Although there are many different hormones in the human body, they can be divided into three classes based on their chemical structure. Explain these classes and give one factor that distinguishes each.
The classes are peptide hormones, which are water insoluble, and amino acid-derived and lipid-derived hormones, which are water soluble.
The classes are lipid-derived hormones, which are water insoluble, and amino acid-derived and peptide hormones, which are water soluble.
The classes are lipid-derived hormones, which are water soluble, and amino acid-derived and peptide hormones, which are water insoluble.
The classes are amino acid-derived hormones, which are water insoluble, and lipid-derived and peptide hormones, which are water soluble.
36.
Explain how hormones promote homeostasis in the body.
Hormones increases cell activity by binding to the receptors present in the cell.
Hormones facilitate communication between cells present at very distant locations in the body.
Hormones facilitate communication between cells at any distance in the body.
Hormones mediate changes by directly binding to the intracellular hormone receptors.
37.
(credit: modification of work by Alexandru Micu/ZME Science)
The image shows a hormone made of different amino acids. Each amino acid making the hormone is color-coded and marked with three letters.
Based on its size, what kind of hormone would this be?
Lipid-soluble hormone.
RNA-derived hormone.
Amino acid-derived hormone.
Peptide hormone.
38.
(credit: modification of work by H. Maurice Goodman/ScienceDirect)
The image shows the action of a hormone on a cell.
What type of hormone is shown here?
Lipid-soluble hormone.
RNA-derived hormone.
Amino acid-derived hormone.
Peptide hormone.
39.
Discuss the important functions of hormone receptors.
Hormone receptors can induce cell-signaling pathways and mediate changes in target cells in the presence of hormones.
Hormone receptors can mediate changes in target cells and act as transcription regulators in the presence of hormones.
Hormone receptors can induce cell-signaling pathways and act as transcription regulators in the presence of hormones.
Hormone receptors can mediate changes in target cells and can stimulate signaling pathways in the presence of hormones.
40.
Compare and contrast cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors by selecting the most accurate description of their similarities and differences.
Both are types of hormone receptors at target cells. Cell surface receptors facilitate indirect mediation, whereas intracellular receptors facilitate direct mediation.
Both are types of hormone receptors at target cells. Cell surface receptors facilitate direct mediation, whereas intracellular receptors facilitate indirect mediation.
Both reside in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. Cell surface receptors facilitate indirect mediation, whereas intracellular receptors facilitate direct mediation.
Both reside in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. Cell surface receptors facilitate direct mediation, whereas intracellular receptors facilitate indirect mediation.
41.
Explain why drinking alcohol often results in dehydration.
Drinking alcohol reduces antidiuretic hormone production, which is a hormone that helps retain water.
Drinking alcohol increases antidiuretic hormone production, which is a hormone that helps with water loss.
Drinking alcohol reduces thyroid stimulating hormone production, which is a hormone that helps retain water.
Drinking alcohol increases thyroid stimulating hormone production, which is a hormone that helps with water loss.
42.
(credit: modification of work by Gabrielle Brandenberger and Laurence Weibel/Wiley Online Library, under CC BY 4.0 license)
The graph shows the concentration of growth hormone (GH) in a person who is active during the day and sleeps at night.
What is a conclusion we can reach based on the graph?
Most GH is secreted during sleep, at night.
The human body secretes a constant and relatively unchanging amount of GH throughout a day.
Most GH is secreted early in the morning, until noon.
The human body secretes slowly increasing amounts of GH during the day, which gradually breaks down during the night.
43.
Explain where insulin is stored and under what circumstances it is released.
It is stored in the pancreas and is released as glucose increases in the blood to enhance the rate of glucose uptake.
It is stored in the liver and is released as glucose increases in the blood to enhance the rate of glucose uptake.
It is stored in the pancreas and is released as glucose levels decrease in blood to decrease the rate of glucose uptake.
It is stored in the liver and is released as glucose levels decrease in the blood to decrease the rate of glucose uptake.
44.
Ralph is always thirsty and recently learned that he synthesizes mutated antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Apply your understanding of the role of ADH to explain why Ralph would be at higher risk for diabetes insipidus.
