William Moebs; Samuel J. Ling; Jeff Sanny

Problems

7.1 Work

23.

How much work does a supermarket checkout attendant do on a can of soup he pushes 0.600 m horizontally with a force of 5.00 N?

24.

A 75.0-kg person climbs stairs, gaining 2.50 m in height. Find the work done to accomplish this task.

25.

(a) Calculate the work done on a 1500-kg elevator car by its cable to lift it 40.0 m at constant speed, assuming friction averages 100 N. (b) What is the work done on the elevator car by the gravitational force in this process? (c) What is the total work done on the elevator car?

26.

Suppose a car travels 108 km at a speed of 30.0 m/s, and uses 2.0 gal of gasoline. Only 30% of the gasoline goes into useful work by the force that keeps the car moving at constant speed despite friction. (The energy content of gasoline is about 140 MJ/gal.) (a) What is the magnitude of the force exerted to keep the car moving at constant speed? (b) If the required force is directly proportional to speed, how many gallons will be used to drive 108 km at a speed of 28.0 m/s?

27.

Calculate the work done by an 85.0-kg man who pushes a crate 4.00 m up along a ramp that makes an angle of $20.0 °$ with the horizontal (see below). He exerts a force of 500 N on the crate parallel to the ramp and moves at a constant speed. Be certain to include the work he does on the crate and on his body to get up the ramp.

A person is pushing a crate up a ramp. The person is pushing with force F parallel to the ramp.

28.

How much work is done by the boy pulling his sister 30.0 m in a wagon as shown below?

A person is pulling a wagon with a girl in it. The person is pulling with force vector F of 50 Newtons at an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal. The displacement is a vector d of 30 meters.

29.

A shopper pushes a grocery cart 20.0 m at constant speed on level ground, against a 35.0 N frictional force. He pushes in a direction $25.0 °$ below the horizontal. (a) What is the work done on the cart by friction? (b) What is the work done on the cart by the gravitational force? (c) What is the work done on the cart by the shopper? (d) Find the force the shopper exerts, using energy considerations. (e) What is the total work done on the cart?

30.

Suppose the ski patrol lowers a rescue sled and victim, having a total mass of 90.0 kg, down a $60.0 °$ slope at constant speed, as shown below. The coefficient of friction between the sled and the snow is 0.100. (a) How much work is done by friction as the sled moves 30.0 m along the hill? (b) How much work is done by the rope on the sled in this distance? (c) What is the work done by the gravitational force on the sled? (d) What is the total work done?

The figure is an illustration of a person in a sled on a slope that forms an angle of 60 degrees with the horizontal. Three forces acting on the sled are shown as vectors: w points vertically down, f and T point upslope, parallel to the slope.

31.

A constant 20-N force pushes a small ball in the direction of the force over a distance of 5.0 m. What is the work done by the force?

32.

A toy cart is pulled a distance of 6.0 m in a straight line across the floor. The force pulling the cart has a magnitude of 20 N and is directed at $37 °$ above the horizontal. What is the work done by this force?

33.

A 5.0-kg box rests on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and surface is $μ_{K} = 0.50 .$ A horizontal force pulls the box at constant velocity for 10 cm. Find the work done by (a) the applied horizontal force, (b) the frictional force, and (c) the net force.

34.

A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow $(μ_{k} = 0.20)$ at constant velocity by a force directed $25 °$ above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.

35.

Suppose that the sled plus passenger of the preceding problem is pushed 20 m across the snow at constant velocity by a force directed $30 °$ below the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.

36.

How much work does the force $F (x) = (−2.0 / x) N$ do on a particle as it moves from $x = 2.0 m$ to $x = 5.0 m?$

37.

How much work is done against the gravitational force on a 5.0-kg briefcase when it is carried from the ground floor to the roof of the Empire State Building, a vertical climb of 380 m?

38.

It takes 500 J of work to compress a spring 10 cm. What is the force constant of the spring?

39.

