Prealgebra 2e

10.4Divide Monomials

Prealgebra 2e10.4 Divide Monomials

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Simplify expressions using the Quotient Property of Exponents
• Simplify expressions with zero exponents
• Simplify expressions using the Quotient to a Power Property
• Simplify expressions by applying several properties
• Divide monomials
Be Prepared 10.9

Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.

Simplify: $824.824.$
If you missed the problem, review Example 4.19.

Be Prepared 10.10

Simplify: $(2m3)5.(2m3)5.$
If you missed the problem, review Example 10.23.

Be Prepared 10.11

Simplify: $12x12y.12x12y.$
If you missed the problem, review Example 4.23.

Simplify Expressions Using the Quotient Property of Exponents

Earlier in this chapter, we developed the properties of exponents for multiplication. We summarize these properties here.

Summary of Exponent Properties for Multiplication

If $a,ba,b$ are real numbers and $m,nm,n$ are whole numbers, then

$Product Propertyam⋅an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am⋅nProduct to a Power(ab)m=ambmProduct Propertyam⋅an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am⋅nProduct to a Power(ab)m=ambm$

Now we will look at the exponent properties for division. A quick memory refresher may help before we get started. In Fractions you learned that fractions may be simplified by dividing out common factors from the numerator and denominator using the Equivalent Fractions Property. This property will also help us work with algebraic fractions—which are also quotients.

Equivalent Fractions Property

If $a,b,ca,b,c$ are whole numbers where $b≠0,c≠0,b≠0,c≠0,$ then

$ab=a·cb·canda·cb·c=abab=a·cb·canda·cb·c=ab$

As before, we'll try to discover a property by looking at some examples.

$Considerx5x2andx2x3What do they mean?x⋅x⋅x⋅x⋅xx⋅xx⋅xx⋅x⋅xUse the Equivalent Fractions Property.x⋅x⋅x⋅x⋅xx⋅x⋅1x⋅x⋅1x⋅x⋅xSimplify.x31xConsiderx5x2andx2x3What do they mean?x⋅x⋅x⋅x⋅xx⋅xx⋅xx⋅x⋅xUse the Equivalent Fractions Property.x⋅x⋅x⋅x⋅xx⋅x⋅1x⋅x⋅1x⋅x⋅xSimplify.x31x$

Notice that in each case the bases were the same and we subtracted the exponents.

• When the larger exponent was in the numerator, we were left with factors in the numerator and $11$ in the denominator, which we simplified.
• When the larger exponent was in the denominator, we were left with factors in the denominator, and $11$ in the numerator, which could not be simplified.

We write:

$x5x2x2x3x5−21x3−2x31xx5x2x2x3x5−21x3−2x31x$

Quotient Property of Exponents

If $aa$ is a real number, $a≠0,a≠0,$ and $m,nm,n$ are whole numbers, then

$aman=am−n,m>nandaman=1an−m,n>maman=am−n,m>nandaman=1an−m,n>m$

A couple of examples with numbers may help to verify this property.

$3432=?34−25253=?153−2819=?3225125=?1519=9✓15=15✓3432=?34−25253=?153−2819=?3225125=?1519=9✓15=15✓$

When we work with numbers and the exponent is less than or equal to $3,3,$ we will apply the exponent. When the exponent is greater than $33$, we leave the answer in exponential form.

Example 10.45

Simplify:

1. $x10x8x10x8$
2. $29222922$
Try It 10.89

Simplify:

1. $x12x9x12x9$
2. $7147571475$
Try It 10.90

Simplify:

1. $y23y17y23y17$
2. $8158781587$

Example 10.46

Simplify:

1. $b10b15b10b15$
2. $33353335$
Try It 10.91

Simplify:

1. $x8x15x8x15$
2. $1211122112111221$
Try It 10.92

Simplify:

1. $m17m26m17m26$
2. $7871478714$

Example 10.47

Simplify:

1. $a5a9a5a9$
2. $x11x7x11x7$
Try It 10.93

Simplify:

