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Biology for AP® Courses

Test Prep for AP® Courses

Biology for AP® CoursesTest Prep for AP® Courses
42 .

This table has three headers: Organism, Temperature in degrees Celsius and Average respiration in ML O2 per gram per minute. At a temperature of 10 degrees, the first mouse has an average respiration of 0.0518. At a temperature of 25 degrees, the second mouse has an average respiration of 0.0321. At a temperature of 10 degrees, the first cricket has an average respiration of 0.0013. At a temperature of 25 degrees, the second cricket has an average respiration of 0.0038.

Examine the data pictured. The table shows the amount of oxygen consumed (third column) by different animals (first column) at different temperatures. The type of apparatus employed in this investigation measures the changes in volume of air to detect the removal of oxygen. However, organisms produce carbon dioxide as they take in oxygen. Predict what you would need to add to the setup in order to provide accurate measurements.

  1. a plant that will add oxygen to allow an animal to breathe
  2. a glucose reserve
  3. a substance that removes carbon dioxide gas
  4. a substance that adds carbon dioxide gas
43 .

This table has three headers: Organism, Temperature in degrees Celsius and Average respiration in ML O2 per gram per minute. At a temperature of 10 degrees, the first mouse has an average respiration of 0.0518. At a temperature of 25 degrees, the second mouse has an average respiration of 0.0321. At a temperature of 10 degrees, the first cricket has an average respiration of 0.0013. At a temperature of 25 degrees, the second cricket has an average respiration of 0.0038.

Evaluate the table pictured. According to the data, the crickets at 25°C have greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than do the crickets at 10°C. This trend in oxygen consumption is the opposite of that in mice. Make a claim to explain the reason for this difference in trends in oxygen consumption among crickets and mice.

  1. It is caused by the animals' difference in size.
  2. It is a result of the animals' different modes of nutrition.
  3. It is a result of the animals' differences in metabolic heat production.
  4. It is a reflection of the animals' different modes of ATP production.
44 .
Where in a cell does glycolysis take place in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
  1. the cytosol
  2. the mitochondria
  3. the plasma membrane
  4. the nucleus
45 .
A new species of obligate anaerobe, a bacterium, has been found that lives in hot, acidic conditions. While other pathways may also be present, which metabolic pathway is the most likely to be present in this species?
  1. aerobic respiration
  2. the citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation
  4. glycolysis
46 .
You read the claim that glycolysis is an older and more conserved pathway than the citric acid cycle. Evaluate the statements below to select the evidence that provides the strongest support for this claim.
  1. Glycolysis takes place in anaerobic conditions, can metabolize cholesterol and fatty acids, and occurs even in methanogens.
  2. This pathway occurs in the cytosol, is found in all animals and plants, and does not require oxygen.
  3. Glycolysis is found in all three domains of living things. It also occurs in anaerobic conditions and in the cytosol.
  4. This pathway only occurs in the mitochondria. It is highly flexible because it is found in almost all organisms.
47 .

This illustration shows the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electron transport chain consists of four electron complexes. Complex 1 oxidizes NADH to NAD+ and simultaneously pumps a proton across the membrane to the inter membrane space. The two electrons released from NADH are shuttled to coenzyme Q, then to complex 3, to cytochrome c, to complex 4, then to molecular oxygen. In the process, two more protons are pumped across the membrane to the intermembrane space, and molecular oxygen is reduced to form water. Complex 2 removes two electrons from FADH2, thereby forming FAD. The electrons are shuttled to coenzyme Q, then to complex 3, cytochrome c, complex 1, and molecular oxygen as in the case of NADH oxidation. In the figure the inner mitochondrial membrane is labelled Structure X and cytochrome C is labelled Structure Z.

What is Structure X in the graphic?

  1. the inner mitochondrial membrane
  2. the mitochondrial matrix
  3. a eukaryotic plasma membrane
  4. the cytosol
48 .

