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Biology for AP® Courses

Review Questions

Biology for AP® CoursesReview Questions
1 .
Which is the best evidence that prokaryotes evolved about 3 billion years ago?
  1. Scientists believe photosynthesis evolved about 3.0 billion years ago.
  2. There is fossil evidence of mammalian forms going back about 4.0 billion years.
  3. Earth and its moon are thought to be about 4.5 billion years old.
  4. There is fossil evidence of microbial mats—large multi-layered sheets of prokaryotes—starting about 3.5 billion years ago.
2 .
Which statement describing the environment of early Earth is false?
  1. The atmosphere contained much less molecular oxygen.
  2. Strong volcanic activity was common.
  3. It was subject to mutagenic radiation from the Sun.
  4. There was little to no geologic activity.
3 .
Which type of extremophile grows optimally at temperatures of –15 to 10 ºC or lower?
  1. alkaliphiles
  2. thermophiles
  3. hyperthermophiles
  4. psychrophiles
4 .
Which is an example of a relatively moderate environmental condition to which some prokaryotes are adapted and can survive as spores?
  1. extremely low temperature
  2. hypersalinity
  3. high doses of radiation
  4. normal drought
5 .
Over _____ percent of bacteria and archaea cannot be successfully cultured in a laboratory setting.
  1. 9
  2. 19
  3. 91
  4. 99
6 .
The most substantial difficulty in culturing prokaryotes in laboratory settings is related to _____.
  1. the lack of knowledge about their needs for growth
  2. growth requirements that are too difficult to meet
  3. inefficient methods for resuscitation of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) organisms
  4. the expense of techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
7 .
Which of the following represents the earliest forms of life on Earth?
  1. hydrothermal vent
  2. microbial mat
  3. meteorite
  4. stromatolite
8 .
Which best summarizes the conditions of early Earth at the time that life first evolved?
  1. The atmosphere of early Earth was very different from today’s atmosphere, but most other conditions (such as geologic upheaval and volcanic activity) were very much the same.
  2. The atmosphere of early Earth was very much like today’s atmosphere, but many other conditions (such as geologic upheaval and volcanic activity) were very different.
  3. Early Earth had a very different atmosphere, was subject to extreme radiation, and had a lot of geologic upheaval and volcanic activity.
  4. Early Earth had a very different atmosphere and was subject to extreme radiation, but there was very little geologic upheaval or volcanic activity.
9 .
Halophiles prefer conditions in which there is a _____.
  1. high sugar concentration
  2. salt concentration of at least 0.2 M
  3. pH of 3 or below
  4. high level of radiation
10 .
The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ____.
  1. prokaryotic cells
  2. eukaryotic cells
  3. all cells
  4. viruses
11 .
All prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have four structures in common: the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, nucleic acid, and ____.
  1. the cell wall
  2. ribosomes
  3. the nucleus
  4. organelles
12 .
Which statement comparing the prokaryotes Bacteria and Archaea is false?
  1. The cytoplasm of both bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells has a high concentration of dissolved solutes.
  2. Osmotic pressure in both types of prokaryotic cells is relatively high.
  3. The domains Bacteria and Archaea differ in the use of fatty acids versus phytanal groups in their cell membranes.
  4. The domains Bacteria and Archaea have very similar cell wall structure.
13 .
Pseudopeptidoglycan is a characteristic of the walls of some _____.
  1. eukaryotic cells
  2. bacterial prokaryotic cells
  3. archaean prokaryotic cells
  4. bacterial and archaean prokaryotic cells
14 .
The cell wall, a feature of most prokaryotes, is _______.
  1. interior to the cell membrane
  2. exterior to the cell membrane
  3. a part of the cell membrane
  4. interior or exterior, depending on the particular cell
15 .
Which statement summarizes what is known about macronutrient needs of prokaryotes?
  1. Boron is required in small amounts by some prokaryotic organisms.
  2. Manganese is required in small amounts by some prokaryotic organisms.
  3. Iron is required in small amounts by some prokaryotic organisms.
  4. Sulfur is needed in large amounts by prokaryotic organisms. It is part of the structure of some amino acids and is also present in some vitamins and coenzymes.
16 .
Which statement about the importance of particular nutrients is false?
  1. Carbon is a macronutrient and major element in all macromolecules.
  2. Nitrogen is a macronutrient and necessary component of proteins and nucleic acids.
  3. Hydrogen is a macronutrient and key component of many organic compounds and of water.
  4. Iron is a macronutrient necessary for the function of cytochromes.
17 .
What are prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds called?
  1. phototrophs
  2. autotrophs
  3. chemotrophs
  4. heterotrophs
18 .
What uses organic compounds as both an energy source and as a carbon source?
  1. chemolithotrophs
  2. photoautotrophs
  3. photoheterotrophs
  4. chemoorganotrophs
19 .
A primary role of many prokaryotes in the carbon cycle is that of ____.