1. $b19b11b19b11$
2. $z5z11z5z11$
Try It 10.94

Simplify:

1. $p9p17p9p17$
2. $w13w9w13w9$

Simplify Expressions with Zero Exponents

A special case of the Quotient Property is when the exponents of the numerator and denominator are equal, such as an expression like $amam.amam.$ From earlier work with fractions, we know that

$22=11717=1−43−43=122=11717=1−43−43=1$

In words, a number divided by itself is $1.1.$ So $xx=1,xx=1,$ for any $xx$ ($x≠0x≠0$), since any number divided by itself is $1.1.$

The Quotient Property of Exponents shows us how to simplify $amanaman$ when $m>nm>n$ and when $n by subtracting exponents. What if $m=nm=n$?

Now we will simplify $amamamam$ in two ways to lead us to the definition of the zero exponent.

Consider first $88,88,$ which we know is $1.1.$

 $88=188=1$ Write 8 as $2323$. $2323=12323=1$ Subtract exponents. $23−3=123−3=1$ Simplify. $20=120=1$

We see $amanaman$ simplifies to a $a0a0$ and to $11$. So $a0=1a0=1$.

Zero Exponent

If $aa$ is a non-zero number, then $a0=1.a0=1.$

Any nonzero number raised to the zero power is $1.1.$

In this text, we assume any variable that we raise to the zero power is not zero.

Example 10.48

Simplify:

1. $120120$
2. $y0y0$
Try It 10.95

Simplify:

1. $170170$
2. $m0m0$
Try It 10.96

Simplify:

1. $k0k0$
2. $290290$

Now that we have defined the zero exponent, we can expand all the Properties of Exponents to include whole number exponents.

What about raising an expression to the zero power? Let's look at $(2x)0.(2x)0.$ We can use the product to a power rule to rewrite this expression.

 $(2x)0(2x)0$ Use the Product to a Power Rule. $20x020x0$ Use the Zero Exponent Property. $1⋅11⋅1$ Simplify. 1

This tells us that any non-zero expression raised to the zero power is one.

Example 10.49

Simplify: $(7z)0.(7z)0.$

Try It 10.97

Simplify: $(−4y)0.(−4y)0.$

Try It 10.98

Simplify: $(23x)0.(23x)0.$

Example 10.50

Simplify:

1. $(−3x2y)0(−3x2y)0$
2. $−3x2y0−3x2y0$
Try It 10.99

Simplify:

1. $(7x2y)0(7x2y)0$
2. $7x2y07x2y0$
Try It 10.100

Simplify:

1. $−23x2y0−23x2y0$
2. $(−23x2y)0(−23x2y)0$

Simplify Expressions Using the Quotient to a Power Property

Now we will look at an example that will lead us to the Quotient to a Power Property.

 $(xy)3(xy)3$ This means $xy⋅xy⋅xyxy⋅xy⋅xy$ Multiply the fractions. $x⋅x⋅xy⋅y⋅yx⋅x⋅xy⋅y⋅y$ Write with exponents. $x3y3x3y3$

Notice that the exponent applies to both the numerator and the denominator.

We see that $(xy)3(xy)3$ is $x3y3.x3y3.$

$We write:(xy)3x3y3We write:(xy)3x3y3$

This leads to the Quotient to a Power Property for Exponents.

Quotient to a Power Property of Exponents

If $aa$ and $bb$ are real numbers, $b≠0,b≠0,$ and $mm$ is a counting number, then

$(ab)m=ambm(ab)m=ambm$

To raise a fraction to a power, raise the numerator and denominator to that power.

