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Biology for AP® Courses

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Biology for AP® CoursesCritical Thinking Questions

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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. The Chemistry of Life
    1. 1 The Study of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Science of Biology
      3. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
      3. 2.2 Water
      4. 2.3 Carbon
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 3 Biological Macromolecules
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
      3. 3.2 Carbohydrates
      4. 3.3 Lipids
      5. 3.4 Proteins
      6. 3.5 Nucleic Acids
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  3. The Cell
    1. 4 Cell Structure
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Studying Cells
      3. 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
      4. 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
      5. 4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
      6. 4.5 Cytoskeleton
      7. 4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Components and Structure
      3. 5.2 Passive Transport
      4. 5.3 Active Transport
      5. 5.4 Bulk Transport
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 6 Metabolism
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Energy and Metabolism
      3. 6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
      4. 6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
      5. 6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
      6. 6.5 Enzymes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 7 Cellular Respiration
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Energy in Living Systems
      3. 7.2 Glycolysis
      4. 7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
      5. 7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
      6. 7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
      7. 7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
      8. 7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 8 Photosynthesis
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
      3. 8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
      4. 8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 9 Cell Communication
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
      3. 9.2 Propagation of the Signal
      4. 9.3 Response to the Signal
      5. 9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 10 Cell Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Cell Division
      3. 10.2 The Cell Cycle
      4. 10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
      5. 10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
      6. 10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  4. Genetics
    1. 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 The Process of Meiosis
      3. 11.2 Sexual Reproduction
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
      3. 12.2 Characteristics and Traits
      4. 12.3 Laws of Inheritance
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
      3. 13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
      4. Key Terms
      5. Chapter Summary
      6. Review Questions
      7. Critical Thinking Questions
      8. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      9. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 14 DNA Structure and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
      3. 14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
      4. 14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
      5. 14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
      6. 14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      7. 14.6 DNA Repair
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 15 Genes and Proteins
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 The Genetic Code
      3. 15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
      4. 15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
      5. 15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
      6. 15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 16 Gene Regulation
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
      3. 16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
      4. 16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
      5. 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
      6. 16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
      7. 16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
      8. 16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Biotechnology
      3. 17.2 Mapping Genomes
      4. 17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
      5. 17.4 Applying Genomics
      6. 17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  5. Evolutionary Processes
    1. 18 Evolution and Origin of Species
      1. Introduction
      2. 18.1 Understanding Evolution
      3. 18.2 Formation of New Species
      4. 18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 19 The Evolution of Populations
      1. Introduction
      2. 19.1 Population Evolution
      3. 19.2 Population Genetics
      4. 19.3 Adaptive Evolution
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
      1. Introduction
      2. 20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
      3. 20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
      4. 20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  6. Biological Diversity
    1. 21 Viruses
      1. Introduction
      2. 21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
      3. 21.2 Virus Infection and Hosts
      4. 21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
      5. 21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
      1. Introduction
      2. 22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
