52.
There are three types of hormones based on chemical structure: lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and peptide hormones. Compare the images to identify the hormone that is lipid-derived.
53.
Hormones are essential for facilitating communication between cells, which can help maintain homeostasis within the body. Make a claim that explains how hormones facilitate communication on a molecular level.
- A hormone is released in response to a stimulus, travels through the body, and then binds to receptors of the target cell to elicit a response.
- A hormone is released from the pituitary gland in response to a stimulus, travels through the body, and then binds to a receptor of a target cell to elicit response.
- A hormone is released in response to a stimulus, travels through the body, and then binds to receptors to stimulate the signaling pathway.
- A hormone is released in response to a stimulus, travels through the body and then binds to the intracellular receptors of target cells to elicit a response.
54.
Steroid hormones are known to circulate in the blood longer than peptide hormones. Describe why this occurs.
- Peptide hormones cannot pass through cell membranes.
- Steroid hormones are water insoluble.
- Peptide hormones are water insoluble.
- Steroid hormones cannot pass through cell membranes.
55.
Explain why lipid-derived hormones, such as steroid hormones, and peptide and amino acid-derived hormones utilize different types of receptors. Identify the receptor type each hormone group uses.
- Lipid-derived hormones have receptors located in the nucleus, and thus utilize intracellular receptors, whereas peptide and amino acid-derived hormones have receptors only on the surface of the cell and thus utilize cell surface receptors.
- Lipid-derived hormones can permeate the plasma membrane and thus utilize intracellular receptors. Peptide and amino acid- derived hormones are lipid insoluble and thus require cell surface receptors.
- Lipid-derived hormones can permeate plasma membranes as they need to remain in circulation for a longer duration, and thus utilize intracellular receptors. Peptide and amino acid-derived hormones are lipid insoluble and need surface receptors.
- Lipid-derived hormones can permeate plasma membranes and thus utilize cell surface receptors. Some peptide and amino acid-derived hormones can cross the membrane but most are lipid insoluble and thus require intracellular receptors.
56.
There are three types of hormones based on chemical structure: lipid-derived, amino acid-derived, and peptide hormones. Compare the images below to identify the peptide hormone.
57.
Cellular activity can vary based on sensitivity to hormones, and cellular activity can therefore either be up-regulated or down-regulated by those hormones. Make a claim to describe a scenario that would likely cause a greater response from cells controlled by a hormone.
- Hormone levels increase and the number of target cell receptors increases.
- Hormone levels decrease and the number of target cell receptors increases.
- Hormone levels increase and the number of target cell receptors decreases.
- Hormone levels decrease and the number of target cell receptors decreases.
58.
Examine the illustration provided. Determine what kind of hormone is undergoing binding in this figure and describe the evidence in the figure that supports your answer.
- A lipid-derived hormone is undergoing binding; this is evident because it is fat insoluble and therefore able to bind to receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
- A lipid-derived hormone is undergoing binding; this is evident because it is fat soluble and therefore able to pass through the cell membrane to reach intracellular receptors.
- A polypeptide-derived hormone is undergoing binding; this is evident because it is fat soluble and therefore able to pass through the cell membrane to reach intracellular receptors.
- A polypeptide-derived hormone is undergoing binding; this is evident because it is fat insoluble and therefore binds to receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
59.
Evaluate the process illustrated in the diagram. What kind of hormone is bound to the target cell receptor?
- steroid
- lipid-derived
- estradiol
- amino acid-derived
60.
Blood pressure and blood volume are increased by the production of the hormones antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone. Describe how renin promotes release of ADH and aldosterone.
- Renin cleaves angiotensinogen.
- Renin directly simulates ADH and aldosterone production.
- Renin produces angiotensin II.
- Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II.
61.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is essential for water regulation in the kidneys. Once released from the pituitary, ADH travels through to the kidneys. Make a claim that correctly explains specifically how ADH promotes water reabsorption.
- ADH initiates a series of events that lead to the release of more vasopressin hormone in the kidney, leading to the movement of water out of kidneys.
- ADH initiates a series of events that lead to the temporary insertion of aquaporins in the kidney, through which water moves into the kidneys.
- ADH initiates a series of events leading to the temporary insertion of aquaporins in the kidney, through which water moves out of the kidneys.
- ADH initiates a series of events that leads to the movement of water out of the kidneys through simple diffusion.
62.
David, an athlete, wants to enhance his baseball performance by taking erythropoietin. Apply your understanding of the role of erythropoietin to identify what physical change David is trying to make.
- He hopes to build more muscle.
- He wants to improve endurance.
