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University Physics Volume 1

4.5 Relative Motion in One and Two Dimensions

University Physics Volume 14.5 Relative Motion in One and Two Dimensions

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Table of contents
  1. Preface
  2. Mechanics
    1. 1 Units and Measurement
      1. Introduction
      2. 1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics
      3. 1.2 Units and Standards
      4. 1.3 Unit Conversion
      5. 1.4 Dimensional Analysis
      6. 1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations
      7. 1.6 Significant Figures
      8. 1.7 Solving Problems in Physics
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    2. 2 Vectors
      1. Introduction
      2. 2.1 Scalars and Vectors
      3. 2.2 Coordinate Systems and Components of a Vector
      4. 2.3 Algebra of Vectors
      5. 2.4 Products of Vectors
      6. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    3. 3 Motion Along a Straight Line
      1. Introduction
      2. 3.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity
      3. 3.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
      4. 3.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
      5. 3.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration
      6. 3.5 Free Fall
      7. 3.6 Finding Velocity and Displacement from Acceleration
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    4. 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
      1. Introduction
      2. 4.1 Displacement and Velocity Vectors
      3. 4.2 Acceleration Vector
      4. 4.3 Projectile Motion
      5. 4.4 Uniform Circular Motion
      6. 4.5 Relative Motion in One and Two Dimensions
      7. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    5. 5 Newton's Laws of Motion
      1. Introduction
      2. 5.1 Forces
      3. 5.2 Newton's First Law
      4. 5.3 Newton's Second Law
      5. 5.4 Mass and Weight
      6. 5.5 Newton’s Third Law
      7. 5.6 Common Forces
      8. 5.7 Drawing Free-Body Diagrams
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    6. 6 Applications of Newton's Laws
      1. Introduction
      2. 6.1 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws
      3. 6.2 Friction
      4. 6.3 Centripetal Force
      5. 6.4 Drag Force and Terminal Speed
      6. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    7. 7 Work and Kinetic Energy
      1. Introduction
      2. 7.1 Work
      3. 7.2 Kinetic Energy
      4. 7.3 Work-Energy Theorem
      5. 7.4 Power
      6. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    8. 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy
      1. Introduction
      2. 8.1 Potential Energy of a System
      3. 8.2 Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces
      4. 8.3 Conservation of Energy
      5. 8.4 Potential Energy Diagrams and Stability
      6. 8.5 Sources of Energy
      7. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
    9. 9 Linear Momentum and Collisions
      1. Introduction
      2. 9.1 Linear Momentum
      3. 9.2 Impulse and Collisions
      4. 9.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum
      5. 9.4 Types of Collisions
      6. 9.5 Collisions in Multiple Dimensions
      7. 9.6 Center of Mass
      8. 9.7 Rocket Propulsion
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    10. 10 Fixed-Axis Rotation
      1. Introduction
      2. 10.1 Rotational Variables
      3. 10.2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
      4. 10.3 Relating Angular and Translational Quantities
      5. 10.4 Moment of Inertia and Rotational Kinetic Energy
      6. 10.5 Calculating Moments of Inertia
      7. 10.6 Torque
      8. 10.7 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation
      9. 10.8 Work and Power for Rotational Motion
      10. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    11. 11 Angular Momentum
      1. Introduction
      2. 11.1 Rolling Motion
      3. 11.2 Angular Momentum
      4. 11.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum
      5. 11.4 Precession of a Gyroscope
      6. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    12. 12 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
      1. Introduction
      2. 12.1 Conditions for Static Equilibrium
      3. 12.2 Examples of Static Equilibrium
      4. 12.3 Stress, Strain, and Elastic Modulus
      5. 12.4 Elasticity and Plasticity
      6. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    13. 13 Gravitation
      1. Introduction
      2. 13.1 Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
      3. 13.2 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface
      4. 13.3 Gravitational Potential Energy and Total Energy
      5. 13.4 Satellite Orbits and Energy
      6. 13.5 Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
      7. 13.6 Tidal Forces
      8. 13.7 Einstein's Theory of Gravity
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    14. 14 Fluid Mechanics
      1. Introduction
      2. 14.1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure
      3. 14.2 Measuring Pressure
      4. 14.3 Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics
      5. 14.4 Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy
      6. 14.5 Fluid Dynamics
      7. 14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation
      8. 14.7 Viscosity and Turbulence
      9. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
  3. Waves and Acoustics
    1. 15 Oscillations
      1. Introduction
      2. 15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion
      3. 15.2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
      4. 15.3 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion
      5. 15.4 Pendulums
      6. 15.5 Damped Oscillations
      7. 15.6 Forced Oscillations
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    2. 16 Waves
      1. Introduction
      2. 16.1 Traveling Waves
      3. 16.2 Mathematics of Waves
      4. 16.3 Wave Speed on a Stretched String
      5. 16.4 Energy and Power of a Wave
      6. 16.5 Interference of Waves
      7. 16.6 Standing Waves and Resonance
      8. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
    3. 17 Sound
      1. Introduction
      2. 17.1 Sound Waves
      3. 17.2 Speed of Sound
      4. 17.3 Sound Intensity
      5. 17.4 Normal Modes of a Standing Sound Wave
      6. 17.5 Sources of Musical Sound
      7. 17.6 Beats
      8. 17.7 The Doppler Effect
      9. 17.8 Shock Waves
      10. Chapter Review
        1. Key Terms
        2. Key Equations
        3. Summary
        4. Conceptual Questions
        5. Problems
        6. Additional Problems
        7. Challenge Problems
  4. A | Units
  5. B | Conversion Factors
  6. C | Fundamental Constants
  7. D | Astronomical Data
  8. E | Mathematical Formulas
  9. F | Chemistry
  10. G | The Greek Alphabet
  11. Answer Key
    1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
    14. Chapter 14
    15. Chapter 15
    16. Chapter 16
    17. Chapter 17
  12. Index