      3. 22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes
      4. 22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
      5. 22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
      6. 22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  7. Plant Structure and Function
    1. 23 Plant Form and Physiology
      1. Introduction
      2. 23.1 The Plant Body
      3. 23.2 Stems
      4. 23.3 Roots
      5. 23.4 Leaves
      6. 23.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
      7. 23.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
      8. Key Terms
      9. Chapter Summary
      10. Review Questions
      11. Critical Thinking Questions
      12. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      13. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  8. Animal Structure and Function
    1. 24 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
      1. Introduction
      2. 24.1 Animal Form and Function
      3. 24.2 Animal Primary Tissues
      4. 24.3 Homeostasis
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    2. 25 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
      1. Introduction
      2. 25.1 Digestive Systems
      3. 25.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
      4. 25.3 Digestive System Processes
      5. 25.4 Digestive System Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 26 The Nervous System
      1. Introduction
      2. 26.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
      3. 26.2 How Neurons Communicate
      4. 26.3 The Central Nervous System
      5. 26.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
      6. 26.5 Nervous System Disorders
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 27 Sensory Systems
      1. Introduction
      2. 27.1 Sensory Processes
      3. 27.2 Somatosensation
      4. 27.3 Taste and Smell
      5. 27.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
      6. 27.5 Vision
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    5. 28 The Endocrine System
      1. Introduction
      2. 28.1 Types of Hormones
      3. 28.2 How Hormones Work
      4. 28.3 Regulation of Body Processes
      5. 28.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
      6. 28.5 Endocrine Glands
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    6. 29 The Musculoskeletal System
      1. Introduction
      2. 29.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
      3. 29.2 Bone
      4. 29.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
      5. 29.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    7. 30 The Respiratory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 30.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
      3. 30.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
      4. 30.3 Breathing
      5. 30.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    8. 31 The Circulatory System
      1. Introduction
      2. 31.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
      3. 31.2 Components of the Blood
      4. 31.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
      5. 31.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    9. 32 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
      1. Introduction
      2. 32.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
      3. 32.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
      4. 32.3 Excretion Systems
      5. 32.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
      6. 32.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
    10. 33 The Immune System
      1. Introduction
      2. 33.1 Innate Immune Response
      3. 33.2 Adaptive Immune Response
      4. 33.3 Antibodies
      5. 33.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      11. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    11. 34 Animal Reproduction and Development
      1. Introduction
      2. 34.1 Reproduction Methods
      3. 34.2 Fertilization
      4. 34.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
      5. 34.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
      6. 34.5 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
      7. 34.6 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
      8. 34.7 Human Pregnancy and Birth
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
  9. Ecology
    1. 35 Ecology and the Biosphere
      1. Introduction
      2. 35.1 The Scope of Ecology
      3. 35.2 Biogeography
      4. 35.3 Terrestrial Biomes
      5. 35.4 Aquatic Biomes
      6. 35.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
      7. Key Terms
      8. Chapter Summary
      9. Review Questions
      10. Critical Thinking Questions
      11. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      12. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    2. 36 Population and Community Ecology
      1. Introduction
      2. 36.1 Population Demography
      3. 36.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
      4. 36.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
      5. 36.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
      6. 36.5 Human Population Growth
      7. 36.6 Community Ecology
      8. 36.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
      9. Key Terms
      10. Chapter Summary
      11. Review Questions
      12. Critical Thinking Questions
      13. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      14. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    3. 37 Ecosystems
      1. Introduction
      2. 37.1 Ecology for Ecosystems
      3. 37.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
      4. 37.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
      5. Key Terms
      6. Chapter Summary
      7. Review Questions
      8. Critical Thinking Questions
      9. Test Prep for AP® Courses
      10. Science Practice Challenge Questions