An example with numbers may help you understand this property:

$(23)3=?233323⋅23⋅23=?827827=827✓(23)3=?233323⋅23⋅23=?827827=827✓$

Example 10.51

Simplify:

1. $(58)2(58)2$
2. $(x3)4(x3)4$
3. $(ym)3(ym)3$
Try It 10.101

Simplify:

1. $(79)2(79)2$
2. $(y8)3(y8)3$
3. $(pq)6(pq)6$
Try It 10.102

Simplify:

1. $(18)2(18)2$
2. $(−5m)3(−5m)3$
3. $(rs)4(rs)4$

Simplify Expressions by Applying Several Properties

We'll now summarize all the properties of exponents so they are all together to refer to as we simplify expressions using several properties. Notice that they are now defined for whole number exponents.

Summary of Exponent Properties

If $a,ba,b$ are real numbers and $m,nm,n$ are whole numbers, then

$Product Propertyam⋅an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am⋅nProduct to a Power Property(ab)m=ambmQuotient Propertyaman=am−n,a≠0,m>naman=1an−m,a≠0,n>mZero Exponent Definitiona0=1,a≠0Quotient to a Power Property(ab)m=ambm,b≠0Product Propertyam⋅an=am+nPower Property(am)n=am⋅nProduct to a Power Property(ab)m=ambmQuotient Propertyaman=am−n,a≠0,m>naman=1an−m,a≠0,n>mZero Exponent Definitiona0=1,a≠0Quotient to a Power Property(ab)m=ambm,b≠0$

Example 10.52

Simplify: $(x2)3x5.(x2)3x5.$

Try It 10.103

Simplify: $(a4)5a9.(a4)5a9.$

Try It 10.104

Simplify: $(b5)6b11.(b5)6b11.$

Example 10.53

Simplify: $m8(m2)4.m8(m2)4.$

Try It 10.105

Simplify: $k11(k3)3.k11(k3)3.$

Try It 10.106

Simplify: $d23(d4)6.d23(d4)6.$

Example 10.54

Simplify: $(x7x3)2.(x7x3)2.$

Try It 10.107

Simplify: $(f14f8)2.(f14f8)2.$

Try It 10.108

Simplify: $(b6b11)2.(b6b11)2.$

Example 10.55

Simplify: $(p2q5)3.(p2q5)3.$

Try It 10.109

Simplify: $(m3n8)5.(m3n8)5.$

Try It 10.110

Simplify: $(t10u7)2.(t10u7)2.$

Example 10.56

Simplify: $(2x33y)4.(2x33y)4.$

Try It 10.111

Simplify: $(5b9c3)2.(5b9c3)2.$

Try It 10.112

Simplify: $(4p47q5)3.(4p47q5)3.$

Example 10.57

Simplify: $(y2)3(y2)4(y5)4.(y2)3(y2)4(y5)4.$

Try It 10.113

Simplify: $(y4)4(y3)5(y7)6.(y4)4(y3)5(y7)6.$

Try It 10.114

Simplify: $(3x4)2(x3)4(x5)3.(3x4)2(x3)4(x5)3.$

Divide Monomials

We have now seen all the properties of exponents. We'll use them to divide monomials. Later, you'll use them to divide polynomials.

Example 10.58

Find the quotient: $56x5÷7x2.56x5÷7x2.$

Try It 10.115

Find the quotient: $63x8÷9x4.63x8÷9x4.$

Try It 10.116

Find the quotient: $96y11÷6y8.96y11÷6y8.$

When we divide monomials with more than one variable, we write one fraction for each variable.

Example 10.59

Find the quotient: $42x2y3−7xy5.42x2y3−7xy5.$

Try It 10.117

Find the quotient: $−84x8y37x10y2.−84x8y37x10y2.$

Try It 10.118

Find the quotient: $−72a4b5−8a9b5.−72a4b5−8a9b5.$

Example 10.60

Find the quotient: $24a5b348ab4.24a5b348ab4.$

Try It 10.119

Find the quotient: $16a7b624ab8.16a7b624ab8.$

Try It 10.120

Find the quotient: $27p4q7−45p12q.27p4q7−45p12q.$

Once you become familiar with the process and have practiced it step by step several times, you may be able to simplify a fraction in one step.

