct contact rather than through the air, and it is further intensified by being concentrated on the smaller area of the eardrum. It is reasonable to assume that sound is transmitted into a stethoscope 100 times as effectively compared with transmission though the air. What, then, is the gain in decibels produced by a stethoscope that has a sound gathering area of $15.0cm215.0cm2$, and concentrates the sound onto two eardrums with a total area of $0.900cm20.900cm2$ with an efficiency of $40.0%40.0%$?

72.

Loudspeakers can produce intense sounds with surprisingly small energy input in spite of their low efficiencies. Calculate the power input needed to produce a 90.0-dB sound intensity level for a 12.0-cm-diameter speaker that has an efficiency of $1.00%1.00%$. (This value is the sound intensity level right at the speaker.)

73.

The factor of 10-12 in the range of intensities to which the ear can respond, from threshold to that causing damage after brief exposure, is truly remarkable. If you could measure distances over the same range with a single instrument and the smallest distance you could measure was 1 mm, what would the largest be?

74.

What are the closest frequencies to 500 Hz that an average person can clearly distinguish as being different in frequency from 500 Hz? The sounds are not present simultaneously.

75.

Can you tell that your roommate turned up the sound on the TV if its average sound intensity level goes from 70 to 73 dB?

76.

If a woman needs an amplification of $5.0×1055.0×105$ times the threshold intensity to enable her to hear at all frequencies, what is her overall hearing loss in dB? Note that smaller amplification is appropriate for more intense sounds to avoid further damage to her hearing from levels above 90 dB.

77.

A person has a hearing threshold 10 dB above normal at 100 Hz and 50 dB above normal at 4000 Hz. How much more intense must a 100-Hz tone be than a 4000-Hz tone if they are both barely audible to this person?

17.4Normal Modes of a Standing Sound Wave

78.

(a) What is the fundamental frequency of a 0.672-m-long tube, open at both ends, on a day when the speed of sound is 344 m/s? (b) What is the frequency of its second harmonic?

79.

What is the length of a tube that has a fundamental frequency of 176 Hz and a first overtone of 352 Hz if the speed of sound is 343 m/s?

80.

The ear canal resonates like a tube closed at one end. (See [link]Figure 17_03_HumEar[/link].) If ear canals range in length from 1.80 to 2.60 cm in an average population, what is the range of fundamental resonant frequencies? Take air temperature to be $37.0°C,37.0°C,$ which is the same as body temperature.

81.

Calculate the first overtone in an ear canal, which resonates like a 2.40-cm-long tube closed at one end, by taking air temperature to be $37.0°C37.0°C$. Is the ear particularly sensitive to such a frequency? (The resonances of the ear canal are complicated by its nonuniform shape, which we shall ignore.)

82.

A crude approximation of voice production is to consider the breathing passages and mouth to be a resonating tube closed at one end. (a) What is the fundamental frequency if the tube is 0.240 m long, by taking air temperature to be $37.0°C37.0°C$? (b) What would this frequency become if the person replaced the air with helium? Assume the same temperature dependence for helium as for air.

83.

A 4.0-m-long pipe, open at one end and closed at one end, is in a room where the temperature is $T=22°C.T=22°C.$ A speaker capable of producing variable frequencies is placed at the open end and is used to cause the tube to resonate. (a) What is the wavelength and the frequency of the fundamental frequency? (b) What is the frequency and wavelength of the first overtone?

84.

A 4.0-m-long pipe, open at both ends, is placed in a room where the temperature is$T=25°C.T=25°C.$ A speaker capable of producing variable frequencies is placed at the open end and is used to cause the tube to resonate. (a) What are the wavelength and the frequency of the fundamental frequency? (b) What are the frequency and wavelength of the first overtone?

85.

A nylon guitar string is fixed between two lab posts 2.00 m apart. The string has a linear mass density of $μ=7.20g/mμ=7.20g/m$ and is placed under a tension of 160.00 N. The string is placed next to a tube, open at both ends, of length L. The string is plucked and the tube resonates at the $n=3n=3$ mode. The speed of sound is 343 m/s. What is the length of the tube?

86.

A 512-Hz tuning fork is struck and placed next to a tube with a movable piston, creating a tube with a variable length. The piston is slid down the pipe and resonance is reached when the piston is 115.50 cm from the open end. The next resonance is reached when the piston is 82.50 cm from the open end. (a) What is the speed of sound in the tube? (b) How far from the open end will the piston cause the next mode of resonance?

87.

Students in a physics lab are asked to find the length of an air column in a tube closed at one end that has a fundamental frequency of 256 Hz. They hold the tube vertically and fill it with water to the top, then lower the water while a 256-Hz tuning fork is rung and listen for the first resonance. (a) What is the air temperature if the resonance occurs for a length of 0.336 m? (b) At what length will they observe the second resonance (first overtone)?