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

  • Explain the concept of reference frames.
  • Write the position and velocity vector equations for relative motion.
  • Draw the position and velocity vectors for relative motion.
  • Analyze one-dimensional and two-dimensional relative motion problems using the position and velocity vector equations.

Motion does not happen in isolation. If you’re riding in a train moving at 10 m/s east, this velocity is measured relative to the ground on which you’re traveling. However, if another train passes you at 15 m/s east, your velocity relative to this other train is different from your velocity relative to the ground. Your velocity relative to the other train is 5 m/s west. To explore this idea further, we first need to establish some terminology.

Reference Frames

To discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions, we first introduce the concept of reference frames. When we say an object has a certain velocity, we must state it has a velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples we have examined so far, this reference frame has been Earth. If you say a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then you imply the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity, and Earth is the reference frame. We can expand our view of the motion of the person on the train and say Earth is spinning in its orbit around the Sun, in which case the motion becomes more complicated. In this case, the solar system is the reference frame. In summary, all discussion of relative motion must define the reference frames involved. We now develop a method to refer to reference frames in relative motion. This method makes an approximation that breaks down near the speed of light, where the more accurate methods or special relativity are needed, but is extremely accurate for everyday speeds (Relativity).

Relative Motion in One Dimension

We introduce relative motion in one dimension first, because the velocity vectors simplify to having only two possible directions. Take the example of the person sitting in a train moving east. If we choose east as the positive direction and Earth as the reference frame, then we can write the velocity of the train with respect to the Earth as vTE=10m/si^vTE=10m/si^ east, where the subscripts TE refer to train and Earth. Let’s now say the person gets up out of her seat and walks toward the back of the train at 2 m/s. This tells us she has a velocity relative to the reference frame of the train. Since the person is walking west, in the negative direction, we write her velocity with respect to the train as vPT=−2m/si^.vPT=−2m/si^. We can add the two velocity vectors to find the velocity of the person with respect to Earth. This relative velocity is written as

vPE=vPT+vTE.vPE=vPT+vTE.
4.33

Note the ordering of the subscripts for the various reference frames in Equation 4.33. The subscripts for the coupling reference frame, which is the train, appear consecutively in the right-hand side of the equation. Figure 4.24 shows the correct order of subscripts when forming the vector equation.