A bungee cord is essentially a very long rubber band that can stretch up to four times its unstretched length. However, its spring constant varies over its stretch [see Menz, P.G. “The Physics of Bungee Jumping.” The Physics Teacher (November 1993) 31: 483-487]. Take the length of the cord to be along the x-direction and define the stretch x as the length of the cord l minus its un-stretched length $l_{0};$ that is, $x = l - l_{0}$ (see below). Suppose a particular bungee cord has a spring constant, for $0 \leq x \leq 4.88 m$ , of $k_{1} = 204 N/m$ and for $x \geq 4.88 m$ , of $k_{2} = 111 N/m .$ (Recall that the spring constant is the slope of the force F(x) versus its stretch x.) (a) What is the tension in the cord when the stretch is 16.7 m (the maximum desired for a given jump)? (b) How much work must be done against the elastic force of the bungee cord to stretch it 16.7 m?

A photograph of a person bungee jumping from a bridge above a river is accompanied by an illustration of the situation. The illustration shows the jumper at the his lowest position, and the bungee stretched by a distance l minus l sub zero.

Figure 7.16 (credit: modification of work by Graeme Churchard)

40.

A bungee cord exerts a nonlinear elastic force of magnitude $F (x) = k_{1} x + k_{2} x^{3},$ where x is the distance the cord is stretched, $k_{1} = 204 N/m$ and $k_{2} = −0.233 {N/m}^{3} .$ How much work must be done on the cord to stretch it 16.7 m?

41.

Engineers desire to model the magnitude of the elastic force of a bungee cord using the equation
$F (x) = a [\frac{x + 9 m}{9 m} - {(\frac{9 m}{x + 9 m})}^{2}]$ ,
where x is the stretch of the cord along its length and a is a constant. If it takes 22.0 kJ of work to stretch the cord by 16.7 m, determine the value of the constant a.

42.

A particle moving in the xy-plane is subject to a force
$\vec{F} (x, y) = (50 N / m) (x \hat{i} + \frac{y^{2}}{3 m} \hat{j})$
where x and y are in meters. Calculate the work done on the particle by this force, as it moves in a straight line from the point (3 m, 4 m) to the point (6 m, 8 m).

43.

A particle moves along a curved path $y (x) = (10 m) {1 + cos [(0.1 m^{−1}) x]},$ from $x = 0$ to $x = 10 π m,$ subject to a tangential force of variable magnitude $F (x) = (10 N) sin [(0.1 m^{−1}) x] .$ How much work does the force do? (Hint: Consult a table of integrals or use a numerical integration program.)

7.2 Kinetic Energy

44.

Compare the kinetic energy of a 20,000-kg truck moving at 110 km/h with that of an 80.0-kg astronaut in orbit moving at 27,500 km/h.

45.

(a) How fast must a 3000-kg elephant move to have the same kinetic energy as a 65.0-kg sprinter running at 10.0 m/s? (b) Discuss how the larger energies needed for the movement of larger animals would relate to metabolic rates.

46.

Estimate the kinetic energy of a 90,000-ton aircraft carrier moving at a speed of at 30 knots. You will need to look up the definition of a nautical mile to use in converting the unit for speed, where 1 knot equals 1 nautical mile per hour. Furthermore for this problem, 1 ton is equivalent to 2,000 pounds.

47.

Calculate the kinetic energies of (a) a 2000.0-kg automobile moving at 100.0 km/h; (b) an 80.-kg runner sprinting at 10. m/s; and (c) a $9.1 \times 10^{−31} -kg$ electron moving at $2.0 \times 10^{7} m/s .$

48.

A 5.0-kg body has three times the kinetic energy of an 8.0-kg body. Calculate the ratio of the speeds of these bodies.

49.

An 8.0-g bullet has a speed of 800 m/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy? (b) What is its kinetic energy if the speed is halved?

7.3 Work-Energy Theorem

50.

(a) Calculate the force needed to bring a 950-kg car to rest from a speed of 90.0 km/h in a distance of 120 m (a fairly typical distance for a non-panic stop). (b) Suppose instead the car hits a concrete abutment at full speed and is brought to a stop in 2.00 m. Calculate the force exerted on the car and compare it with the force found in part (a).

51.

A car’s bumper is designed to withstand a 4.0-km/h (1.1-m/s) collision with an immovable object without damage to the body of the car. The bumper cushions the shock by absorbing the force over a distance. Calculate the magnitude of the average force on a bumper that collapses 0.200 m while bringing a 900-kg car to rest from an initial speed of 1.1 m/s.

52.

