Short Answer
21.1 Planck and Quantum Nature of Light
- The blackbody radiation curve would look like a circular path.
- The blackbody radiation curve would look like an elliptical path.
- The blackbody radiation curve would look like a vertical line.
- The blackbody radiation curve would look like a horizontal line.
Because there are more gradations to high frequency radiation than low frequency radiation, scientists also thought it possible that a curve titled the ultraviolet catastrophe would occur. Explain what the blackbody radiation curve would look like if this were the case.
- The curve would steadily increase in intensity with increasing frequency.
- The curve would steadily decrease in intensity with increasing frequency.
- The curve would be much steeper than in the blackbody radiation graph.
- The curve would be much flatter than in the blackbody radiation graph.
Energy provided by a light exists in the following quantities: 150 J, 225 J, 300 J. Define one possible quantum of energy and provide an energy state that cannot exist with this quantum.
- 65 J; 450 J cannot exist
- 70 J; 450 J cannot exist
- 75 J; 375 J cannot exist
- 75 J; 100 J cannot exist
- Planck recognized that energy is quantized, which was in sync with the classical physics concepts but not in agreement with modern physics concepts.
- Planck recognized that energy is quantized, which was in sync with modern physics concepts but not in agreement with classical physics concepts.
- Prior to Planck’s hypothesis, all the classical physics calculations were valid for subatomic particles, but quantum physics calculations were not valid.
- Prior to Planck’s hypothesis, all the classical physics calculations were not valid for macroscopic particles, but quantum physics calculations were valid.
How many 500-mm microwave photons are needed to supply the 8 kJ of energy necessary to heat a cup of water by 10 degrees Celsius?
- 8.05 × 1028 photons
- 8.05 × 1026 photons
- 2.01 × 1026 photons
- 2.01 × 1028 photons
What is the efficiency of a 100-W, 550-nm lightbulb if a photometer finds that 1 × 1020 photons are emitted each second?
- 101 percent
- 72 percent
- 18 percent
- 36 percent
- radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma
- radio, infrared, microwave, ultraviolet, visible, X-ray, gamma
- radio, visible, microwave, infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma
- radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, gamma, X-ray
- Photons of gamma rays and X-rays carry with them less energy.
- Photons of gamma rays and X-rays have longer wavelengths.
- Photons of gamma rays and X-rays have lower frequencies.
- Photons of gamma rays and X-rays carry with them more energy.
21.2 Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect
According to wave theory, what is necessary to eject electrons from a surface?
- Enough energy to overcome the binding energy of the electrons at the surface
- A frequency that is higher than that of the electrons at the surface
- Energy that is lower than the binding energy of the electrons at the surface
- A very small number of photons
What is the wavelength of EM radiation that ejects 2.00-eV electrons from calcium metal, given that the binding energy is 2.71 eV?
- 16.1 × 105 m
- 6.21 × 10−5 m
- 9.94 × 10−26 m
- 2.63 × 10-7 m
- A solar cell converts all photons that it absorbs to electrical energy using the photoelectric effect.
- A solar cell converts all electrons that it absorbs to electrical energy using the photoelectric effect.
- A solar cell absorbs the photons with energy less than the energy gap of the material of the solar cell and converts it to electrical energy using the photoelectric effect.
- A solar cell absorbs the photons with energy greater than the energy gap of the material of the solar cell and converts it to electrical energy using the photoelectric effect.
- The photoelectric effect is able to work on the Sun’s natural energy.
- The photoelectric effect is able to work on energy generated by burning fossil fuels.
- The photoelectric effect can convert heat energy into electrical energy.
- The photoelectric effect can convert electrical energy into light energy.
21.3 The Dual Nature of Light
- The frequency of the photon will drop to zero.
- The frequency of the photon will remain the same.
- The frequency of the photon will increase.
- The frequency of the photon will decrease.
- Momentum of the photon is greater than the momentum of an electron.
- Momentum of the photon is less than the momentum of an electron.
- Momentum of the photon is equal to the momentum of an electron.
- Momentum of the photon is zero due to zero rest mass but the momentum of an electron is finite.
A 500-nm photon strikes an electron and loses 20 percent of its energy. What is the new momentum of the photon?
- 4.24 × 10−27 kg ⋅ m/s
- 3.18 × 10−27 kg ⋅ m/s
- 2.12 × 10−27 kg ⋅ m/s
- 1.06 × 10−27 kg ⋅ m/s
A 500-nm photon strikes an electron and loses 20 percent of its energy. What is the speed of the recoiling electron?
- 7.18 × 105 m/s
- 6.18 × 105 m/s
- 5.18 × 105 m/s
- 4.18 × 105 m/s
When a photon strikes a solar sail, what is the direction of impulse on the photon?
- parallel to the sail
- perpendicular to the sail
- tangential to the sail
- opposite to the sail
- Solar sails rely on disorganized strikes from light particles, while sailboats rely on disorganized strikes from air particles.
- Solar sails rely on disorganized strikes from air particles, while sailboats rely on disorganized strikes from light particles.
- Solar sails rely on organized strikes from air particles, while sailboats rely on organized strikes from light particles.
- Solar sails rely on organized strikes from light particles, while sailboats rely on organized strikes from air particles.
The wavelength of a particle is called the de Broglie wavelength, and it can be found with the equation .
Yes or no—Can the wavelength of an electron match that of a proton?
- Yes, a slow-moving electron can achieve the same momentum as a slow-moving proton.
- No, a fast-moving electron cannot achieve the same momentum, and hence the same wavelength, as a proton.
- No, an electron can achieve the same momentum, and hence not the same wavelength, as a proton.
- Yes, a fast-moving electron can achieve the same momentum, and hence have the same wavelength, as a slow-moving proton.
- Their wavelength is equal to the object’s size.
- Their wavelength is very small compared to the object’s size.
- Their wavelength is very large compared to the object’s size.
- Their frequency is very small compared to the object’s size.