1 .

What were the three major Phoenician cities and where were they located?

2 .

What explains why iron replaced bronze as the metal of choice between 1200 and 900 BCE in the Near East and eastern Mediterranean?

3 .

What evidence suggests that Minoan civilization was conquered by the Mycenaeans?

4 .

What was the primary reason that Greeks established colonies overseas in the Archaic period?

5 .

What were Athens’s and Sparta’s expectations of their respective allies before and during the Peloponnesian War?

6 .

Under Athens’s democracy in the Classical period, how were Athenian citizens (free adult males) able to participate in the government?

7 .

In what ways did the efforts of Philip II ultimately lead to the success of Alexander the Great?

8 .

What were the boundaries of Alexander the Great’s empire by the time of his death in 323 BCE?

9 .

Why was there a period of wars following Alexander’s death in 323 BCE?

10 .

Who were the tribunes and what were their main powers as elected officials?

11 .

How did the plebeians win concessions from the ruling patricians during the Struggle of the Orders?

12 .

During the Punic Wars and the wars fought by Rome thereafter, why did Rome’s farmers come under stress?

13 .

What did Augustus actually accomplish with his efforts to “restore” the Republic?

14 .

Why did some Roman senators assassinate Julius Caesar?

15 .

During the wars between the members of the Second Triumvirate, what advantage did Octavian enjoy over his rivals?