Boxing gloves are padded to lessen the force of a blow. (a) Calculate the force exerted by a boxing glove on an opponent’s face, if the glove and face compress 7.50 cm during a blow in which the 7.00-kg arm and glove are brought to rest from an initial speed of 10.0 m/s. (b) Calculate the force exerted by an identical blow in the days when no gloves were used, and the knuckles and face would compress only 2.00 cm. Assume the change in mass by removing the glove is negligible. (c) Discuss the magnitude of the force with glove on. Does it seem high enough to cause damage even though it is lower than the force with no glove?

53.

Using energy considerations, calculate the average force a 60.0-kg sprinter exerts backward on the track to accelerate from 2.00 to 8.00 m/s in a distance of 25.0 m, if he encounters a headwind that exerts an average force of 30.0 N against him.

54.

A 5.0-kg box has an acceleration of $2.0 {m/s}^{2}$ when it is pulled by a horizontal force across a surface with $μ_{K} = 0.50 .$ Find the work done over a distance of 10 cm by (a) the horizontal force, (b) the frictional force, and (c) the net force. (d) What is the change in kinetic energy of the box?

55.

A constant 10-N horizontal force is applied to a 20-kg cart at rest on a level floor. If friction is negligible, what is the speed of the cart when it has been pushed 8.0 m?

56.

In the preceding problem, the 10-N force is applied at an angle of $45 °$ below the horizontal. What is the speed of the cart when it has been pushed 8.0 m?

57.

Compare the work required to stop a 100-kg crate sliding at 1.0 m/s and an 8.0-g bullet traveling at 500 m/s.

58.

A wagon with its passenger sits at the top of a hill. The wagon is given a slight push and rolls 100 m down a $10 °$ incline to the bottom of the hill. What is the wagon’s speed when it reaches the end of the incline. Assume that the retarding force of friction is negligible.

59.

An 8.0-g bullet with a speed of 800 m/s is shot into a wooden block and penetrates 20 cm before stopping. What is the average force of the wood on the bullet? Assume the block does not move.

60.

A 2.0-kg block starts with a speed of 10 m/s at the bottom of a plane inclined at $37 °$ to the horizontal. The coefficient of sliding friction between the block and plane is $μ_{k} = 0.30 .$ (a) Use the work-energy principle to determine how far the block slides along the plane before momentarily coming to rest. (b) After stopping, the block slides back down the plane. What is its speed when it reaches the bottom? (Hint: For the round trip, only the force of friction does work on the block.)

61.

When a 3.0-kg block is pushed against a massless spring of force constant $4.5 \times 10^{3} N/m,$ the spring is compressed 8.0 cm. The block is released, and it slides 2.0 m (from the point at which it is released) across a horizontal surface before friction stops it. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the surface?

62.

A small block of mass 200 g starts at rest at A, slides to B where its speed is $v_{B} = 8.0 m/s,$ then slides along the horizontal surface a distance 10 m before coming to rest at C. (See below.) (a) What is the work of friction along the curved surface? (b) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction along the horizontal surface?

A block slides along a track that curves down and then levels off and becomes horizontal. Point A is near the top of the track, 4.0 meters above the horizontal part of the track. Points B and C are on the horizontal section and are separated by 10 meters. The Block starts at point A.

63.

A small object is placed at the top of an incline that is essentially frictionless. The object slides down the incline onto a rough horizontal surface, where it stops in 5.0 s after traveling 60 m. (a) What is the speed of the object at the bottom of the incline and its acceleration along the horizontal surface? (b) What is the height of the incline?

64.

When released, a 100-g block slides down the path shown below, reaching the bottom with a speed of 4.0 m/s. How much work does the force of friction do?

A block slides down an irregularly curved path. The block starts near the top of the path at an elevation of 2.0 meters. At the bottom of the path it is moving horizontally at 4.0 meters per second.

65.

A 0.22LR-caliber bullet like that mentioned in Example 7.10 is fired into a door made of a single thickness of 1-inch pine boards. How fast would the bullet be traveling after it penetrated through the door?

66.

A sled starts from rest at the top of a snow-covered incline that makes a $22 °$ angle with the horizontal. After sliding 75 m down the slope, its speed is 14 m/s. Use the work-energy theorem to calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the runners of the sled and the snowy surface.

7.4 Power

67.

