Calculus Volume 3

# 5.2Double Integrals over General Regions

Calculus Volume 35.2 Double Integrals over General Regions

### Learning Objectives

• 5.2.1 Recognize when a function of two variables is integrable over a general region.
• 5.2.2 Evaluate a double integral by computing an iterated integral over a region bounded by two vertical lines and two functions of $x,x,$ or two horizontal lines and two functions of $y.y.$
• 5.2.3 Simplify the calculation of an iterated integral by changing the order of integration.
• 5.2.4 Use double integrals to calculate the volume of a region between two surfaces or the area of a plane region.
• 5.2.5 Solve problems involving double improper integrals.

In Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions, we studied the concept of double integrals and examined the tools needed to compute them. We learned techniques and properties to integrate functions of two variables over rectangular regions. We also discussed several applications, such as finding the volume bounded above by a function over a rectangular region, finding area by integration, and calculating the average value of a function of two variables.

In this section we consider double integrals of functions defined over a general bounded region $DD$ on the plane. Most of the previous results hold in this situation as well, but some techniques need to be extended to cover this more general case.

### General Regions of Integration

An example of a general bounded region $DD$ on a plane is shown in Figure 5.12. Since $DD$ is bounded on the plane, there must exist a rectangular region $RR$ on the same plane that encloses the region $D,D,$ that is, a rectangular region $RR$ exists such that $DD$ is a subset of $R(D⊆R).R(D⊆R).$

Figure 5.12 For a region $DD$ that is a subset of $R,R,$ we can define a function $g(x,y)g(x,y)$ to equal $f(x,y)f(x,y)$ at every point in $DD$ and $00$ at every point of $RR$ not in $D.D.$

Suppose $z=f(x,y)z=f(x,y)$ is defined on a general planar bounded region $DD$ as in Figure 5.12. In order to develop double integrals of $ff$ over $D,D,$ we extend the definition of the function to include all points on the rectangular region $RR$ and then use the concepts and tools from the preceding section. But how do we extend the definition of $ff$ to include all the points on $R?R?$ We do this by defining a new function $g(x,y)g(x,y)$ on $RR$ as follows:

$g(x,y)={f(x,y)if(x,y)is inD0if(x,y)is inRbut not inDg(x,y)={f(x,y)if(x,y)is inD0if(x,y)is inRbut not inD$

Note that we might have some technical difficulties if the boundary of $DD$ is complicated. So we assume the boundary to be a piecewise smooth and continuous simple closed curve. Also, since all the results developed in Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions used an integrable function $f(x,y),f(x,y),$ we must be careful about $g(x,y)g(x,y)$ and verify that $g(x,y)g(x,y)$ is an integrable function over the rectangular region $R.R.$ This happens as long as the region $DD$ is bounded by simple closed curves. For now we will concentrate on the descriptions of the regions rather than the function and extend our theory appropriately for integration.

We consider two types of planar bounded regions.

### Definition

A region $DD$ in the $(x,y)(x,y)$-plane is of Type I if it lies between two vertical lines and the graphs of two continuous functions $g1(x)g1(x)$ and $g2(x).g2(x).$ That is (Figure 5.13),

$D={(x,y)|a≤x≤b,g1(x)≤y≤g2(x)}.D={(x,y)|a≤x≤b,g1(x)≤y≤g2(x)}.$

A region $DD$ in the $xyxy$ plane is of Type II if it lies between two horizontal lines and the graphs of two continuous functions $h1(y)andh2(y).h1(y)andh2(y).$ That is (Figure 5.14),

$D={(x,y)|c≤y≤d,h1(y)≤x≤h2(y)}.D={(x,y)|c≤y≤d,h1(y)≤x≤h2(y)}.$
Figure 5.13 A Type I region lies between two vertical lines and the graphs of two functions of $x.x.$
Figure 5.14 A Type II region lies between two horizontal lines and the graphs of two functions of $y.y.$

### Example 5.11

#### Describing a Region as Type I and Also as Type II

Consider the region in the first quadrant between the functions $y=xy=x$ and $y=x3y=x3$ (Figure 5.15). Describe the region first as Type I and then as Type II.

Figure 5.15 Region $DD$ can be described as Type I or as Type II.
Checkpoint 5.7

Consider the region in the first quadrant between the functions $y=2xy=2x$ and $y=x2.y=x2.$ Describe the region first as Type I and then as Type II.

### Double Integrals over Nonrectangular Regions

To develop the concept and tools for evaluation of a double integral over a general, nonrectangular region, we need to first understand the region and be able to express it as Type I or Type II or a combination of both. Without understanding the regions, we will not be able to decide the limits of integrations in double integrals. As a first step, let us look at the following theorem.