  1. producers
  2. decomposers
  3. fixers
  4. synthesizers
20 .
Refer to Figure 22.19
.
Review the processes of the nitrogen cycle pictured, and the role of prokaryotes within those processes. Identify the statement that best describes the process of ammonification in the nitrogen cycle.
  1. Ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
  2. Ammonium is converted to nitrite and nitrate in soils.
  3. Nitrate from soil is transformed to gaseous nitrogen compounds.
  4. Gaseous nitrogen is fixed to yield ammonia.
21 .
Which is a macronutrient needed by prokaryotes?
  1. phosphorus
  2. iron
  3. chromium
  4. boron
22 .
A disease that is constantly present in a population is called _______.
  1. pandemic
  2. endemic
  3. emerging
  4. re-emerging
23 .
Which set of terms names diseases caused by bacteria?
  1. diptheria, bubonic plague, yellow fever
  2. yellow fever, dengue fever, bubonic plague
  3. bubonic plague, diptheria, cholera
  4. cholera, diptheria, dengue fever
24 .
Which of the following health issues is caused by biofilm colonization?
  1. dental plaque
  2. dry scalp
  3. skin rash
  4. prosthetic discomfort
25 .
Which of the statements about the loci of biofilm-related disease is false?
  1. Biofilms are related to foodborne illnesses because they colonize food surfaces and food-processing equipment.
  2. In healthcare environments, biofilms grow on ventilators, shunts, and other medical equipment.
  3. Biofilms tend to colonize medical devices such as prostheses, contact lenses, and catheters.
  4. Biofilms do not form in open wounds, burned tissue, or internal medical devices such as pacemakers.
26 .
Which best describes the crisis related to antibiotics?
  1. It is becoming too expensive to manufacture effective antibiotics.
  2. It takes too much time to develop effective antibiotics; infections spread before treatment is available.
  3. Bacteria are increasingly resistant to antibiotics used to treat and eradicate infections.
  4. People are increasingly allergic to antibiotics commonly used in treatment.
27 .
Which statement about the cause of resistant bacteria is false?
  1. The excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in the natural selection of resistant forms of bacteria.
  2. Antibiotics are used by patients with colds or the flu, the treatment for which antibiotics are useless.
  3. There is excessive use of antibiotics in livestock and in animal feed.
  4. Antibiotics are used by patients of different ages and the fact that their ages differ increases resistance.
28 .
Which statement about diseases is false?
  1. An epidemic is a disease that occurs in a high number of individuals in a population at a time.
  2. A pandemic is a widespread, usually worldwide, epidemic.
  3. An endemic disease is a disease that is constantly present, usually at high incidence, in a population.
  4. An emerging disease is a disease that has appeared in a population for the first time.
29 .
Apply your understanding of how organisms synthesize macromolecules to determine which of the following statements best explains which organisms require nitrogen fixation to occur, and why.
  1. Prokaryotes cannot use gaseous nitrogen to synthesize macromolecules, so gaseous nitrogen must be converted into ammonia.
  2. Prokaryotes cannot use ammonia to synthesize macromolecules, so ammonia must be converted into gaseous nitrogen.
  3. Eukaryotes cannot use ammonia to synthesize macromolecules, so ammonia must be converted into gaseous nitrogen.
  4. Eukaryotes cannot use gaseous nitrogen to synthesize macromolecules, so gaseous nitrogen must be converted into ammonia.
30 .
Which statement about nitrogen fixation is false?
  1. It can be accomplished abiotically, as a result of lightning.
  2. It can be accomplished abiotically, as a result of industrial processes.
  3. It can be accomplished biologically, by algae.
  4. It can be accomplished biologically, by cyanobacteria.
31 .
Which are three foods for which prokaryotes are used in their processing?
  1. cheese, yogurt, and milk
  2. cheese, yogurt, and bread
  3. wine, bread, and butter
  4. milk, wine, and beer
32 .
What was the initial benefit for humans in processing foods with prokaryotes?
  1. The foods taste better.
  2. Nutrients are preserved.
  3. The food is less stable.
  4. Nutrients were safer.
33 .
Which best defines bioremediation?
  1. the use of microbial metabolism to clean up oil spills
  2. the use of microbial metabolism to ferment food
  3. the use of microbial metabolism to remove pollutants
  4. the use of microbial metabolism to fix nitrogen
34 .
Which statement about bioremediation is false?
  1. It includes removing agricultural chemicals.
  2. It includes removing industrial by-products.
  3. It includes cleaning up oil spills.
  4. It includes cleaning up ammonia in soil.
35 .
Nitrogen is an essential element that is widely available in the atmosphere. Because eukaryotes cannot use nitrogen in its gaseous form, they benefit from prokaryotes’ conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ____.
  1. nitrates, a form of nitrogen they can use
  2. phosphate, a different essential element they can use
  3. ammonia, a form of nitrogen they can use
  4. hydrogen, a different essential element they can use
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