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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. The Chemistry of Life
    1. 1 The Study of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Science of Biology
      3. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
      3. 2.2 Water
      4. 2.3 Carbon
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 3 Biological Macromolecules
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
      3. 3.2 Carbohydrates
      4. 3.3 Lipids
      5. 3.4 Proteins
      6. 3.5 Nucleic Acids
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  3. The Cell
    1. 4 Cell Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Studying Cells
      3. 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
      4. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      5. 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      6. 4.5 Cytoskeleton
      7. 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Components and Structure
      3. 5.2 Passive Transport
      4. 5.3 Active Transport
      5. 5.4 Bulk Transport
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 6 Metabolism
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
      3. 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
      4. 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
      5. 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
      6. 6.5 Enzymes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 7 Cellular Respiration
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
      3. 7.2 Glycolysis
      4. 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
      5. 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
      6. 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
      7. 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
      8. 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 8 Photosynthesis
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
      3. 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
      4. 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 9 Cell Communication
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
      3. 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
      4. 9.3 Response to the Signal
      5. 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 10 Cell Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Cell Division
      3. 10.2 The Cell Cycle
      4. 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
      5. 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      6. 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  4. Genetics
    1. 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      3. 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      3. 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      4. 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
      3. 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 14 DNA Structure and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
      3. 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
      4. 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
      5. 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
      6. 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      7. 14.6 DNA Repair
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 15 Genes and Proteins
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 The Genetic Code
      3. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
      4. 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
      5. 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
      6. 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 16 Gene Regulation
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
      3. 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
      4. 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
      5. 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
      6. 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
      7. 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
      8. 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Biotechnology
      3. 17.2 Mapping Genomes
      4. 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
      5. 17.4 Applying Genomics
      6. 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  5. Evolutionary Processes
    1. 18 Evolution and Origin of Species
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 Understanding Evolution
      3. 18.2 Formation of New Species
      4. 18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 19 The Evolution of Populations
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Population Evolution
      3. 19.2 Population Genetics
      4. 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
      3. 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      4. 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  6. Biological Diversity
    1. 21 Viruses
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
      3. 21.2 Virus Infection and Hosts
      4. 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
      5. 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
      1. Introduction
      2. 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
      3. 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes
      4. 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
      5. 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
      6. 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  7. Plant Structure and Function
    1. 23 Plant Form and Physiology
      1. Introduction
      2. 23.1 The Plant Body
      3. 23.2 Stems
      4. 23.3 Roots
      5. 23.4 Leaves
      6. 23.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
      7. 23.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  8. Animal Structure and Function
    1. 24 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 24.1 Animal Form and Function
      3. 24.2 Animal Primary Tissues
      4. 24.3 Homeostasis
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 25 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 25.1 Digestive Systems
      3. 25.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
      4. 25.3 Digestive System Processes
      5. 25.4 Digestive System Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 26 The Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 26.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
      3. 26.2 How Neurons Communicate
      4. 26.3 The Central Nervous System
      5. 26.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
      6. 26.5 Nervous System Disorders
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 27 Sensory Systems
      1. Introduction
      2. 27.1 Sensory Processes
      3. 27.2 Somatosensation
      4. 27.3 Taste and Smell
      5. 27.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
      6. 27.5 Vision
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 28 The Endocrine System
      1. Introduction
      2. 28.1 Types of Hormones
      3. 28.2 How Hormones Work
      4. 28.3 Regulation of Body Processes
      5. 28.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
      6. 28.5 Endocrine Glands
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 29 The Musculoskeletal System
      1. Introduction
      2. 29.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
      3. 29.2 Bone
      4. 29.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
      5. 29.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 30 The Respiratory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 30.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
      3. 30.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
      4. 30.3 Breathing
      5. 30.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    8. 31 The Circulatory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 31.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
      3. 31.2 Components of the Blood
      4. 31.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
      5. 31.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    9. 32 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
      1. Introduction
      2. 32.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
      3. 32.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
      4. 32.3 Excretion Systems
      5. 32.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
      6. 32.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    10. 33 The Immune System
      1. Introduction
      2. 33.1 Innate Immune Response
      3. 33.2 Adaptive Immune Response
      4. 33.3 Antibodies
      5. 33.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    11. 34 Animal Reproduction and Development
      1. Introduction
      2. 34.1 Reproduction Methods
      3. 34.2 Fertilization
      4. 34.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
      5. 34.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
      6. 34.5 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
      7. 34.6 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
      8. 34.7 Human Pregnancy and Birth
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  9. Ecology
    1. 35 Ecology and the Biosphere
      1. Introduction
      2. 35.1 The Scope of Ecology
      3. 35.2 Biogeography
      4. 35.3 Terrestrial Biomes
      5. 35.4 Aquatic Biomes
      6. 35.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 36 Population and Community Ecology
      1. Introduction
      2. 36.1 Population Demography
      3. 36.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
      4. 36.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
      5. 36.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
      6. 36.5 Human Population Growth
      7. 36.6 Community Ecology
      8. 36.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 37 Ecosystems
      1. Introduction
      2. 37.1 Ecology for Ecosystems
      3. 37.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      4. 37.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 38 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 38.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
      3. 38.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
      4. 38.3 Threats to Biodiversity
      5. 38.4 Preserving Biodiversity
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
  10. A | The Periodic Table of Elements
  11. B | Geological Time
  12. C | Measurements and the Metric System
  13. Index
1.
Although most types of hormones are lipid insoluble, there are some that are lipid soluble and can therefore diffuse through plasma membranes. What class of hormones can diffuse through plasma membranes?
  1. lipid-derived hormones
  2. amino acid-derived hormones
  3. peptide hormones
  4. glycoprotein
2.
Mary produces relatively low amounts of estradiol and cortisol, but is able to produce proper amounts of other hormones such as thyroxine and insulin. Identify the chemical class of hormones that Mary has difficulty producing.
  1. lipid-derived hormones
  2. amino acid-derived hormones
  3. peptide hormones
  4. glycoprotein hormones
3.
An endocrinologist is a physician whose specialty is treating endocrine-related disorders. Which of the following diseases would be monitored and treated by an endocrinologist?
  1. schizophrenia
  2. Alzheimer’s disease
  3. Parkinson’s disease
  4. Grave’s disease
4.
(credit: modification of work by T. Pozefsky, et al./Semantic Scholar)