A person in good physical condition can put out 100 W of useful power for several hours at a stretch, perhaps by pedaling a mechanism that drives an electric generator. Neglecting any problems of generator efficiency and practical considerations such as resting time: (a) How many people would it take to run a 4.00-kW electric clothes dryer? (b) How many people would it take to replace a large electric power plant that generates 800 MW?

68.

What is the cost of operating a 3.00-W electric clock for a year if the cost of electricity is $0.0900 per $kW \cdot h$ ?

69.

A large household air conditioner may consume 15.0 kW of power. What is the cost of operating this air conditioner 3.00 h per day for 30.0 d if the cost of electricity is $0.110 per $kW \cdot h$ ?

70.

(a) What is the average power consumption in watts of an appliance that uses 5.00 $kW \cdot h$ of energy per day? (b) How many joules of energy does this appliance consume in a year?

71.

(a) What is the average useful power output of a person who does $6.00 \times 10^{6} J$ of useful work in 8.00 h? (b) Working at this rate, how long will it take this person to lift 2000 kg of bricks 1.50 m to a platform? (Work done to lift his body can be omitted because it is not considered useful output here.)

72.

A 500-kg dragster accelerates from rest to a final speed of 110 m/s in 400 m (about a quarter of a mile) and encounters an average frictional force of 1200 N. What is its average power output in watts and horsepower if this takes 7.30 s?

73.

(a) How long will it take an 850-kg car with a useful power output of 40.0 hp (1 hp equals 746 W) to reach a speed of 15.0 m/s, neglecting friction? (b) How long will this acceleration take if the car also climbs a 3.00-m high hill in the process?

74.

(a) Find the useful power output of an elevator motor that lifts a 2500-kg load a height of 35.0 m in 12.0 s, if it also increases the speed from rest to 4.00 m/s. Note that the total mass of the counterbalanced system is 10,000 kg—so that only 2500 kg is raised in height, but the full 10,000 kg is accelerated. (b) What does it cost, if electricity is $0.0900 per $kW \cdot h$ ?

75.

(a) How long would it take a $1.50 \times 10^{5} -kg$ airplane with engines that produce 100 MW of power to reach a speed of 250 m/s and an altitude of 12.0 km if air resistance were negligible? (b) If it actually takes 900 s, what is the power? (c) Given this power, what is the average force of air resistance if the airplane takes 1200 s? (Hint: You must find the distance the plane travels in 1200 s assuming constant acceleration.)

76.

Calculate the power output needed for a 950-kg car to climb a $2.00 °$ slope at a constant 30.0 m/s while encountering wind resistance and friction totaling 600 N.

77.

A man of mass 80 kg runs up a flight of stairs 20 m high in 10 s. (a) how much power is used to lift the man? (b) If the man’s body is 25% efficient, how much power does he expend?

78.

The man of the preceding problem consumes approximately $1.05 \times 10^{7} J$ (2500 food calories) of energy per day in maintaining a constant weight. What is the average power he produces over a day? Compare this with his power production when he runs up the stairs.

79.

An electron in a television tube is accelerated uniformly from rest to a speed of $8.4 \times 10^{7} m/s$ over a distance of 2.5 cm. What is the power delivered to the electron at the instant that its displacement is 1.0 cm?

80.

Coal is lifted out of a mine a vertical distance of 50 m by an engine that supplies 500 W to a conveyor belt. How much coal per minute can be brought to the surface? Ignore the effects of friction.

81.

A girl pulls her 15-kg wagon along a flat sidewalk by applying a 10-N force at $37 °$ to the horizontal. Assume that friction is negligible and that the wagon starts from rest. (a) How much work does the girl do on the wagon in the first 2.0 s. (b) How much instantaneous power does she exert at $t = 2.0 s$ ?

82.

A typical automobile engine has an efficiency of 25%. Suppose that the engine of a 1000-kg automobile has a maximum power output of 140 hp. What is the maximum grade that the automobile can climb at 50 km/h if the frictional retarding force on it is 300 N?

83.

When jogging at 13 km/h on a level surface, a 70-kg man uses energy at a rate of approximately 850 W. Using the facts that the “human engine” is approximately 25% efficient, determine the rate at which this man uses energy when jogging up a $5.0 °$ slope at this same speed. Assume that the frictional retarding force is the same in both cases.