Theorem 5.3

#### Double Integrals over Nonrectangular Regions

Suppose $g(x,y)g(x,y)$ is the extension to the rectangle $RR$ of the function $f(x,y)f(x,y)$ defined on the regions $DD$ and $RR$ as shown in Figure 5.12 inside $R.R.$ Then $g(x,y)g(x,y)$ is integrable and we define the double integral of $f(x,y)f(x,y)$ over $DD$ by

$∬Df(x,y)dA=∬Rg(x,y)dA.∬Df(x,y)dA=∬Rg(x,y)dA.$

The right-hand side of this equation is what we have seen before, so this theorem is reasonable because $RR$ is a rectangle and $∬Rg(x,y)dA∬Rg(x,y)dA$ has been discussed in the preceding section. Also, the equality works because the values of $g(x,y)g(x,y)$ are $00$ for any point $(x,y)(x,y)$ that lies outside $D,D,$ and hence these points do not add anything to the integral. However, it is important that the rectangle $RR$ contains the region $D.D.$

As a matter of fact, if the region $DD$ is bounded by smooth curves on a plane and we are able to describe it as Type I or Type II or a mix of both, then we can use the following theorem and not have to find a rectangle $RR$ containing the region.

Theorem 5.4

#### Fubini’s Theorem (Strong Form)

For a function $f(x,y)f(x,y)$ that is continuous on a region $DD$ of Type I, we have

$∬Df(x,y)dA=∬Df(x,y)dydx=∫ab[∫g1(x)g2(x)f(x,y)dy]dx.∬Df(x,y)dA=∬Df(x,y)dydx=∫ab[∫g1(x)g2(x)f(x,y)dy]dx.$
5.5

Similarly, for a function $f(x,y)f(x,y)$ that is continuous on a region $DD$ of Type II, we have

$∬Df(x,y)dA=∬Df(x,y)dxdy=∫cd[∫h1(y)h2(y)f(x,y)dx]dy.∬Df(x,y)dA=∬Df(x,y)dxdy=∫cd[∫h1(y)h2(y)f(x,y)dx]dy.$
5.6

The integral in each of these expressions is an iterated integral, similar to those we have seen before. Notice that, in the inner integral in the first expression, we integrate $f(x,y)f(x,y)$ with $xx$ being held constant and the limits of integration being $g1(x)andg2(x).g1(x)andg2(x).$ In the inner integral in the second expression, we integrate $f(x,y)f(x,y)$ with $yy$ being held constant and the limits of integration are $h1(x)andh2(x).h1(x)andh2(x).$

### Example 5.12

#### Evaluating an Iterated Integral over a Type I Region

Evaluate the integral $∬Dx2exydA∬Dx2exydA$ where $DD$ is shown in Figure 5.16.

In Example 5.12, we could have looked at the region in another way, such as $D={(x,y)|0≤y≤1,0≤x≤2y}D={(x,y)|0≤y≤1,0≤x≤2y}$ (Figure 5.17).

Figure 5.17

This is a Type II region and the integral would then look like

$∬Dx2exydA=∫y=0y=1∫x=0x=2yx2exydxdy.∬Dx2exydA=∫y=0y=1∫x=0x=2yx2exydxdy.$

However, if we integrate first with respect to $x,x,$ this integral is lengthy to compute because we have to use integration by parts twice.

### Example 5.13

#### Evaluating an Iterated Integral over a Type II Region

Evaluate the integral $∬D(3x2+y2)dA∬D(3x2+y2)dA$ where $={(x,y)|−2≤y≤3,y2−3≤x≤y+3}.={(x,y)|−2≤y≤3,y2−3≤x≤y+3}.$

Checkpoint 5.8

Sketch the region $DD$ and evaluate the iterated integral $∬Dxydydx∬Dxydydx$ where $DD$ is the region bounded by the curves $y=cosxy=cosx$ and $y=sinxy=sinx$ in the interval $[−3π/4,π/4].[−3π/4,π/4].$

Recall from Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions the properties of double integrals. As we have seen from the examples here, all these properties are also valid for a function defined on a nonrectangular bounded region on a plane. In particular, property $33$ states:

If $R=S∪TR=S∪T$ and $S∩T=∅S∩T=∅$ except at their boundaries, then

$∬Rf(x,y)dA=∬Sf(x,y)dA+∬Tf(x,y)dA.∬Rf(x,y)dA=∬Sf(x,y)dA+∬Tf(x,y)dA.$

Similarly, we have the following property of double integrals over a nonrectangular bounded region on a plane.