Example 10.61

Find the quotient: $14x7y1221x11y6.14x7y1221x11y6.$

Try It 10.121

Find the quotient: $28x5y1449x9y12.28x5y1449x9y12.$

Try It 10.122

Find the quotient: $30m5n1148m10n14.30m5n1148m10n14.$

In all examples so far, there was no work to do in the numerator or denominator before simplifying the fraction. In the next example, we'll first find the product of two monomials in the numerator before we simplify the fraction.

Example 10.62

Find the quotient: $(3x3y2)(10x2y3)6x4y5.(3x3y2)(10x2y3)6x4y5.$

Try It 10.123

Find the quotient: $(3x4y5)(8x2y5)12x5y8.(3x4y5)(8x2y5)12x5y8.$

Try It 10.124

Find the quotient: $(−6a6b9)(−8a5b8)−12a10b12.(−6a6b9)(−8a5b8)−12a10b12.$

Section 10.4 Exercises

Practice Makes Perfect

Simplify Expressions Using the Quotient Property of Exponents

In the following exercises, simplify.

219.

$48424842$

220.

$3123431234$

221.

$x12x3x12x3$

222.

$u9u3u9u3$

223.

$r5rr5r$

224.

$y4yy4y$

225.

$y4y20y4y20$

226.

$x10x30x10x30$

227.

$10310151031015$

228.

$r2r8r2r8$

229.

$aa9aa9$

230.

$225225$

Simplify Expressions with Zero Exponents

In the following exercises, simplify.

231.

$5050$

232.

$100100$

233.

$a0a0$

234.

$x0x0$

235.

$−70−70$

236.

$−40−40$

237.
1. $(10p)0(10p)0$
2. $10p010p0$
238.
1. $(3a)0(3a)0$
2. $3a03a0$
239.
1. $(−27x5y)0(−27x5y)0$
2. $−27x5y0−27x5y0$
240.
1. $(−92y8z)0(−92y8z)0$
2. $−92y8z0−92y8z0$
241.
1. $150150$
2. $151151$
242.
1. $−60−60$
2. $−61−61$
243.

$2·x0+5·y02·x0+5·y0$

244.

$8·m0−4·n08·m0−4·n0$

Simplify Expressions Using the Quotient to a Power Property

In the following exercises, simplify.

245.

$(32)5(32)5$

246.

$(45)3(45)3$

247.

$(m6)3(m6)3$

248.

$(p2)5(p2)5$

249.

$(xy)10(xy)10$

250.

$(ab)8(ab)8$

251.

$(a3b)2(a3b)2$

252.

$(2xy)4(2xy)4$

Simplify Expressions by Applying Several Properties

In the following exercises, simplify.

253.

$(x2)4x5(x2)4x5$

254.

$(y4)3y7(y4)3y7$

255.

$(u3)4u10(u3)4u10$

256.

$(y2)5y6(y2)5y6$

257.

$y8(y5)2y8(y5)2$

258.

$p11(p5)3p11(p5)3$

259.

$r5r4·rr5r4·r$

260.

$a3·a4a7a3·a4a7$

261.

$(x2x8)3(x2x8)3$

262.

$(uu10)2(uu10)2$

263.

$(a4·a6a3)2(a4·a6a3)2$

264.

$(x3·x8x4)3(x3·x8x4)3$

265.

$(y3)5(y4)3(y3)5(y4)3$

266.

$(z6)2(z2)4(z6)2(z2)4$

267.

$(x3)6(x4)7(x3)6(x4)7$

268.

$(x4)8(x5)7(x4)8(x5)7$

269.

$(2r35s)4(2r35s)4$

270.

$(3m24n)3(3m24n)3$

271.

$(3y2·y5y15·y8)0(3y2·y5y15·y8)0$

272.

$(15z4·z90.3z2)0(15z4·z90.3z2)0$

273.

$(r2)5(r4)2(r3)7(r2)5(r4)2(r3)7$

274.

$(p4)2(p3)5(p2)9(p4)2(p3)5(p2)9$

275.

$(3x4)3(2x3)2(6x5)2(3x4)3(2x3)2(6x5)2$

276.

