University Physics Volume 2

Key Terms

Key Terms

absolute temperature scale
scale, such as Kelvin, with a zero point that is absolute zero
absolute zero
temperature at which the average kinetic energy of molecules is zero
calorie (cal)
energy needed to change the temperature of 1.00 g of water by $1.00°C1.00°C$
calorimeter
container that prevents heat transfer in or out
calorimetry
study of heat transfer inside a container impervious to heat
Celsius scale
temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is $0°C0°C$ and the boiling point of water is $100°C100°C$
coefficient of linear expansion
($αα$) material property that gives the change in length, per unit length, per $1-°C1-°C$ change in temperature; a constant used in the calculation of linear expansion; the coefficient of linear expansion depends to some degree on the temperature of the material
coefficient of volume expansion
($ββ$) similar to $αα$ but gives the change in volume, per unit volume, per $1-°C1-°C$ change in temperature
conduction
heat transfer through stationary matter by physical contact
convection
heat transfer by the macroscopic movement of fluid
critical point
for a given substance, the combination of temperature and pressure above which the liquid and gas phases are indistinguishable
critical pressure
pressure at the critical point
critical temperature
temperature at the critical point
degree Celsius
($°C°C$) unit on the Celsius temperature scale
degree Fahrenheit
($°F°F$) unit on the Fahrenheit temperature scale
emissivity
measure of how well an object radiates
Fahrenheit scale
temperature scale in which the freezing point of water is $32°F32°F$ and the boiling point of water is $212°F212°F$
greenhouse effect
warming of the earth that is due to gases such as carbon dioxide and methane that absorb infrared radiation from Earth’s surface and reradiate it in all directions, thus sending some of it back toward Earth
heat
energy transferred solely due to a temperature difference
heat of fusion
energy per unit mass required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase, or released when the substance changes from liquid to solid
heat of sublimation
energy per unit mass required to change a substance from the solid phase to the vapor phase
heat of vaporization
energy per unit mass required to change a substance from the liquid phase to the vapor phase
heat transfer
movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a difference in temperature
Kelvin scale (K)
temperature scale in which 0 K is the lowest possible temperature, representing absolute zero
kilocalorie (kcal)
energy needed to change the temperature of 1.00 kg of water between $14.5°C14.5°C$ and $15.5°C15.5°C$
latent heat coefficient
general term for the heats of fusion, vaporization, and sublimation
mechanical equivalent of heat
work needed to produce the same effects as heat transfer
net rate of heat transfer by radiation
$Pnet=σeA(T24−T14)Pnet=σeA(T24−T14)$
phase diagram
graph of pressure vs. temperature of a particular substance, showing at which pressures and temperatures the phases of the substance occur
energy transferred by electromagnetic waves directly as a result of a temperature difference
rate of conductive heat transfer
rate of heat transfer from one material to another
specific heat
amount of heat necessary to change the temperature of 1.00 kg of a substance by $1.00°C1.00°C$; also called “specific heat capacity”
$P=σAeT4,P=σAeT4,$ where $σ=5.67×10−8J/s·m2·K4σ=5.67×10−8J/s·m2·K4$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, A is the surface area of the object, T is the absolute temperature, and e is the emissivity
sublimation
phase change from solid to gas
temperature
quantity measured by a thermometer, which reflects the mechanical energy of molecules in a system
thermal conductivity
property of a material describing its ability to conduct heat
thermal equilibrium
condition in which heat no longer flows between two objects that are in contact; the two objects have the same temperature
thermal expansion
change in size or volume of an object with change in temperature
thermal stress
stress caused by thermal expansion or contraction
triple point
pressure and temperature at which a substance exists in equilibrium as a solid, liquid, and gas
vapor
gas at a temperature below the boiling temperature
vapor pressure
pressure at which a gas coexists with its solid or liquid phase
zeroth law of thermodynamics
law that states that if two objects are in thermal equilibrium, and a third object is in thermal equilibrium with one of those objects, it is also in thermal equilibrium with the other object
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