Theorem 5.5

#### Decomposing Regions into Smaller Regions

Suppose the region $DD$ can be expressed as $D=D1∪D2D=D1∪D2$ where $D1D1$ and $D2D2$ do not overlap except at their boundaries. Then

$∬Df(x,y)dA=∬D1f(x,y)dA+∬D2f(x,y)dA.∬Df(x,y)dA=∬D1f(x,y)dA+∬D2f(x,y)dA.$
5.7

This theorem is particularly useful for nonrectangular regions because it allows us to split a region into a union of regions of Type I and Type II. Then we can compute the double integral on each piece in a convenient way, as in the next example.

### Example 5.14

#### Decomposing Regions

Express the region $DD$ shown in Figure 5.19 as a union of regions of Type I or Type II, and evaluate the integral

$∬D(2x+5y)dA.∬D(2x+5y)dA.$
Figure 5.19 This region can be decomposed into a union of three regions of Type I or Type II.
Checkpoint 5.9

Consider the region bounded by the curves $y=lnxy=lnx$ and $y=exy=ex$ in the interval $[1,2].[1,2].$ Decompose the region into smaller regions of Type II.

Checkpoint 5.10

Redo Example 5.14 using a union of two Type II regions.

### Changing the Order of Integration

As we have already seen when we evaluate an iterated integral, sometimes one order of integration leads to a computation that is significantly simpler than the other order of integration. Sometimes the order of integration does not matter, but it is important to learn to recognize when a change in order will simplify our work.

### Example 5.15

#### Changing the Order of Integration

Reverse the order of integration in the iterated integral $∫x=0x=2∫y=0y=2−x2xex2dydx.∫x=0x=2∫y=0y=2−x2xex2dydx.$ Then evaluate the new iterated integral.

### Example 5.16

#### Evaluating an Iterated Integral by Reversing the Order of Integration

Consider the iterated integral $∬Rf(x,y)dxdy∬Rf(x,y)dxdy$ where $z=f(x,y)=x−2yz=f(x,y)=x−2y$ over a triangular region $RR$ that has sides on $x=0,y=0,x=0,y=0,$ and the line $x+y=1.x+y=1.$ Sketch the region, and then evaluate the iterated integral by

1. integrating first with respect to $yy$ and then
2. integrating first with respect to $x.x.$
Checkpoint 5.11

Evaluate the iterated integral $∬D(x2+y2)dA∬D(x2+y2)dA$ over the region $DD$ in the first quadrant between the functions $y=2xy=2x$ and $y=x2.y=x2.$ Evaluate the iterated integral by integrating first with respect to $yy$ and then integrating first with resect to $x.x.$

### Calculating Volumes, Areas, and Average Values

We can use double integrals over general regions to compute volumes, areas, and average values. The methods are the same as those in Double Integrals over Rectangular Regions, but without the restriction to a rectangular region, we can now solve a wider variety of problems.

### Example 5.17

#### Finding the Volume of a Tetrahedron

Find the volume of the solid bounded by the planes $x=0,y=0,z=0,x=0,y=0,z=0,$ and $2x+3y+z=6.2x+3y+z=6.$

Checkpoint 5.12

Find the volume of the solid bounded above by $f(x,y)=10−2x+yf(x,y)=10−2x+y$ over the region enclosed by the curves $y=0y=0$ and $y=ex,y=ex,$ where $xx$ is in the interval $[0,1].[0,1].$

Finding the area of a rectangular region is easy, but finding the area of a nonrectangular region is not so easy. As we have seen, we can use double integrals to find a rectangular area. As a matter of fact, this comes in very handy for finding the area of a general nonrectangular region, as stated in the next definition.

### Definition

The area of a plane-bounded region $DD$ is defined as the double integral $∬D1dA.∬D1dA.$

We have already seen how to find areas in terms of single integration. Here we are seeing another way of finding areas by using double integrals, which can be very useful, as we will see in the later sections of this chapter.

### Example 5.18

#### Finding the Area of a Region

Find the area of the region bounded below by the curve $y=x2y=x2$ and above by the line $y=2xy=2x$ in the first quadrant (Figure 5.24).

Figure 5.24 The region bounded by $y=x2y=x2$ and $y=2x.y=2x.$
Checkpoint 5.13

Find the area of a region bounded above by the curve $y=x3y=x3$ and below by $y=0y=0$ over the interval $[0,3].[0,3].$

We can also use a double integral to find the average value of a function over a general region. The definition is a direct extension of the earlier formula.

### Definition

If $f(x,y)f(x,y)$ is integrable over a plane-bounded region $DD$ with positive area $A(D),A(D),$ then the average value of the function is

$fave=1A(D)∬Df(x,y)dA.fave=1A(D)∬Df(x,y)dA.$

Note that the area is $A(D)=∬D1dA.A(D)=∬D1dA.$

### Example 5.19

#### Finding an Average Value

Find the average value of the function $f(x,y)=7xy2f(x,y)=7xy2$ on the region bounded by the line $x=yx=y$ and the curve $x=yx=y$ (Figure 5.25).