ADH helps in the loss of water. Overproduction of ADH would cause improper functioning of kidneys.
Underproduction of ADH inhibits the release of aldosterone that would cause improper functioning of kidneys.
ADH helps retain water. Underproduction of ADH would cause improper functioning of kidneys.
ADH helps in retaining electrolytes. Underproduction of ADH would cause improper functioning of kidneys.
45.
Describe how stress promotes water retention, which can lead to weight gain.
Stress increases osmolality, which decreases antidiuretic hormone secretion. Antidiuretic hormone helps with water loss.
Stress decreases osmolality, which decreases antidiuretic hormone secretion. Antidiuretic hormone helps with water loss.
46.
Identify which type of feedback mechanism primarily controls hormone production and release and explain why this occurs.
Positive feedback loop to help maintain the water concentration in the body.
Negative feedback loop to help maintain the water concentration in the body.
Negative feedback loop to help maintain proper bodily functions within a specific range.
Positive feedback loop to help maintain proper bodily functions within a specific range.
47.
Compare and contrast humoral and hormonal stimuli.
Both humoral and hormonal stimuli release proteins. Humoral stimuli are hormones that stimulate other hormones, whereas hormonal stimuli are extracellular fluid-related stimuli.
Both humoral and hormonal stimuli release proteins. Humoral stimuli are extracellular fluid-related stimuli, whereas hormonal stimuli are hormones that stimulate other hormones.
Both humoral and hormonal stimuli release hormones. Humoral stimuli are extracellular fluid-related stimuli, whereas hormonal stimuli are hormones that stimulate other hormones.
Both humoral and hormonal stimuli release hormones. Humoral stimuli are hormones that stimulate other hormones, whereas hormonal stimuli are extracellular fluid-related stimuli.
48.
Explain why it would be problematic if most hormones were regulated by a positive feedback loop.
Excessive production of actions would be stimulated by hormones such as growth and blood glucose levels.
Production of actions would be reduced by hormones such as growth and blood glucose levels.
Inhibition of GnRH production by increase in gonad hormone levels.
Inhibition of release of insulin by decrease in blood glucose concentrations.
49.
Compare the descriptions below to select the one that correctly explains what aldosterone regulates, and how it is stimulated.
Aldosterone regulates the amount of water excreted by the kidneys and causes direct water reabsorption from the kidney tubules. It is stimulated by decreased water concentration in blood, or increased amounts of blood potassium.
Aldosterone regulates sodium concentrations in urine, sweat, the pancreas, and saliva. It is stimulated by decreased blood sodium ion concentrations, blood volume, or blood pressure, or increased amounts of blood potassium.
Aldosterone regulates calcium concentrations in urine, saliva, and the pancreas. It is stimulated by decreased blood calcium ion concentrations, blood pressure, blood volume, or increased amounts of blood potassium.
Aldosterone regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. It is stimulated by decreased concentrations of glucose levels in blood, blood volume, or blood pressure.
50.
(credit: modification of work by Cornelia M Spies, et al./Arthritis Research & Therapy, under CC BY 4.0 license)
The image shows the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the major components of the endocrine system, during inflammation.
Which statement describes the role of cortisol in this system?
Triggering metabolic effects against inflammation and increasing the production of CRH and ACTH.
Triggering metabolic effects against inflammation and decreasubg the production of CRH and ACTH.
Increasing the production of CRH and decreasing the production of ACTH.
Increasing the production of ACTH and decreasing the production of CRH.
51.
The adrenal medulla secretes two types of hormones. Identify what is secreted and describe their functions.
They secrete cortisol and aldosterone, which increase heart rate, breathing rate, muscle contractions, blood pressure, and blood glucose as short-term stress response.
They secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase heart rate, breathing rate, muscle contractions, blood pressure, and blood glucose as long-term stress response.
They secrete cortisol and aldosterone, which increase heart rate, breathing rate, muscle contractions, blood pressure, and blood glucose as long-term stress response.
They secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase heart rate, breathing rate, muscle contractions, blood pressure, and blood glucose as short-term stress response.
