Learning Outcomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Explain the role of discipline-specific and technical language in various situations and contexts.
- Implement purposeful shifts in voice, tone, level of formality, and word choice.
- Pursue options for publishing your report.
Proficient report writers in all academic disciplines and professions use language that is clear, direct, economical, and conventional. Moreover, they often use a specialized vocabulary to convey information to others in their field. These technical words allow specialists to communicate precisely and efficiently with other experts, but such terms can be confusing to nonspecialists. The following guidelines can help you shape the language of a report in a social science, natural science, or technical field:
- Define disciplinary and technical terms. For example, in a report about computer storage, you might need to define terms such as kilobyte, terabyte, gigabyte, and megabyte. In the following example, the writer defines these terms.
student sample textComputer storage space is measured in units called kilobytes (KB). Each KB equals 1,024 “bytes,” or approximately 1000 single typewriter characters. Therefore, one KB equals about 180 English words, or a little less than half of a single-spaced typed page, or maybe three minutes of fast typing. One terabyte (TB) is 1024 gigabytes (GB), one GB is 1024 megabytes (MB), and one MB is 1024 KB.end student sample text
- Write out full names the first time you use them, followed by abbreviations or acronyms in parentheses. Then you can use the abbreviation or acronym throughout the rest of the report. For example, write out U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) or Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) the first time you refer to it, and use USDA or OSHA subsequently. In the previous example about computer storage, the writer used the abbreviations for KB, TB, GB, and MB after writing out the full words. The sentence below, from Trevor Garcia’s report, gives another example:
student sample textAfter the first U.S. coronavirus case was confirmed in 2020, the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) was named to lead a task force on a response, but after several months he was replaced when then vice president Mike Pence was officially charged with leading the White House Coronavirus Task Force (Ballhaus & Armour, 2020).end student sample text
- Write in third-person point of view. Third-person point of view will help you use objective language that is free of value judgments and emotional responses, as demonstrated in the following examples:
student sample textThe causes of obesity are complex and involve multiple factors, including genetics, underlying health conditions, cultural attitudes toward food and exercise, access to healthy food and health care, safe outdoor spaces, income, and leisure time.end student sample text
student sample textThe survey respondents self-identified as cisgender female (153), cisgender male (131), gender nonbinary (12), and transgender (4).end student sample text
- Consider occasional use of the passive voice. Traditionally, writers in the sciences and technical fields have used the passive voice for objectivity and neutrality. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is acted upon; in the active voice, the subject acts. Increasingly, scientific and technical writers use the active voice in the introduction and conclusion sections of reports, which are more interpretative. They use the passive voice in the method and results sections, which are more straight-up reporting.
Notice that by using the passive voice, the writer is able to avoid naming the person or group who conducted the survey. The passive voice is a technique that writers often use when they don’t want to make the name of an individual or group public. See Clear and Effective Sentences for more on passive and active voice.
Passive voice: A survey of 300 students underlinewas conductedend underline at a large state university in the southern United States.
Active voice: underlineWe conductedend underline a survey of 300 students at a large state university in the southern United States.
- Pay attention to the details of meaning, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Each discipline values precision and correctness, and each has its own specialized vocabulary for talking about knowledge. Writers are expected to use terms precisely and to spell them correctly. Your writing will gain greater respect when it reflects standard grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
Publish Your Report
Now that you have completed all stages of your report, you may want to think about sharing it with students at your school or other colleges. Your college may have a journal that publishes undergraduate research work. If so, find out about submitting your work. Also, listed here are some of the many publications that feature undergraduate student research. Check them out.
- Papers & Publications: Interdisciplinary Journal of Undergraduate Research (accepts work from students in the southeastern United States)
- Journal of Undergraduate Research (peer-reviewed undergraduate journal; accepts research work in all subjects)
- Journal of Student Research (accepts student work from high school through graduate school)
- Crossing Borders: A Multidisciplinary Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship (published at Kansas State University; accepts student research in all disciplines from undergraduates throughout the country)
- 1890: A Journal of Undergraduate Research (accepts undergraduate works of research, creative writing, poetry, reviews, and art)