Figure 5.25 The region bounded by $x=yx=y$ and $x=y.x=y.$
Checkpoint 5.14

Find the average value of the function $f(x,y)=xyf(x,y)=xy$ over the triangle with vertices $(0,0),(1,0)and(1,3).(0,0),(1,0)and(1,3).$

### Improper Double Integrals

An improper double integral is an integral $∬DfdA∬DfdA$ where either $DD$ is an unbounded region or $ff$ is an unbounded function. For example, $D={(x,y)||x−y|≥2}D={(x,y)||x−y|≥2}$ is an unbounded region, and the function $f(x,y)=1/(1−x2−2y2)f(x,y)=1/(1−x2−2y2)$ over the ellipse $x2+3y2≤1x2+3y2≤1$ is an unbounded function. Hence, both of the following integrals are improper integrals:

1. $∬DxydA∬DxydA$ where $D={(x,y)||x−y|≥2};D={(x,y)||x−y|≥2};$
2. $∬D11−x2−2y2dA∬D11−x2−2y2dA$ where $D={(x,y)|x2+3y2≤1}.D={(x,y)|x2+3y2≤1}.$

In this section we would like to deal with improper integrals of functions over rectangles or simple regions such that $ff$ has only finitely many discontinuities. Not all such improper integrals can be evaluated; however, a form of Fubini’s theorem does apply for some types of improper integrals.

Theorem 5.6

#### Fubini’s Theorem for Improper Integrals

If $DD$ is a bounded rectangle or simple region in the plane defined by ${(x,y):a≤x≤b,g(x)≤y≤h(x)}{(x,y):a≤x≤b,g(x)≤y≤h(x)}$ and also by ${(x,y):c≤y≤d,j(y)≤x≤k(y)}{(x,y):c≤y≤d,j(y)≤x≤k(y)}$ and $ff$ is a nonnegative function on $DD$ with finitely many discontinuities in the interior of $D,D,$ then

$∬DfdA=∫x=ax=b∫y=g(x)y=h(x)f(x,y)dydx=∫y=cy=d∫x=j(y)x=k(y)f(x,y)dxdy.∬DfdA=∫x=ax=b∫y=g(x)y=h(x)f(x,y)dydx=∫y=cy=d∫x=j(y)x=k(y)f(x,y)dxdy.$

It is very important to note that we required that the function be nonnegative on $DD$ for the theorem to work. We consider only the case where the function has finitely many discontinuities inside $D.D.$

### Example 5.20

#### Evaluating a Double Improper Integral

Consider the function $f(x,y)=eyyf(x,y)=eyy$ over the region $D={(x,y):0≤x≤1,x≤y≤x}.D={(x,y):0≤x≤1,x≤y≤x}.$

Notice that the function is nonnegative and continuous at all points on $DD$ except $(0,0).(0,0).$ Use Fubini’s theorem to evaluate the improper integral.

As mentioned before, we also have an improper integral if the region of integration is unbounded. Suppose now that the function $ff$ is continuous in an unbounded rectangle $R.R.$

Theorem 5.7

#### Improper Integrals on an Unbounded Region

If $RR$ is an unbounded rectangle such as $R={(x,y):a≤x≤∞,c≤y≤∞},R={(x,y):a≤x≤∞,c≤y≤∞},$ then when the limit exists, we have $∬Rf(x,y)dA=lim(b,d)→(∞,∞)∫ab(∫cdf(x,y)dy)dx=lim(b,d)→(∞,∞)∫cd(∫abf(x,y)dy)dy.∬Rf(x,y)dA=lim(b,d)→(∞,∞)∫ab(∫cdf(x,y)dy)dx=lim(b,d)→(∞,∞)∫cd(∫abf(x,y)dy)dy.$

The following example shows how this theorem can be used in certain cases of improper integrals.

### Example 5.21

#### Evaluating a Double Improper Integral

Evaluate the integral $∬Rxye−x2−y2dA∬Rxye−x2−y2dA$ where $RR$ is the first quadrant of the plane.

Checkpoint 5.15

Evaluate the improper integral $∬Dy1−x2−y2dA∬Dy1−x2−y2dA$ where $D={(x,y)x≥0,y≥0,x2+y2≤1}.D={(x,y)x≥0,y≥0,x2+y2≤1}.$

In some situations in probability theory, we can gain insight into a problem when we are able to use double integrals over general regions. Before we go over an example with a double integral, we need to set a few definitions and become familiar with some important properties.

