1 .

In what ways did nineteenth-century industrialization lead to lower death rates and longer life spans?

2 .

Why did child labor in factories become less common in western Europe and the United States by the end of the nineteenth century?

3 .

How did industrialization affect family size in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

4 .

What made nineteenth-century industrial cities so dirty?

5 .

What were the causes of disease in nineteenth-century industrial cities?

6 .

What were the advantages of city life?

7 .

By what means did White people in the southern United States legally force African American people to work for them after the abolition of slavery?

8 .

What steps led to the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888?

9 .

For what similar reasons did European and Asian emigrants move to other countries in the nineteenth century?

10 .

To what extent was race a factor in the treatment of immigrants by their host countries?

11 .

Why did the working class sometimes resent the attempts of the middle class to pass legislation intended to help them?

12 .

How did nineteenth-century governments and reformers try to prevent the spread of disease in the industrial city?

13 .

What were Samuel Smiles and Herbert Spencer’s ideas regarding the poor?