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Introduction to Philosophy

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Introduction to PhilosophyReferences
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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. 1 Introduction to Philosophy
    1. Introduction
    2. 1.1 What Is Philosophy?
    3. 1.2 How Do Philosophers Arrive at Truth?
    4. 1.3 Socrates as a Paradigmatic Historical Philosopher
    5. 1.4 An Overview of Contemporary Philosophy
    6. Summary
    7. Key Terms
    8. References
    9. Review Questions
    10. Further Reading
  3. 2 Critical Thinking, Research, Reading, and Writing
    1. Introduction
    2. 2.1 The Brain Is an Inference Machine
    3. 2.2 Overcoming Cognitive Biases and Engaging in Critical Reflection
    4. 2.3 Developing Good Habits of Mind
    5. 2.4 Gathering Information, Evaluating Sources, and Understanding Evidence
    6. 2.5 Reading Philosophy
    7. 2.6 Writing Philosophy Papers
    8. Summary
    9. Key Terms
    10. References
    11. Review Questions
    12. Further Reading
  4. 3 The Early History of Philosophy around the World
    1. Introduction
    2. 3.1 Indigenous Philosophy
    3. 3.2 Classical Indian Philosophy
    4. 3.3 Classical Chinese Philosophy
    5. Summary
    6. Key Terms
    7. References
    8. Review Questions
    9. Further Reading
  5. 4 The Emergence of Classical Philosophy
    1. Introduction
    2. 4.1 Historiography and the History of Philosophy
    3. 4.2 Classical Philosophy
    4. 4.3 Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Philosophy
    5. Summary
    6. Key Terms
    7. References
    8. Review Questions
    9. Further Reading
  6. 5 Logic and Reasoning
    1. Introduction
    2. 5.1 Philosophical Methods for Discovering Truth
    3. 5.2 Logical Statements
    4. 5.3 Arguments
    5. 5.4 Types of Inferences
    6. 5.5 Informal Fallacies
    7. Summary
    8. Key Terms
    9. References
    10. Review Questions
    11. Further Reading
  7. 6 Metaphysics
    1. Introduction
    2. 6.1 Substance
    3. 6.2 Self and Identity
    4. 6.3 Cosmology and the Existence of God
    5. 6.4 Free Will
    6. Summary
    7. Key Terms
    8. References
    9. Review Questions
    10. Further Reading
  8. 7 Epistemology
    1. Introduction
    2. 7.1 What Epistemology Studies
    3. 7.2 Knowledge
    4. 7.3 Justification
    5. 7.4 Skepticism
    6. 7.5 Applied Epistemology
    7. Summary
    8. Key Terms
    9. References
    10. Review Questions
    11. Further Reading
  9. 8 Value Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 8.1 The Fact-Value Distinction
    3. 8.2 Basic Questions about Values
    4. 8.3 Metaethics
    5. 8.4 Well-Being
    6. 8.5 Aesthetics
    7. Summary
    8. Key Terms
    9. References
    10. Review Questions
    11. Further Reading
  10. 9 Normative Moral Theory
    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1 Requirements of a Normative Moral Theory
    3. 9.2 Consequentialism
    4. 9.3 Deontology
    5. 9.4 Virtue Ethics
    6. 9.5 Daoism
    7. 9.6 Feminist Theories of Ethics
    8. Summary
    9. Key Terms
    10. References
    11. Review Questions
    12. Further Reading
  11. 10 Applied Ethics
    1. Introduction
    2. 10.1 The Challenge of Bioethics
    3. 10.2 Environmental Ethics
    4. 10.3 Business Ethics and Emerging Technology
    5. Summary
    6. Key Terms
    7. References
    8. Review Questions
    9. Further Reading
  12. 11 Political Philosophy
    1. Introduction
    2. 11.1 Historical Perspectives on Government
    3. 11.2 Forms of Government
    4. 11.3 Political Legitimacy and Duty
    5. 11.4 Political Ideologies
    6. Summary
    7. Key Terms
    8. References
    9. Review Questions
    10. Further Reading
  13. 12 Contemporary Philosophies and Social Theories
    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1 Enlightenment Social Theory
    3. 12.2 The Marxist Solution
    4. 12.3 Continental Philosophy’s Challenge to Enlightenment Theories
    5. 12.4 The Frankfurt School
    6. 12.5 Postmodernism
    7. Summary
    8. Key Terms
    9. References
    10. Review Questions
  14. Index