### Definition

Consider a pair of continuous random variables $XX$ and $Y,Y,$ such as the birthdays of two people or the number of sunny and rainy days in a month. The joint density function $ff$ of $XX$ and $YY$ satisfies the probability that $(X,Y)(X,Y)$ lies in a certain region $D:D:$

$P((X,Y)∈D)=∬Df(x,y)dA.P((X,Y)∈D)=∬Df(x,y)dA.$

Since the probabilities can never be negative and must lie between $00$ and $1,1,$ the joint density function satisfies the following inequality and equation:

$f(x,y)≥0and∬R2f(x,y)dA=1.f(x,y)≥0and∬R2f(x,y)dA=1.$

### Definition

The variables $XX$ and $YY$ are said to be independent random variables if their joint density function is the product of their individual density functions:

$f(x,y)=f1(x)f2(y).f(x,y)=f1(x)f2(y).$

### Example 5.22

#### Application to Probability

At Sydney’s Restaurant, customers must wait an average of $1515$ minutes for a table. From the time they are seated until they have finished their meal requires an additional $4040$ minutes, on average. What is the probability that a customer spends less than an hour and a half at the diner, assuming that waiting for a table and completing the meal are independent events?

Another important application in probability that can involve improper double integrals is the calculation of expected values. First we define this concept and then show an example of a calculation.

### Definition

In probability theory, we denote the expected values $E(X)E(X)$ and $E(Y),E(Y),$ respectively, as the most likely outcomes of the events. The expected values $E(X)E(X)$ and $E(Y)E(Y)$ are given by

$E(X)=∬Sxf(x,y)dAandE(Y)=∬Syf(x,y)dA,E(X)=∬Sxf(x,y)dAandE(Y)=∬Syf(x,y)dA,$

where $SS$ is the sample space of the random variables $XX$ and $Y.Y.$

### Example 5.23

#### Finding Expected Value

Find the expected time for the events ‘waiting for a table’ and ‘completing the meal’ in Example 5.22.

Checkpoint 5.16

The joint density function for two random variables $XX$ and $YY$ is given by

$f(x,y)={1600(x2+y2)if0≤x≤15,0≤y≤100otherwisef(x,y)={1600(x2+y2)if0≤x≤15,0≤y≤100otherwise$

Find the probability that $XX$ is at most $1010$ and $YY$ is at least $5.5.$

### Section 5.2 Exercises

In the following exercises, specify whether the region is of Type I or Type II.

60.

The region $DD$ bounded by $y=x3,y=x3,$ $y=x3+1,y=x3+1,$ $x=0,x=0,$ and $x=1x=1$ as given in the following figure.

61.

Find the average value of the function $f(x,y)=3xyf(x,y)=3xy$ on the region graphed in the previous exercise.

62.

Find the area of the region $DD$ given in the previous exercise.

63.

The region $DD$ bounded by $y=sinx,y=1+sinx,x=0,andx=π2y=sinx,y=1+sinx,x=0,andx=π2$ as given in the following figure.

64.

Find the average value of the function $f(x,y)=cosxf(x,y)=cosx$ on the region graphed in the previous exercise.

65.

Find the area of the region $DD$ given in the previous exercise.

66.

The region $DD$ bounded by $x=y2−1x=y2−1$ and $x=1−y2x=1−y2$ as given in the following figure.

67.

Find the volume of the solid under the graph of the function $f(x,y)=xy+1f(x,y)=xy+1$ and above the region in the figure in the previous exercise.

68.

The region $DD$ bounded by $y=0,x=−10+y,andx=10−yy=0,x=−10+y,andx=10−y$ as given in the following figure.

69.

Find the volume of the solid under the graph of the function $f(x,y)=x+yf(x,y)=x+y$ and above the region in the figure from the previous exercise.

70.

The region $DD$ bounded by $y=0,x=y−1,y=0,x=y−1,$ $x=π2x=π2$ as given in the following figure.

71.

The region $DD$ bounded by $y=0y=0$ and $y=x2−1y=x2−1$ as given in the following figure.

72.

Let $DD$ be the region bounded by the curves of equations $y=x,y=−x,y=x,y=−x,$ and $y=2−x2.y=2−x2.$ Explain why $DD$ is neither of Type I nor II.

73.

Let $DD$ be the region bounded by the curves of equations $y=cosxy=cosx$ and $y=4−x2y=4−x2$ and the $xx$-axis. Explain why $DD$ is neither of Type I nor II.

In the following exercises, evaluate the double integral $∬Df(x,y)dA∬Df(x,y)dA$ over the region $D.D.$

74.

$f(x,y)=2x+5yf(x,y)=2x+5y$ and $D={(x,y)|0≤x≤1,x3≤y≤x3+1}D={(x,y)|0≤x≤1,x3≤y≤x3+1}$

75.