The graph shows the blood insulin levels in normal people (black line) and in people genetically more inclined to develop diabetes (prediabetic people, dashed line) after eating a meal.

Make a claim based on this graph.

  1. Prediabetic people start producing insulin later than normal people and produce less of it.
  2. Prediabetic people produce insulin at a slower rate, but produce more of it.
  3. Prediabetic people produce insulin at a slower rate and produce less of it.
  4. Prediabetic people start producing insulin later than normal people, but produce more of it.
5.
The hormone that triggers the flight-or-fight response, epinephrine, is derived from tyrosine, and the hormone that regulates circadian rhythms, melatonin, is derived from tryptophan. What class of hormone are these?
  1. lipid-derived hormones
  2. amino acid-derived hormones
  3. peptide hormones
  4. glycoprotein hormones
6.
A newly discovered hormone contains a chain of four linked amino acids. Classify this new hormone into one of the following categories.
  1. lipid-derived hormones
  2. amino acid-derived hormones
  3. peptide hormones
  4. glycoprotein hormones
7.
Changes in the body can be mediated by direct or indirect mechanisms. What facilitate(s) direct mediation of change by hormones?
  1. intracellular hormone receptors
  2. cell surface receptors
  3. up-regulation
  4. down-regulation
8.
How do thyroid hormones stimulate metabolic activity throughout the body?
  1. Specialized thyroid hormone receptor tissues are located throughout the body.
  2. Blood circulation stimulates metabolic activity.
  3. Different tissues have thyroid hormone receptors.
  4. Thyroid tissue is located throughout the body.
9.
Different hormones have different roles in cell signaling. Identify the term for a hormone that initiates cell-signaling pathways.
  1. intracellular hormone receptor
  2. cell surface receptor
  3. first messenger
  4. second messenger
10.
A new antagonist molecule has been discovered that binds to and blocks plasma membrane receptors. Make a claim describing the effect this antagonist will have on testosterone, which is a steroid hormone.
  1. This molecule will block testosterone from binding to its receptor.
  2. This molecule will block testosterone from activating cAMP signaling.
  3. This molecule will increase testosterone-mediated signaling.
  4. This molecule will not affect testosterone-mediated signaling.
11.
Identify what process triggers a reduction in the number of receptors if there are elevated hormone levels.
  1. intracellular hormone receptors
  2. cell surface receptors
  3. up-regulation
  4. down-regulation
12.

Consuming certain products cause a change in urine output. This likely occurs because these products ________.

  1. inhibits ADH release
  2. stimulates ADH release
  3. inhibits TSH release
  4. stimulates TSH release
13.

FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________.

  1. TSH
  2. GnRH
  3. T3
  4. PTH
14.

What hormone is produced by beta cells of the pancreas?