    4. 38 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
      1. Introduction
      2. 38.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
      3. 38.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
      4. 38.3 Threats to Biodiversity
      5. 38.4 Preserving Biodiversity
      6. Key Terms
      7. Chapter Summary
      8. Review Questions
      9. Critical Thinking Questions
      10. Test Prep for AP® Courses
  10. A | The Periodic Table of Elements
  11. B | Geological Time
  12. C | Measurements and the Metric System
  13. Index
36 .
Explain the relationship between Earth’s ancient atmosphere and the evolution of some of the first life forms on Earth by selecting the most accurate of the provided descriptions. Use the terms anaerobic and phototrophic correctly, and accurately reflect the effect of cyanobacteria on the atmosphere.
  1. Phototrophic organisms appeared during the first two billion years of Earth’s existence. Anaerobic organisms appeared within one billion years of Earth’s formation. From these organisms evolved the cyanobacteria, which produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere.
  2. For the first two billion years of Earth’s existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen. Thus, the first organisms were anaerobic. Cyanobacteria appeared within one billion years of Earth’s formation. From these evolved the phototrophic organisms, which produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere.
  3. For the first two billion years of Earth’s existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen. Thus, the first organisms were anaerobic. Phototrophic organisms appeared within one billion years of Earth’s formation. From these organisms evolved the cyanobacteria, which produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere.
  4. For the first two billion years of Earth’s existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen. Thus, the first organisms were anaerobic. Within one billion years of Earth's formation, cyanobacteria appeared, which produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, leading to the oxygenation of the atmosphere. From these organisms evolved phototrophic organisms.
37 .
Which of these statements is the best explanation for this?
  1. Extremophiles can be altered genetically in vitro to allow them to live in extreme conditions and this capability of alteration can be used to help humans. For example, some water-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease.
  2. Extremophiles have specialized adaptations that allow them to live in extreme conditions. These adaptations can be mobilized to help humans. For example, some water-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease.
  3. Extremophiles can be altered genetically in vitro to allow them to live in extreme conditions and this capability of alteration can be used to help humans. For example, some radiation-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease.
  4. Extremophiles have specialized adaptations that allow them to live in extreme conditions. These adaptations can be mobilized to help humans. For example, some radiation-resistant prokaryotes have developed DNA repair mechanisms. Also, they could be developed and used in the treatment of human disease.
38 .
Given an environmental sample, describe briefly the methods that would best detect the presence of a non-culturable prokaryote in that sample, and amplify the prokaryotic DNA.
  1. Recombinant DNA techniques are used to detect the presence of a non-culturable prokaryote in an environmental sample. Polymerase chain reaction is used to amplify selected portions of prokaryotic DNA.
  2. Molecular biology techniques are used to detect the presence of a non-culturable prokaryote in an environmental sample. Electrophoresis is used to amplify selected portions of prokaryotic DNA.
  3. Molecular biology techniques are used to detect the presence of a non-culturable prokaryote in an environmental sample. Polymerase chain reaction is used to amplify selected portions of prokaryotic DNA.
  4. Recombinant DNA techniques are used to detect the presence of a non-culturable prokaryote in an environmental sample. Electrophoresis is used to amplify selected portions of prokaryotic DNA.
39 .
Scientists believe that the first organisms on Earth were extremophiles. Justify this claim with relevant evidence of what scientists know about Earth's early environment.
  1. Earth’s early environment was full of extreme places with high levels of oxygen in the atmosphere, no ozone to shield Earth’s surface from mutagenic radiation, much geologic upheaval, and volcanic activity. Extremophiles are bacteria and archaea that are adapted to grow in extreme environments.
  2. Earth’s early environment was full of extreme places with little oxygen in the atmosphere, no ozone to shield Earth’s surface from mutagenic radiation, much geologic upheaval and volcanic activity. Extremophiles are bacteria and archaea that are adapted to grow in extreme environments.
  3. Earth’s early environment was full of extreme places with little oxygen in the atmosphere and excessive concentrations of ozone that contributed to mutagenic radiation. Extremophiles are phototrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria that are adapted to grow in extreme environments.
  4. For the first two billion years of Earth’s existence, the atmosphere had no molecular oxygen.
40 .
Describe a typical prokaryotic cell.
  1. It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids.
  2. It has a cell wall enclosing cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleus containing genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids.
  3. It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids.
  4. It has a cell wall enclosing nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, vacuoles and nucleoid region with genetic material. It may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili and plasmids.