$f(x,y)=1f(x,y)=1$ and $D={(x,y)|0≤x≤π2,sinx≤y≤1+sinx}D={(x,y)|0≤x≤π2,sinx≤y≤1+sinx}$

76.

$f(x,y)=2f(x,y)=2$ and $D={(x,y)|0≤y≤1,y−1≤x≤arccosy}D={(x,y)|0≤y≤1,y−1≤x≤arccosy}$

77.

$f(x,y)=xyf(x,y)=xy$ and $D={(x,y)|−1≤y≤1,y2−1≤x≤1−y2}D={(x,y)|−1≤y≤1,y2−1≤x≤1−y2}$

78.

$f(x,y)=sinyf(x,y)=siny$ and $DD$ is the triangular region with vertices $(0,0),(0,3),and(3,0)(0,0),(0,3),and(3,0)$

79.

$f(x,y)=−x+1f(x,y)=−x+1$ and $DD$ is the triangular region with vertices $(0,0),(0,2),and(2,2)(0,0),(0,2),and(2,2)$

Evaluate the iterated integrals.

80.

$∫01∫2x3x(x+y2)dydx∫01∫2x3x(x+y2)dydx$

81.

$∫01∫2x2x+1(xy+1)dydx∫01∫2x2x+1(xy+1)dydx$

82.

$∫ee2∫lnu2(v+lnu)dvdu∫ee2∫lnu2(v+lnu)dvdu$

83.

$∫12∫−u2−1−u(8uv)dvdu∫12∫−u2−1−u(8uv)dvdu$

84.

$∫01∫−1−y21−y2(2x+4x3)dxdy∫01∫−1−y21−y2(2x+4x3)dxdy$

85.

$∫01/2∫−1−4y21−4y24dxdy∫01/2∫−1−4y21−4y24dxdy$

86.

Let $DD$ be the region bounded by $y=1−x2,y=4−x2,y=1−x2,y=4−x2,$ and the $xx$- and $yy$-axes.

1. Show that $∬DxdA=∫01∫1−x24−x2xdydx+∫12∫04−x2xdydx∬DxdA=∫01∫1−x24−x2xdydx+∫12∫04−x2xdydx$ by dividing the region $DD$ into two regions of Type I.
2. Evaluate the integral $∬DxdA.∬DxdA.$
87.

Let $DD$ be the region bounded by $y=1,y=1,$ $y=x,y=x,$ $y=lnx,y=lnx,$ and the $xx$-axis.

1. Show that $∬DydA=∫01∫0xydydx+∫1e∫lnx1ydydx∬DydA=∫01∫0xydydx+∫1e∫lnx1ydydx$ by dividing $DD$ into two regions of Type I.
2. Evaluate the integral $∬DydA.∬DydA.$
88.
1. Show that $∬Dy2dA=∫−10∫−x2−x2y2dydx+∫01∫x2−x2y2dydx∬Dy2dA=∫−10∫−x2−x2y2dydx+∫01∫x2−x2y2dydx$ by dividing the region $DD$ into two regions of Type I, where $D={(x,y)|y≥x,y≥−x,y≤2−x2}.D={(x,y)|y≥x,y≥−x,y≤2−x2}.$
2. Evaluate the integral $∬Dy2dA.∬Dy2dA.$
89.

Let $DD$ be the region bounded by $y=x2,y=x+2,y=x2,y=x+2,$ and $y=−x.y=−x.$

1. Show that $∬DxdA=∫01∫−yyxdxdy+∫14∫y−2yxdxdy∬DxdA=∫01∫−yyxdxdy+∫14∫y−2yxdxdy$ by dividing the region $DD$ into two regions of Type II, where $D={(x,y)|y≥x2,y≥−x,y≤x+2}.D={(x,y)|y≥x2,y≥−x,y≤x+2}.$
2. Evaluate the integral $∬DxdA.∬DxdA.$
90.

The region $DD$ bounded by $x=0,y=x5+1,x=0,y=x5+1,$ and $y=3−x2y=3−x2$ is shown in the following figure. Find the area $A(D)A(D)$ of the region $D.D.$

91.

The region $DD$ bounded by $y=cosx,y=4cosx,y=cosx,y=4cosx,$ and $x=±π3x=±π3$ is shown in the following figure. Find the area $A(D)A(D)$ of the region $D.D.$

92.

Find the area $A(D)A(D)$ of the region $D={(x,y)|y≥1−x2,y≤4−x2,y≥0,x≥0}.D={(x,y)|y≥1−x2,y≤4−x2,y≥0,x≥0}.$

93.