$(−2y3)4(3y4)2(−6y3)2(−2y3)4(3y4)2(−6y3)2$

Divide Monomials

In the following exercises, divide the monomials.

277.

$48b8÷6b248b8÷6b2$

278.

$42a14÷6a242a14÷6a2$

279.

$36x3÷(−2x9)36x3÷(−2x9)$

280.

$20u8÷(−4u6)20u8÷(−4u6)$

281.

$18x39x218x39x2$

282.

$36y94y736y94y7$

283.

$−35x7−42x13−35x7−42x13$

284.

$18x5−27x918x5−27x9$

285.

$18r5s3r3s918r5s3r3s9$

286.

$24p7q6p2q524p7q6p2q5$

287.

$8mn1064mn48mn1064mn4$

288.

$10a4b50a2b610a4b50a2b6$

289.

$−12x4y915x6y3−12x4y915x6y3$

290.

$48x11y9z336x6y8z548x11y9z336x6y8z5$

291.

$64x5y9z748x7y12z664x5y9z748x7y12z6$

292.

$(10u2v)(4u3v6)5u9v2(10u2v)(4u3v6)5u9v2$

293.

$(6m2n)(5m4n3)3m10n2(6m2n)(5m4n3)3m10n2$

294.

$(6a4b3)(4ab5)(12a8b)(a3b)(6a4b3)(4ab5)(12a8b)(a3b)$

295.

$(4u5v4)(15u8v)(12u3v)(u6v)(4u5v4)(15u8v)(12u3v)(u6v)$

Mixed Practice

296.
1. $24a5+2a524a5+2a5$
2. $24a5−2a524a5−2a5$
3. $24a5⋅2a524a5⋅2a5$
4. $24a5÷2a524a5÷2a5$
297.
1. $15n10+3n1015n10+3n10$
2. $15n10−3n1015n10−3n10$
3. $15n10⋅3n1015n10⋅3n10$
4. $15n10÷3n1015n10÷3n10$
298.
1. $p4⋅p6p4⋅p6$
2. $(p4)6(p4)6$
299.
1. $q5⋅q3q5⋅q3$
2. $(q5)3(q5)3$
300.
1. $y3yy3y$
2. $yy3yy3$
301.
1. $z6z5z6z5$
2. $z5z6z5z6$
302.

$(8x5)(9x)÷6x3(8x5)(9x)÷6x3$

303.

$(4y)(12y7)÷8y2(4y)(12y7)÷8y2$

304.

$27a73a3+54a99a527a73a3+54a99a5$

305.

$32c114c5+42c96c332c114c5+42c96c3$

306.

$32y58y2−60y105y732y58y2−60y105y7$

307.

$48x66x4−35x97x748x66x4−35x97x7$

308.

$63r6s39r4s2−72r2s26s63r6s39r4s2−72r2s26s$

309.

$56y4z57y3z3−45y2z25y56y4z57y3z3−45y2z25y$

Everyday Math

310.

Memory One megabyte is approximately $106106$ bytes. One gigabyte is approximately $109109$ bytes. How many megabytes are in one gigabyte?

311.

Memory One megabyte is approximately $106106$ bytes. One terabyte is approximately $10121012$ bytes. How many megabytes are in one terabyte?

Writing Exercises

312.

Vic thinks the quotient $x20x4x20x4$ simplifies to $x5.x5.$ What is wrong with his reasoning?

313.

Mai simplifies the quotient $y3yy3y$ by writing $y3y=3.y3y=3.$ What is wrong with her reasoning?

314.

When Dimple simplified $−30−30$ and $(−3)0(−3)0$ she got the same answer. Explain how using the Order of Operations correctly gives different answers.

315.

Roxie thinks $n0n0$ simplifies to $0.0.$ What would you say to convince Roxie she is wrong?

Self Check

After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.

On a scale of 1–10, how would you rate your mastery of this section in light of your responses on the checklist? How can you improve this?

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