The word hydrolysis is defined as the lysis of water. How does this apply to polymers?
Polymers break by separating water into hydrogen and hydroxyl group that are added to the monomers.
Polymers are synthesized by using the energy released by the breaking of water molecules into hydrogen and hydroxyl group.
Polymers are separated into monomers producing energy and water molecules.
Polymers are hydrolyzed into monomers using water in the process and are called as dehydration synthesis.
40.
What role do electrons play in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Electrons are added to \text{OH} and \text{H} ion in the dehydration synthesis. They are removed from \text{OH} and \text{H} in hydrolysis.
Electrons are transferred from \text{OH} and \text{H} ions to the monomers in dehydration synthesis. They are taken up by the \text{H} and \text{OH} ions from the monomers in hydrolysis.
Electrons are removed from \text{OH} and \text{H} in the dehydration synthesis. They are added to \text{OH} and \text{H} in hydrolysis.
Electrons are transferred from monomers to \text{H} and \text{OH} ions in hydrolysis and from \text{OH} and \text{H} to monomers in dehydration synthesis.
41.
Which of the following bodily process would most likely be hindered by a lack of water in the body?
digestion
protein synthesis
copying DNA
breathing
42.
Why is it impossible for humans to digest food that contains cellulose?
There is no energy available in fiber.
An inactive form of cellulase in human digestive tract renders it undigested and removes it as waste.
The acidic environment in the human stomach makes it impossible to break the bonds in cellulose.
Human digestive enzymes cannot break down the \unicode[Arial]{x3B2}-1,4 glycosidic linkage in cellulose, which requires a special enzyme that is absent in humans.
43.
Which of these describe some of the similarities and differences between glycogen and starch?
Glycogen is less branched than starch and is found in animals.
Glycogen is more highly branched than starch and is found in plants.
Starch is less branched than glycogen and is found in plants.
Starch is more branched than glycogen and is found in animals.
44.
Which of these best describes the production of sucrose, maltose, and lactose?
Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose. Glucose and galactose combine to form lactose. Two glucose monomers combine to form maltose.
Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose. Glucose and galactose combine to form maltose. Two glucose combine to form lactose.
Two glucose combine to form lactose. Glucose and galactose combine to form sucrose. Glucose and fructose combine to form maltose.
Two galactose combine to form sucrose. Fructose and glucose combine to form lactose. Two glucose combine to form maltose.
45.
What are the four classes of lipids and what is an example of each?
lipids like margarine
wax like the coating on feathers
phospholipids like cell membrane constituents
steroid like cholesterol
lipids like phosphatidylserine
wax like phosphatidic acid
phospholipids like oleic acid
steroid like epinephrine
lipids like phosphatidic acid
waxes like margarine
phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine
steroids like testosterone
lipids like cholesterol
waxes like the coating on feathers
phospholipids like phosphatidylserine
steroids like margarine
46.
What are three functions that lipids serve in plants and/or animals?
Lipids serve in the storage of energy, as a structural component of hormones, and also as signaling molecules.
Lipids serve in the storage of energy, as carriers for the transport of proteins across the membrane, and as signaling molecules.
Lipids serve in the breakdown of stored energy molecules, as signaling molecules, and as structural components of hormones.
Lipids serve in the breakdown of stored energy molecules, as signaling molecules, and as channels for protein transport.
47.
Why have trans fats been banned from some restaurants? How are they created?
Trans fat is produced by the hydrogenation of oil that makes it more saturated and isomerized. It increases LDL amounts.
The dehydrogenation of oil forms the trans fat, which contains single bonds in its structure. This increases HDL in the body and has been banned.
Trans fat is produced by dehydrogenation of oils, which makes it unsaturated. It increases LDL in body.
The hydrogenation of oil makes the trans fat, which increases the number of double bonds in its structure. It decreases HDL in the body.
48.
How do phospholipids contribute to cell membrane structure?
Phospholipids orient their heads towards the polar molecules and tails in the interior of the membrane, thus forming a bilayer.
Phospholipids orient their tails towards the polar molecules of water solutions, and heads in the interior of the membrane, thus forming a bilayer.
Phospholipids orient their heads towards the non-polar molecules and tails in the interior of the membrane, forming a bilayer.
Phospholipids orient their tails towards the polar molecules and heads in the non-polar side of the membrane, forming a bilayer.
49.
What type of compound functions in hormone production, contributes to membrane flexibility, and is the starting molecule for bile salts?
All steroid molecules help in the mentioned functions.
Cholesterol, which is a lipid and also a steroid, functions here.
Glycogen, which is a multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose, is the compound.
Phosphatidylcholine that is a phospholipid with a choline head group, which serves the functions.
50.
What part of cell membranes gives flexibility to the structure?
carbohydrates
cytoskeleton filaments
lipids
proteins
51.
How do the differences in amino acid sequences lead to different protein functions?
Different amino acids produce different proteins based on the bonds formed between them.
Differences in amino acids lead to the recycling of proteins, which produces other functional proteins.
Different amino acids cause rearrangements of amino acids to produce a functional protein.
Differences in the amino acids cause post-translational modification of the protein, which reassembles to produce a functional protein.
52.
What causes the changes in protein structure through the three or four levels of structure?
The primary chain forms secondary α-helix and β-pleated sheets which fold onto each other forming the tertiary structure.
The primary structure undergoes alternative splicing to form secondary structures, which fold on other protein chains to form tertiary structures.
The primary structure forms secondary α-helix and β-pleated sheets. This further undergoes phosphorylation and acetylation to form the tertiary structure.
The primary structure undergoes alternative splicing to form a secondary structure, and then disulfide bonds give way to tertiary structures.
53.
(credit: Fisher Scientific, CC BY-SA 4.0)
Western blot is a lab technique used to measure the presence of a specific protein in a sample. This is a protein ladder that is run along side the sample for comparison. The sample runs from top to bottom. What is the relationship between the green line and the red line?
The red line is lighter
The red line is heavier
The red line has more alpha helixes
The red line has more beta pleated sheets
54.
How does a chaperone work with proteins?
Chaperones assist proteins in folding.
Chaperones cause the aggregation of polypeptides.
Chaperones associate with proteins once the target protein is folded.
Chaperones escort proteins during translation.
55.
What are some differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is made from nucleotides; RNA is not.
DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil.
DNA contains adenine, while RNA contains guanine.
DNA is double stranded, while RNA may be double stranded in animals.
56.
Which molecule carries information in a form that is inherited from one generation to another?
Hereditary information is stored in DNA.
Hereditary information is stored in mRNA.
Hereditary information is stored in proteins.
Hereditary information is stored in tRNA.
57.
What are the four types and functions of RNA?
mRNA is a single stranded transcript of DNA. rRNA is found in ribosomes. tRNA transfers specific amino acids to a developing protein strand. miRNA regulates the expression of mRNA strands.
mRNA is a single stranded transcript of rRNA. rRNA is translated in ribosomes to make proteins. tRNA transfers specific amino acids to a developing protein strand. microRNA (miRNA) regulates the expression of the mRNA strand.
mRNA regulates the expression of the miRNA strand. rRNA are found in ribosomes. tRNA transfers specific amino acids to a developing protein strand. miRNA is a single stranded transcript of DNA.
mRNA is a single stranded transcript of DNA. rRNA transfers specific amino acids to a developing protein strand. tRNA is found in ribosomes. miRNA regulates the expression of the mRNA strand.