41 .
Explain the statement that both Archaea and Bacteria have the same basic structures, but these structures are built from different chemical components.
  1. Typical cells in Archaea and Bacteria contain a cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid region, ribosomes, and often a capsule, flagellum, and pili. However, these are sometimes made from different chemical compounds. Cell walls of Bacteria contain peptidoglycan while Archaea do not. Plasma membrane lipids of Bacteria are fatty acids while those of Archaea are phytanyl groups.
  2. Typical cells in Archaea and Bacteria contain a cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid region and often a capsule, flagellum, and pili but in some instances different chemical compounds make them. Cell walls of Bacteria contain peptidoglycan while Archaea do not. Bacteria contain 70S ribosomes while Archaea contain 80S ribosomes.
  3. Typical cells in Archaea and Bacteria contain a cell wall, nuclear membranes, nucleoid region and often a capsule, flagellum, and pili but in some instances different chemical compounds make them. Cell walls of Bacteria contain peptidoglycan while Archaea do not. Plasma membrane lipids of bacteria are fatty acids, while the plasma membrane lipids of Archaea are phytanyl groups.
  4. Typical cells in Archaea and Bacteria contain a cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid region and often a capsule, flagellum, and pili but in some instances different chemical compounds make them. Cell walls of Bacteria contain peptidoglycan while Archaea do not. Plasma membrane lipids of Bacteria are phytanyl groups, while the plasma membrane lipids of Archaea are fatty acids.
42 .
Three basic prokaryotic categories are cocci, spirilli, and bacilli. Describe and compare the basic structural features of each category by choosing the most accurate summary.
  1. These three prokaryote groups have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing nuclear membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, and a nucleoid region with genetic material. They may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.
  2. Cocci and spirilli have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing cell membranes, a flagellum for locomotion, and pili for attachment. Bacilli are rod shaped and contain ribosomes and a nucleoid region with genetic material.
  3. These three prokaryote groups have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing cell membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region with chromosomes. They may have a protective capsule, flagellum, pili, and plasmids.
  4. Bacilli and spirilli have similar basic structural features. They typically have cell walls enclosing nuclear membranes, a flagellum for locomotion, and pili for attachment. Cocci are spherical and contain ribosomes and a nucleoid region with genetic material.
43 .
Which macronutrient do you think is most important? Justify your claim by providing accurate evidence to support it.
  1. Carbon, because it represents 12% of the total dry weight of a typical cell and is a component of all macromolecules.
  2. Oxygen, because it is necessary and is a major component for all macromolecules. It also accounts for 50% of the total composition of a cell.
  3. Carbon, because it is necessary and is a major component for all macromolecules. It also accounts for 50% of the total composition of a cell.
  4. Nitrogen, because it is necessary and is a major component for all macromolecules. It also accounts for 50% of the total composition of a cell.
44 .
A bacterium requires only a particular amino acid as an organic nutrient and lives in a completely lightless environment. What mode of nutrition (free energy and carbon) does it use? Justify your response.
  1. Chemoheterotroph, as it must rely on chemical sources of energy living in a lightless environment and a heterotroph if it uses organic compounds for its carbon source.
  2. Chemoorganotroph, as it must rely on chemical sources of energy living in a lightless environment and an organotroph if it uses organic compounds for its carbon source.
  3. Chemolitoautotroph, as it must rely on chemical sources of energy living in a lightless environment and an autotroph if it uses organic compounds for its carbon source.
  4. Chemoheterotroph, as it must rely on chemical sources of energy living in a lightless environment and a heterotroph if it uses organic compounds for its carbon source.
45 .
Assuming that you could synthesize all of the nitrogen-containing compounds needed if you had nitrogen, what might you need to include in your diet if you could fix nitrogen like some prokaryotes?
  1. My diet might include fruits or vegetables and water as nitrogen is present in the highest amount in water.
  2. My diet might include fruits or vegetables, water and air as atmospheric nitrogen could be simply absorbed.
  3. My diet might include fruits or vegetables, cheese, meat, water, and air as atmospheric nitrogen could be simply absorbed.
  4. My diet might include cheese or meat, water, and air as atmospheric nitrogen could be simply absorbed.
46 .
Which are more important: macronutrients or micronutrients? Which reasoning explains why?
  1. Neither are important, as cells can survive as well as carry out essential functions without either types of nutrients.
  2. Micronutrients, even though they are required in lesser amounts; without them cells cannot survive and carry out functional processes.
  3. Macronutrients, as they are required in larger amounts by cells and thus are more essential than micronutrients.
  4. Neither is more important as both types of nutrients are absolutely necessary for prokaryotic cell structure and function.
47 .
(credit: modification of work by Michael W Peck/ResearchGate)