  1. T3
  2. glucagon
  3. insulin
  4. T4
15.

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

  1. excretion of calcium from the kidneys
  2. excretion of calcium from the intestines
  3. osteoblasts
  4. osteoclasts
16.
What enzyme is released when blood pressure drops and stimulates a cascade of events for hormones that promote water reabsorption?
  1. aldosterone
  2. renin
  3. antidiuretic hormone
  4. osmoreceptors
17.
Drinking alcoholic beverages causes an increase in urine output. This most likely occurs because alcohol ____.
  1. inhibits antidiuretic hormone release
  2. stimulates antidiuretic hormone release
  3. inhibits parathyroid hormone release
  4. stimulates parathyroid hormone release
18.
The hypothalamus is responsible for a diverse array of metabolic and autonomic nervous system functions. For example, the hypothalamus produces ____ during puberty.
  1. follicle-stimulating hormone
  2. luteinizing hormone
  3. inhibin
  4. gonadotropin-releasing hormone
19.
(credit: modification of work by Jose M Garcia, et al./NCBI, under CC BY 4.0 license)

The graph shows the concentration of growth hormone (GH) in younger and older people of both genders.

Make a claim based on this graph.

  1. GH production is higher in young females, compared to young males.
  2. In old people, GH production almost completely stops.
  3. GH production is slightly higher in old males, compared to old females.
  4. In young people, GH production is high all throughout the day.
20.
Different hormones are released as short-term and long-term stress responses. ____ is/are released as a long-term stress response.
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Parathyroid hormone
  3. Corticosteroids
  4. T3 and T4
21.
When blood calcium levels are low, parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates ________.
  1. excretion of calcium from the kidneys
  2. excretion of calcium from the intestines
  3. osteoblasts
  4. osteoclasts
22.
If you overproduce insulin after eating a meal, you may experience ___.
  1. diabetes mellitus
  2. diabetes insipidus
  3. hyperglycemia
  4. hypoglycemia
23.
Charlie has been diagnosed with acromegaly. Identify the symptom(s) that he may have.
  1. symmetric body formation
  2. excessive body growth
  3. enlarged hand, feet, and face bones
  4. weak bones and nervous system impairment
24.
What hormone is produced by beta cells of the pancreas in response to elevated blood glucose levels?
  1. T3
  2. glucagon
  3. insulin
  4. T4
25.
There are substantially more hormones that undergo a negative feedback loop than a positive feedback loop. Which of the following hormones is regulated by a positive feedback loop?
  1. thyroxine
  2. oxytocin
  3. triiodothyronine
  4. insulin
26.
Describe what occurs if a hormone is released by a hormonal stimulus.
  1. Hormone release is stimulated by the nervous system.
  2. Hormone release is stimulated by a change in the blood.
  3. Hormone release is stimulated by the external environment.
  4. Hormone release is stimulated by another hormone.
27.
A rise in blood glucose levels triggers release of insulin from the pancreas. What type of stimulus initiates insulin release?
  1. humoral
  2. hormonal
  3. neural
  4. negative
28.
(credit: modification of work by Acracia/Wikipedia, under CC BY-SA 3.0 license)

Study the given feedback loop.

Which of the given relationships would hold true?

  1. GnRH decreases the production of FSH.
  2. LH decreases the production of FSH.
  3. Testesterone increases the production of GnRhH.
  4. Testesterone decreaes the production of FS.
29.
What kind of stimulus promotes hormone release in response to ion concentrations in the blood?
  1. humoral stimulus
  2. hormonal stimulus
  3. neural stimulus
  4. negative stimulus
30.
Which of the following endocrine glands control kidney function?
  1. thyroid glands
  2. adrenal glands
  3. gonads
  4. pancreas
31.
The islets of Langerhans are clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas. What is the function of the islets of Langerhans?
  1. regulation of circadian rhythms
  2. regulation of secondary sex characteristics
  3. regulation of blood calcium levels
  4. regulation of blood glucose
32.
What do adipose tissues release after a meal?
  1. erythropoietin
  2. leptin
  3. atrial natriuretic peptide
  4. gastrin
33.
(credit: modification of work by Hartmut Kirchheim/ResearchGate)

Renin is a hormone secreted by kidneys and is important in controlling blood volume. The graph shows renin secretion against the blood pressure.

Make a claim based on this graph.

  1. An increase in blood pressure triggers renin production in the kidneys.
  2. A decrease in blood pressure has no effect on renin production.
  3. A decrease in blood pressure triggers renin production.
  4. An increase in blood pressure has no effect on renin production.
34.
The anterior pituitary produces several hormones. Identify which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary.
  1. oxytocin
  2. growth hormone
  3. prolactin
  4. thyroid-stimulating hormone
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