- He hopes to reduce his body fat.
- He wants to decrease his need to urinate.
63.
Some athletes may want to take synthetic hormones to improve their performance in their given sport. However, the use of certain synthetic hormones is banned in many professional sports. Support the legitimacy of these common bans by providing reasoning to explain why they are needed.
- Synthetic hormones can produce severe side effects such as insomnia, depression, and prostate enlargement. These side effects are often severe and irreversible.
- Synthetic hormones can produce severe severe side effects such as impaired heart function, testicular atrophy, and depression. These side effects can be cured through surgeries.
- Synthetic hormones can produce severe severe side effects such as impaired heart function, testicular atrophy, and prostate enlargement. These side effects are often severe and irreversible.
- Synthetic hormones can produce severe severe side effects such as insomnia, depression, and prostate enlargement. These side effects can be cured through surgeries.
64.
This figure shows how growth hormone communicates with cells to promote muscle and bone growth. Evaluate the processes illustrated, and summarize them to identify growth hormone’s exact role.
- Growth hormone inhibits growth hormone-inhibiting hormone release.
- Growth hormone stimulates growth hormone-releasing hormone release.
- Growth hormone breaks down glycogen.
- Growth hormone activates insulin-like growth factors.
65.
Growth hormone helps promote growth by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis. Explain the mechanism by which growth hormone switches the energy source of most cells, and identify that energy source.
- Growth hormone is able to break down triglycerides through lipogenesis. When triglycerides are released, most tissues switch to fatty acids as energy sources.
- Growth hormone is able to break down triglycerides through lipolysis. When triglycerides are released, most tissues switch to fatty acids as an energy source.
- Growth hormone is able to break down triglycerides through lipolysis. When triglycerides are released, most tissues switch to glucose as an energy source.
- Growth hormone is able to break down triglycerides through lipogenesis. When triglycerides are released, most tissues switch to glucose as an energy source
66.
Positive feedback loops are rare in the endocrine system but some do exist. Compare the cause-and-effect situations described below to identify which is an example of a positive feedback loop.
- Insulin facilitates decrease of blood sugar levels.
- Oxytocin release stimulates milk release.
- Increased blood calcium levels halt PTH production.
- Increased amounts of T3 and T4 inhibit further production.
67.
Although positive feedback loops are rare in the endocrine system, they are present in childbirth. Support this statement by correctly explaining the steps of the positive feedback loop that controls childbirth.
- When a child pushes on the cervix, a signal is sent to stimulate oxytocin release, which stimulates more contractions. This promotes more oxytocin release that allows the child to be pushed through the birth canal.
- When a child pushes on the cervix, a signal is sent to stimulate oxytocin release, which stimulates contractions. This promotes release of progesterone that allows the child to be pushed through the birth canal.
- When a child pushes on the cervix, a signal is sent to stimulate prolactin release, which stimulates more contractions. This promotes release of more prolactin that allows the child to be pushed through the birth canal.
- When a child pushes on the cervix, a signal is sent to stimulate progesterone release, which stimulates contractions. This promotes release of oxytocin that allows the child to be pushed through the birth canal.
68.
Osmoreceptors are essential for monitoring water concentrations within the body. Describe how osmoreceptors complete this task.
- Osmoreceptors insert aquaporins in the kidneys.
- Osmoreceptors signal increase sodium reabsorption.
- Osmoreceptors detect when blood electrolyte levels change.
- Osmoreceptors signal increased sodium reabsorption.
69.
Laura has Type 1 diabetes, so her body cannot properly produce insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels. Identify from the options provided which type of endocrine stimulus Laura is unable to respond to.
- humoral
- hormonal
- neural
- negative
70.
Terry recently gained weight and has been more tired than usual. Terry’s doctor suggested that he might not produce enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Evaluate the diagram to justify the doctor's claim by explaining why a TSH deficiency could cause Terry’s weight gain and fatigue.
- Without TSH, there would be excessive production of T3 and T4, leading to a high metabolic rate that would cause weight gain and fatigue.
- Without TSH, there would be excessive production of T3 and T4, leading to a low metabolic rate that would cause weight gain and fatigue.
- Without TSH, T3 and T4 cannot be properly produced, leading to a high metabolic rate that would cause weight gain and fatigue.
- Without TSH, T3 and T4 cannot be properly produced, leading to a low metabolic rate that would cause weight gain and fatigue.
71.
Marcus experienced nervous system damage in a car accident. Make a claim for which of the following endocrine-related body functions will be most likely impaired as a result.
- ability to lower blood glucose levels
- fight-or-flight response
- urine production
- body heat regulation