Let $DD$ be the region bounded by $y=1,y=x,y=lnx,y=1,y=x,y=lnx,$ and the $xx$-axis. Find the area $A(D)A(D)$ of the region $D.D.$

94.

Find the average value of the function $f(x,y)=sinyf(x,y)=siny$ on the triangular region with vertices $(0,0),(0,3),(0,0),(0,3),$ and $(3,0).(3,0).$

95.

Find the average value of the function $f(x,y)=−x+1f(x,y)=−x+1$ on the triangular region with vertices $(0,0),(0,2),(0,0),(0,2),$ and $(2,2).(2,2).$

In the following exercises, change the order of integration and evaluate the integral.

96.

$∫−1π/2∫0x+1sinxdydx∫−1π/2∫0x+1sinxdydx$

97.

$∫01∫x−11−xxdydx∫01∫x−11−xxdydx$

98.

$∫−10∫−y+1y+1y2dxdy∫−10∫−y+1y+1y2dxdy$

99.

$∫−11∫−1–y21–y2ydxdy∫−11∫−1–y21–y2ydxdy$

100.

The region $DD$ is shown in the following figure. Evaluate the double integral $∬D(x2+y)dA∬D(x2+y)dA$ by using the easier order of integration.

101.

The region $DD$ is given in the following figure. Evaluate the double integral $∬D(x2−y2)dA∬D(x2−y2)dA$ by using the easier order of integration.

102.

Find the volume of the solid under the surface $z=2x+y2z=2x+y2$ and above the region bounded by $y=x5y=x5$ and $y=x.y=x.$

103.

Find the volume of the solid under the plane $z=3x+yz=3x+y$ and above the region determined by $y=x7y=x7$ and $y=x.y=x.$

104.

Find the volume of the solid under the plane $z=x−yz=x−y$ and above the region bounded by $x=tany,x=−tany,x=tany,x=−tany,$ and $x=1.x=1.$

105.

Find the volume of the solid under the surface $z=x3z=x3$ and above the plane region bounded by $x=siny,x=−siny,x=siny,x=−siny,$ and $x=1x=1$ for values of $yy$ between $y=–π2 and y=π2y=–π2 and y=π2$

106.

Let $gg$ be a positive, increasing, and differentiable function on the interval $[a,b].[a,b].$ Show that the volume of the solid under the surface $z=g′(x)z=g′(x)$ and above the region bounded by $y=0,y=0,$ $y=g(x),y=g(x),$ $x=a,x=a,$ and $x=bx=b$ is given by $12(g2(b)−g2(a)).12(g2(b)−g2(a)).$

107.

Let $gg$ be a positive, increasing, and differentiable function on the interval $[a,b],[a,b],$ and let $kk$ be a positive real number. Show that the volume of the solid under the surface $z=g′(x)z=g′(x)$ and above the region bounded by $y=g(x),y=g(x)+k,x=a,y=g(x),y=g(x)+k,x=a,$ and $x=bx=b$ is given by $k(g(b)−g(a)).k(g(b)−g(a)).$

108.

Find the volume of the solid situated in the first octant and determined by the planes $z=2,z=2,$ $z=0,x+y=1,x=0,andy=0.z=0,x+y=1,x=0,andy=0.$

109.

Find the volume of the solid situated in the first octant and bounded by the planes $x+2y=1,x+2y=1,$ $x=0,y=0,z=4,andz=0.x=0,y=0,z=4,andz=0.$

110.

Find the volume of the solid bounded by the planes $x+y=1,x−y=1,x=0,z=0,x+y=1,x−y=1,x=0,z=0,$ and $z=10.z=10.$

111.

Find the volume of the solid bounded by the planes $x+y=1,x−y=1,x+y=−1,x+y=1,x−y=1,x+y=−1,$ $x−y=−1,z=1andz=0.x−y=−1,z=1andz=0.$

112.

Let $S1S1$ and $S2S2$ be the solids situated in the first octant under the planes $x+y+z=1x+y+z=1$ and $x+y+2z=1,x+y+2z=1,$ respectively, and let $SS$ be the solid situated between $S1,S2,x=0,andy=0.S1,S2,x=0,andy=0.$

1. Find the volume of the solid $S1.S1.$
2. Find the volume of the solid $S2.S2.$
3. Find the volume of the solid $SS$ by subtracting the volumes of the solids $S1andS2.S1andS2.$
113.

Let $S1andS2S1andS2$ be the solids situated in the first octant under the planes $2x+2y+z=22x+2y+z=2$ and $x+y+z=1,x+y+z=1,$ respectively, and let $SS$ be the solid situated between $S1,S2,x=0,andy=0.S1,S2,x=0,andy=0.$

1. Find the volume of the solid $S1.S1.$
2. Find the volume of the solid $S2.S2.$
3. Find the volume of the solid $SS$ by subtracting the volumes of the solids $S1andS2.S1andS2.$
114.