17.5Sources of Musical Sound

88.

If a wind instrument, such as a tuba, has a fundamental frequency of 32.0 Hz, what are its first three overtones? It is closed at one end. (The overtones of a real tuba are more complex than this example, because it is a tapered tube.)

89.

What are the first three overtones of a bassoon that has a fundamental frequency of 90.0 Hz? It is open at both ends. (The overtones of a real bassoon are more complex than this example, because its double reed makes it act more like a tube closed at one end.)

90.

How long must a flute be in order to have a fundamental frequency of 262 Hz (this frequency corresponds to middle C on the evenly tempered chromatic scale) on a day when air temperature is $20.0°C20.0°C$? It is open at both ends.

91.

What length should an oboe have to produce a fundamental frequency of 110 Hz on a day when the speed of sound is 343 m/s? It is open at both ends.

92.

(a) Find the length of an organ pipe closed at one end that produces a fundamental frequency of 256 Hz when air temperature is $18.0°C18.0°C$. (b) What is its fundamental frequency at $25.0°C25.0°C$?

93.

An organ pipe $(L=3.00m)(L=3.00m)$ is closed at both ends. Compute the wavelengths and frequencies of the first three modes of resonance. Assume the speed of sound is$v=343.00m/s.v=343.00m/s.$

94.

An organ pipe $(L=3.00m)(L=3.00m)$ is closed at one end. Compute the wavelengths and frequencies of the first three modes of resonance. Assume the speed of sound is$v=343.00m/s.v=343.00m/s.$

95.

A sound wave of a frequency of 2.00 kHz is produced by a string oscillating in the $n=6n=6$ mode. The linear mass density of the string is $μ=0.0065kg/mμ=0.0065kg/m$ and the length of the string is 1.50 m. What is the tension in the string?

96.

Consider the sound created by resonating the tube shown below. The air temperature is $TC=30.00°CTC=30.00°C$. What are the wavelength, wave speed, and frequency of the sound produced?

97.

A student holds an 80.00-cm lab pole one quarter of the length from the end of the pole. The lab pole is made of aluminum. The student strikes the lab pole with a hammer. The pole resonates at the lowest possible frequency. What is that frequency?

98.

A string on the violin has a length of 24.00 cm and a mass of 0.860 g. The fundamental frequency of the string is 1.00 kHz. (a) What is the speed of the wave on the string? (b) What is the tension in the string?

99.

By what fraction will the frequencies produced by a wind instrument change when air temperature goes from $10.0°C10.0°C$ to $30.0°C30.0°C$? That is, find the ratio of the frequencies at those temperatures.

17.6Beats

100.

What beat frequencies are present: (a) If the musical notes A and C are played together (frequencies of 220 and 264 Hz)? (b) If D and F are played together (frequencies of 297 and 352 Hz)? (c) If all four are played together?

101.

What beat frequencies result if a piano hammer hits three strings that emit frequencies of 127.8, 128.1, and 128.3 Hz?

102.

A piano tuner hears a beat every 2.00 s when listening to a 264.0-Hz tuning fork and a single piano string. What are the two possible frequencies of the string?

103.

Two identical strings, of identical lengths of 2.00 m and linear mass density of $μ=0.0065kg/m,μ=0.0065kg/m,$ are fixed on both ends. String A is under a tension of 120.00 N. String B is under a tension of 130.00 N. They are each plucked and produce sound at the $n=10n=10$ mode. What is the beat frequency?

104.

A piano tuner uses a 512-Hz tuning fork to tune a piano. He strikes the fork and hits a key on the piano and hears a beat frequency of 5 Hz. He tightens the string of the piano, and repeats the procedure. Once again he hears a beat frequency of 5 Hz. What happened?

105.

A string with a linear mass density of $μ=0.0062kg/mμ=0.0062kg/m$ is stretched between two posts 1.30 m apart. The tension in the string is 150.00 N. The string oscillates and produces a sound wave. A 1024-Hz tuning fork is struck and the beat frequency between the two sources is 52.83 Hz. What are the possible frequency and wavelength of the wave on the string?

106.

A car has two horns, one emitting a frequency of 199 Hz and the other emitting a frequency of 203 Hz. What beat frequency do they produce?

107.

The middle C hammer of a piano hits two strings, producing beats of 1.50 Hz. One of the strings is tuned to 260.00 Hz. What frequencies could the other string have?

108.

Two tuning forks having frequencies of 460 and 464 Hz are struck simultaneously. What average frequency will you hear, and what will the beat frequency be?

109.

Twin jet engines on an airplane are producing an average sound frequency of 4100 Hz with a beat frequency of 0.500 Hz. What are their individual frequencies?

110.

Three adjacent keys on a piano (F, F-sharp, and G) are struck simultaneously, producing frequencies of 349, 370, and 392 Hz. What beat frequencies are produced by this discordant combination?