Botulism is a potentially fatal food-borne disease. It is caused by toxins from the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum). This bacteria produces spores, which are difficult to destroy. The graph shows the amount of time a sample needs to be heated based on temperature. Note the time scale is a log scale: Log 1 is 10 minutes, log 2 is 100 minutes and log 3 is 1,000 minutes.

Which treatment would effectively kill the spores and be safe?

  1. Heating for 120 minutes at 70 °C.
  2. Heating for 100 minutes at 75 °C.
  3. Heating for 300 minutes at 85°C.
  4. Heating for 30 minutes at 90°C.
48 .
Have foodborne illnesses related to biofilms changed over time? Explain.
  1. Yes, better sterilization and canning procedures have reduced the incidence of botulism. Most cases of foodborne illness now are related to small-scale food production.
  2. No, better sterilization and canning procedures have reduced the incidence of botulism. Most cases of foodborne illness now are related to small-scale food production.
  3. No, better sterilization and canning procedures have increased the incidence of botulism. Most cases of foodborne illnesses now are related to large-scale food production.
  4. Yes, better sterilization and canning procedures have reduced the incidence of botulism. Most cases of foodborne illnesses now are related to large-scale food production.
49 .
Refer to Figure 22.24
.
(credit: modification of work by Michael W Peck/ResearchGate)

Botulism is a potentially fatal food-borne disease. It is caused by toxins from the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum). This bacteria produces spores, which are difficult to destroy. The graph shows how heating affects C. botulinum spores. The spores are heated to 75°C and kept at that temperature.

Make a claim based on this graph.

  1. Heating to 75°C kill C. botulinum spores almost instantly.
  2. Keeping the spores at 75°C for 10 minutes kills most of the spores.
  3. For most spores to die, the 75°C temperature must be kept for more than two hours.
  4. Heating to 75°C has very little effect on C. botulinum spores.
50 .
What was the Plague of Athens? Compare the summaries below and select the one that best describes this disease and correctly identifies related current impacts.
  1. The Plague of Athens was a disease believed caused by Yersinia pestis that killed one-quarter of Athenian troops in 430 BC. The bacterium causes between 10 and 15 million cases of typhoid fever today, resulting in over 10,000 deaths annually.
  2. The Plague of Athens was a disease believed caused by Salmonella entericaserovar typhi that killed one-quarter of Athenian troops in 430 BC. The bacterium causes between 5 and 10 million cases of typhoid fever today, resulting in over 20,000 deaths annually.
  3. The Plague of Athens was a disease believed caused by Yersinia pestis that killed one-quarter of Athenian troops in 430 BC. The bacterium causes between 16 and 33 million cases of typhoid fever today, resulting in over 200,000 deaths annually.
  4. The Plague of Athens was a disease believed caused by Salmonella entericaserovar typhi that killed one-quarter of Athenian troops in 430 BC. The bacterium causes between 16 and 33 million cases of typhoid fever today, resulting in over 200,000 deaths annually.
51 .
Identify three beneficial results of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
  1. Plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized; and bacteria benefit from using potassium from plants.
  2. Plants benefit from a limited supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized, and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants.
  3. Plants benefit from an endless supply of carbon; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized; and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants.
  4. Plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized; and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants.
52 .
(credit: modification of work by Samir S. Radwan, et al./Scientific Reports, under CC BY 4.0 license)

The image shows the results of a research that studied various bacteria for their ability to remove mercury, cadmium and lead from an environment over time.

Make a claim about removal of mercury by these bacteria?

  1. All the bacteria shown here can remove mercury from the environment.
  2. The bacteria that remove the mercury complete the process in 3-4 days.
  3. The bacteria that remove the mercury complete the process in 7-8 days.
  4. Only a few bacteria shown here can remove the mercury from the environment.
53 .
Refer to Figure 22.28
.
Consider the images from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska in 1989. Make a case on what the success of bioremediation of oil spills depends.
  1. Success depends on the presence of only aromatic and highly branched hydrocarbon chain compounds, and the temperature.
  2. Success depends on the presence of less nonvolatile and more aromatic and highly branched hydrocarbon chain compounds, and the temperature.
  3. Success depends on the type of oil compounds, the presence of naturally-occurring oil-solubilizing prokaryotes in the ocean, and the type of water body.
  4. Success depends on the type of oil compounds, the presence of naturally-occurring oil-solubilizing prokaryotes in the ocean, and the temperature.
54 .
Why is the relationship between sustainable agriculture and nitrogen fixers called a symbiotic relationship?
  1. Due to agrobacterium which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants.
  2. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from plants.
  3. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from an endless supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using potassium from plants.
  4. Due to rhizobia, which are nitrogen fixers, plants benefit from a limited supply of nitrogen; soils benefit from being naturally fertilized and bacteria benefit from using potassium from plants.
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