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Angle, Stephen C. 2017. “Social and Political Thought in Chinese Philosophy.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2017 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/chinese-social-political/

Aristotle. (350 BCE) 1998. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by David Ross. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Baltzly, Dirk. 2019. “Stoicism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/stoicism/

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Beauvoir, Simone de. (1949) 2011. The Second Sex. Translated by Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Vintage Books.

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Cochrane, Alasdair. 1995. “Environmental Ethics.” In Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. https://iep.utm.edu/envi-eth/

Confucius and James Legge. (ca. 500 BCE) 2008. The Analects of Confucius. Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4094/4094-h/4094-h.htm

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Driver, Julia. 2014. “The History of Utilitarianism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2014 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/utilitarianism-history/

Durham, John. 1963. “The Influence of John Stuart Mill’s Mental Crisis on His Thoughts.” American Imago 20, no. 4 (Winter): 369–84, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26302321.

Feagin, Susan. 1983. “Mill and Edward on Higher Pleasures.” Philosophy 58, no. 224: 244–52.

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Foot, Philippa. 2002. Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

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Frede, Dorothea. 2017. “Plato's Ethics: An Overview.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Winter 2017 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/plato-ethics/

Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hansen, Chad. 2020. “Daoism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2020 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/daoism/

Homiak, Marcia. 2019. “Moral Character.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Summer 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/moral-character/

Inwagen, Peter van, and Meghan Sullivan. 2020. “Metaphysics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2020 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/metaphysics/

Johnson, Robert, and Adam Cureton. 2021. “Kant’s Moral Philosophy.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Spring 2021 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/kant-moral/

Kant, Immanuel. (1785) 1997a. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Mary Gregor. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Kant, Immanuel. (1788) 1997b. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated by Mary Gregor. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Koller, John M. 2007. Asian Philosophies. 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Koller, John M., and Patricia Koller. 1991. A Sourcebook in Asian Philosophy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Kraut, Richard. 2018. “Aristotle's Ethics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Summer 2018 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/aristotle-ethics/

Lao-tzu. (ca. 6th century BC) 1993. Tao Te Ching. Translated by Stephen Addiss and Stanley Lombardo. Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing Company.

LeBar, Mark. 2020. “Justice as a Virtue.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2020 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/justice-virtue/

Lindemann, Hilde, ed. 2005. An Invitation to Feminist Ethics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

McAfee, Noëlle. 2018. “Feminist Philosophy.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2018 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/feminist-philosophy/

McInerny, Ralph, and John O'Callaghan. 2018. “Saint Thomas Aquinas.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Summer 2018 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/aquinas/

McIntyre, Alison. 2019. “Doctrine of Double Effect.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Spring 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/double-effect/

Mikkola, Mari. 2019. “Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2019 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/feminism-gender/

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Parry, Richard, and Harald Thorsrud. 2021. “Ancient Ethical Theory.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Spring 2021 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/ethics-ancient/

Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2020. “Religious Daoism.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2020 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/daoism-religion/

Richey, Jeff. 1995. “Confucius.” In Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by James Fieser and Bradley Dowden. https://iep.utm.edu/confuciu/

Rohlf, Michael. 2020. “Immanuel Kant.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Fall 2020 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/kant/

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Wikipedia. 2021. “Warring States Period.” Last modified July 18, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period

Wong, David. 2021. “Chinese Ethics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. Summer 2021 ed. Stanford, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, Philosophy Department, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/ethics-chinese/

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