17.7The Doppler Effect

111.

(a) What frequency is received by a person watching an oncoming ambulance moving at 110 km/h and emitting a steady 800-Hz sound from its siren? The speed of sound on this day is 345 m/s. (b) What frequency does she receive after the ambulance has passed?

112.

(a) At an air show a jet flies directly toward the stands at a speed of 1200 km/h, emitting a frequency of 3500 Hz, on a day when the speed of sound is 342 m/s. What frequency is received by the observers? (b) What frequency do they receive as the plane flies directly away from them?

113.

What frequency is received by a mouse just before being dispatched by a hawk flying at it at 25.0 m/s and emitting a screech of frequency 3500 Hz? Take the speed of sound to be 331 m/s.

114.

A spectator at a parade receives an 888-Hz tone from an oncoming trumpeter who is playing an 880-Hz note. At what speed is the musician approaching if the speed of sound is 338 m/s?

115.

A commuter train blows its 200-Hz horn as it approaches a crossing. The speed of sound is 335 m/s. (a) An observer waiting at the crossing receives a frequency of 208 Hz. What is the speed of the train? (b) What frequency does the observer receive as the train moves away?

116.

Can you perceive the shift in frequency produced when you pull a tuning fork toward you at 10.0 m/s on a day when the speed of sound is 344 m/s? To answer this question, calculate the factor by which the frequency shifts and see if it is greater than 0.300%.

117.

Two eagles fly directly toward one another, the first at 15.0 m/s and the second at 20.0 m/s. Both screech, the first one emitting a frequency of 3200 Hz and the second one emitting a frequency of 3800 Hz. What frequencies do they receive if the speed of sound is 330 m/s?

118.

Student A runs down the hallway of the school at a speed of $vo=5.00m/s,vo=5.00m/s,$ carrying a ringing 1024.00-Hz tuning fork toward a concrete wall. The speed of sound is $v=343.00m/s.v=343.00m/s.$ Student B stands at rest at the wall. (a) What is the frequency heard by student B? (b) What is the beat frequency heard by student A?

119.

An ambulance with a siren $(f=1.00kHz)(f=1.00kHz)$ blaring is approaching an accident scene. The ambulance is moving at 70.00 mph. A nurse is approaching the scene from the opposite direction, running at $vo=7.00m/s.vo=7.00m/s.$ What frequency does the nurse observe? Assume the speed of sound is $v=343.00m/s.v=343.00m/s.$

120.

The frequency of the siren of an ambulance is 900 Hz and is approaching you. You are standing on a corner and observe a frequency of 960 Hz. What is the speed of the ambulance (in mph) if the speed of sound is $v=340.00m/s?v=340.00m/s?$

121.

What is the minimum speed at which a source must travel toward you for you to be able to hear that its frequency is Doppler shifted? That is, what speed produces a shift of $0.300%0.300%$ on a day when the speed of sound is 331 m/s?

17.8Shock Waves

122.

An airplane is flying at Mach 1.50 at an altitude of 7500.00 meters, where the speed of sound is $v=343.00m/s.v=343.00m/s.$ How far away from a stationary observer will the plane be when the observer hears the sonic boom?

123.

A jet flying at an altitude of 8.50 km has a speed of Mach 2.00, where the speed of sound is $v=340.00m/s.v=340.00m/s.$ How long after the jet is directly overhead, will a stationary observer hear a sonic boom?

124.

The shock wave off the front of a fighter jet has an angle of $θ=70.00°θ=70.00°$. The jet is flying at 1200 km/h. What is the speed of sound?

125.

A plane is flying at Mach 1.2, and an observer on the ground hears the sonic boom 15.00 seconds after the plane is directly overhead. What is the altitude of the plane? Assume the speed of sound is $vw=343.00m/s.vw=343.00m/s.$

126.

A bullet is fired and moves at a speed of 1342 mph. Assume the speed of sound is $v=340.00m/s.v=340.00m/s.$ What is the angle of the shock wave produced?

127.

A speaker is placed at the opening of a long horizontal tube. The speaker oscillates at a frequency of f, creating a sound wave that moves down the tube. The wave moves through the tube at a speed of $v=340.00m/s.v=340.00m/s.$ The sound wave is modeled with the wave function $s(x,t)=smaxcos(kx−ωt+ϕ)s(x,t)=smaxcos(kx−ωt+ϕ)$. At time $t=0.00st=0.00s$, an air molecule at $x=2.3mx=2.3m$ is at the maximum displacement of 6.34 nm. At the same time, another molecule at $x=2.7mx=2.7m$ has a displacement of 2.30 nm. What is the wave function of the sound wave, that is, find the wave number, angular frequency, and the initial phase shift?

128.

An airplane moves at Mach 1.2 and produces a shock wave. (a) What is the speed of the plane in meters per second? (b) What is the angle that the shock wave moves?

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