Let $S1andS2S1andS2$ be the solids situated in the first octant under the plane $x+y+z=2x+y+z=2$ and under the sphere $x2+y2+z2=4,x2+y2+z2=4,$ respectively. If the volume of the solid $S2S2$ is $4π3,4π3,$ determine the volume of the solid $SS$ situated between $S1S1$ and $S2S2$ by subtracting the volumes of these solids.

115.

Let $S1S1$ and $S2S2$ be the solids situated in the first octant under the plane $x+y+z=2x+y+z=2$ and bounded by the cylinder $x2+y2=4,x2+y2=4,$ respectively.

1. Find the volume of the solid $S1.S1.$
2. Find the volume of the solid $S2.S2.$
3. Find the volume of the solid $SS$ situated between $S1S1$ and $S2S2$ by subtracting the volumes of the solids $S1S1$ and $S2.S2.$
116.

[T] The following figure shows the region $DD$ bounded by the curves $y=sinx,y=sinx,$ $x=0,x=0,$ and $y=x4.y=x4.$ Use a graphing calculator or CAS to find the $xx$-coordinates of the intersection points of the curves and to determine the area of the region $D.D.$ Round your answers to six decimal places.

117.

[T] The region $DD$ bounded by the curves $y=cosx,x=0,andy=x3y=cosx,x=0,andy=x3$ is shown in the following figure. Use a graphing calculator or CAS to find the x-coordinates of the intersection points of the curves and to determine the area of the region $D.D.$ Round your answers to six decimal places.

118.

Suppose that $(X,Y)(X,Y)$ is the outcome of an experiment that must occur in a particular region $SS$ in the $xyxy$-plane. In this context, the region $SS$ is called the sample space of the experiment and $XandYXandY$ are random variables. If $DD$ is a region included in $S,S,$ then the probability of $(X,Y)(X,Y)$ being in $DD$ is defined as $P[(X,Y)∈D]=∬Dp(x,y)dxdy,P[(X,Y)∈D]=∬Dp(x,y)dxdy,$ where $p(x,y)p(x,y)$ is the joint probability density of the experiment. Here, $p(x,y)p(x,y)$ is a nonnegative function for which $∬Sp(x,y)dxdy=1.∬Sp(x,y)dxdy=1.$ Assume that a point $(X,Y)(X,Y)$ is chosen arbitrarily in the square $[0,3]×[0,3][0,3]×[0,3]$ with the probability density

$p(x,y)={19(x,y)∈[0,3]×[0,3],0otherwise.p(x,y)={19(x,y)∈[0,3]×[0,3],0otherwise.$

Find the probability that the point $(X,Y)(X,Y)$ is inside the unit square and interpret the result.

119.

Consider $XandYXandY$ two random variables of probability densities $p1(x)p1(x)$ and $p2(x),p2(x),$ respectively. The random variables $XandYXandY$ are said to be independent if their joint density function is given by $p(x,y)=p1(x)p2(y).p(x,y)=p1(x)p2(y).$ At a drive-thru restaurant, customers spend, on average, $33$ minutes placing their orders and an additional $55$ minutes paying for and picking up their meals. Assume that placing the order and paying for/picking up the meal are two independent events $XX$ and $Y.Y.$ If the waiting times are modeled by the exponential probability densities

$p1(x)={13e−x/3x≥0,0otherwise,andp2(y)={15e−y/5y≥0,0otherwise,p1(x)={13e−x/3x≥0,0otherwise,andp2(y)={15e−y/5y≥0,0otherwise,$

respectively, the probability that a customer will spend less than 6 minutes in the drive-thru line is given by $P[X+Y≤6]=∬Dp(x,y)dxdy,P[X+Y≤6]=∬Dp(x,y)dxdy,$ where $D={(x,y)}|x≥0,y≥0,x+y≤6}.D={(x,y)}|x≥0,y≥0,x+y≤6}.$ Find $P[X+Y≤6]P[X+Y≤6]$ and interpret the result.

120.

[T] The Reuleaux triangle consists of an equilateral triangle and three regions, each of them bounded by a side of the triangle and an arc of a circle of radius s centered at the opposite vertex of the triangle. Show that the area of the Reuleaux triangle in the following figure of side length $ss$ is $s22(π−3).s22(π−3).$

121.

[T] Show that the area of the lunes of Alhazen, the two blue lunes in the following figure, is the same as the area of the right triangle ABC. The outer boundaries of the lunes are semicircles of diameters $ABandAC,ABandAC,$ respectively, and the inner boundaries are formed by the circumcircle of the triangle $ABC.ABC.$