This illustration shows the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electron transport chain consists of four electron complexes. Complex 1 oxidizes NADH to NAD+ and simultaneously pumps a proton across the membrane to the inter membrane space. The two electrons released from NADH are shuttled to coenzyme Q, then to complex 3, to cytochrome c, to complex 4, then to molecular oxygen. In the process, two more protons are pumped across the membrane to the intermembrane space, and molecular oxygen is reduced to form water. Complex 2 removes two electrons from FADH2, thereby forming FAD. The electrons are shuttled to coenzyme Q, then to complex 3, cytochrome c, complex 1, and molecular oxygen as in the case of NADH oxidation. In the figure the inner mitochondrial membrane is labelled Structure X and cytochrome C is labelled Structure Z.

Evaluate the process represented by the diagram. Predict the most direct result of blocking structure Z.

  1. Cytochrome c would not pass electrons from complex III to complex IV.
  2. Ubiquinone would not pass electrons from complex III to complex IV.
  3. NADH would not be converted to NAD+ and the electron transport chain would stop.
  4. No protons would be pumped across the membrane
49 .

This illustration shows the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electron transport chain consists of four electron complexes. Complex 1 oxidizes NADH to NAD+ and simultaneously pumps a proton across the membrane to the inter membrane space. The two electrons released from NADH are shuttled to coenzyme Q, then to complex 3, to cytochrome c, to complex 4, then to molecular oxygen. In the process, two more protons are pumped across the membrane to the intermembrane space, and molecular oxygen is reduced to form water. Complex 2 removes two electrons from FADH2, thereby forming FAD. The electrons are shuttled to coenzyme Q, then to complex 3, cytochrome c, complex 1, and molecular oxygen as in the case of NADH oxidation. In the figure the inner mitochondrial membrane is labelled Structure X and cytochrome C is labelled Structure Z.

Evaluate the diagram of the electron transport chain. Based on your understanding of this part of glucose metabolism, where do the electrons that are moving along the membrane come from, and where do the electrons end up?

  1. The electrons are given off by water and finally accepted by NAD+ and FAD+ to produce the energy currencies NADH and FADH2.
  2. The electrons are released by NADH and FADH2 and finally accepted by oxygen to form water.
  3. The electrons are given out by NADH and FADH2 and are, in turn, finally accepted by H2O.
  4. The electrons are emitted by ubiquinone and are in turn,finally accepted by H2O.
50 .

Glucose catabolism pathways are sequential and lead to the production of ATP. What is the correct order of the pathways for the breakdown of a molecule of glucose as shown in the formula?

C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O + energy
  1. oxidative phosphorylation → citric acid cycle → oxidation of pyruvate → glycolysis
  2. the oxidation of pyruvate → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → oxidative phosphorylation
  3. glycolysis → oxidation of pyruvate → citric acid cycle → oxidative phosphorylation
  4. citric acid cycle → glycolysis → oxidative phosphorylation → oxidation of pyruvate
51 .
Drawing upon your understanding of metabolic strategies to evaluate their differences: Which of the following statements most directly supports the claim that different species of organisms use different metabolic strategies to meet their energy requirements for growth, reproduction, and homeostasis?
  1. During cold periods, pond-dwelling animals can increase the number of unsaturated fatty acids in their cell membranes, while some plants make antifreeze proteins to prevent ice crystal formation in their tissues.
  2. Bacteria lack introns, while many eukaryotic genes contain several of these intervening sequences.
  3. Carnivores have more teeth that are specialized for ripping food, while herbivores have more teeth specialized for grinding food.
  4. Plants generally use starch molecules for storage, while animals use glycogen and fats for storage.
52 .
Refer to Figure 7.10
.
Review the diagram of the citric acid cycle. Evaluate how the citric acid cycle relates to glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and chemiosmosis. Which of the following best describes the relationship between these processes?
  1. Glycolysis produces pyruvate, which is converted to acetyl-CoA and enters the citric acid cycle. This cycle produces NADH and FADH2, which donate electrons to the electron transport chain to pump protons and produce ATP through chemiosmosis. Production of ATP using an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis is called oxidative phosphorylation.
  2. The citric acid cycle produces pyruvate, which converts to glucose to enter glycolysis. This pathway produces NADH and FADH2, which enter oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP through chemiosmosis.
  3. The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2, which undergo oxidative phosphorylation. This produces ATP by pumping protons through chemiosmosis. The ATP produced is utilized in large amount in the process of glycolysis.
  4. Glycolysis produces pyruvate, which directly enters the citric acid cycle. This cycle produces the energy currency that undergoes the electron transport chain to produce water and ATP.
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