The vector equation vector v sub P E equals vector v sub P T plus vector v sub T E is shown. The subscripts P (in v sub P T) and E (in v sub T E) in the sum are linked. The subscripts T (in v sub P T) and T (in v sub T E) in the sum are linked.
Figure 4.24 When constructing the vector equation, the subscripts for the coupling reference frame appear consecutively on the inside. The subscripts on the left-hand side of the equation are the same as the two outside subscripts on the right-hand side of the equation.

Adding the vectors, we find vPE=8m/si^,vPE=8m/si^, so the person is moving 8 m/s east with respect to Earth. Graphically, this is shown in Figure 4.25.

Velocity vectors of the train with respect to Earth, person with respect to the train, and person with respect to Earth. V sub T E is the velocity vector of the train with respect to Earth. It has value 10 meters per second and is represented as a long green arrow pointing to the right. V sub P T is the velocity vector of the person with respect to the train. It has value -2 meters per second and is represented as a short green arrow pointing to the left. V sub P E is the velocity vector of the person with respect to Earth. It has value 8 meters per second and is represented as a medium length green arrow pointing to the right.
Figure 4.25 Velocity vectors of the train with respect to Earth, person with respect to the train, and person with respect to Earth.

Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions

We can now apply these concepts to describing motion in two dimensions. Consider a particle P and reference frames S and S,S, as shown in Figure 4.26. The position of the origin of SS as measured in S is rSS,rSS, the position of P as measured in SS is rPS,rPS, and the position of P as measured in S is rPS.rPS.

An x y z coordinate system is shown and labeled as system S. A second coordinate system, S prime with axes x prime, y prime, z prime, is shifted relative to S. The vector r sub S prime S, shown as a purple arrow, extends from the origin of S to the origin of S prime. Vector r sub P S is a vector from the origin of S to a point P. Vector r sub P S prime is a vector from the origin of S prime to the same point P. The vectors r s prime s, r P S prime, and r P S form a triangle, and r P S is the vector sum of r S prime S and r P S prime.
Figure 4.26 The positions of particle P relative to frames S and SS are rPSrPS and rPS,rPS, respectively.

From Figure 4.26 we see that

rPS=rPS+rSS.rPS=rPS+rSS.
4.34

The relative velocities are the time derivatives of the position vectors. Therefore,

vPS=vPS+vSS.vPS=vPS+vSS.
4.35

The velocity of a particle relative to S is equal to its velocity relative to SS plus the velocity of SS relative to S.

We can extend Equation 4.35 to any number of reference frames. For particle P with velocities vPA,vPB,andvPCvPA,vPB,andvPC in frames A, B, and C,

vPC=vPA+vAB+vBC.vPC=vPA+vAB+vBC.
4.36

We can also see how the accelerations are related as observed in two reference frames by differentiating Equation 4.35:

aPS=aPS+aSS.aPS=aPS+aSS.
4.37

We see that if the velocity of SS relative to S is a constant, then aSS=0aSS=0 and

aPS=aPS.aPS=aPS.
4.38

This says the acceleration of a particle is the same as measured by two observers moving at a constant velocity relative to each other.

Example 4.13

Motion of a Car Relative to a Truck

A truck is traveling south at a speed of 70 km/h toward an intersection. A car is traveling east toward the intersection at a speed of 80 km/h (Figure 4.27). What is the velocity of the car relative to the truck?
A truck is shown traveling south at a speed V sub T E of 70 km/h toward an intersection. A car is traveling east toward the intersection at a speed V sub C E of 80 km/h
Figure 4.27 A car travels east toward an intersection while a truck travels south toward the same intersection.

Strategy

First, we must establish the reference frame common to both vehicles, which is Earth. Then, we write the velocities of each with respect to the reference frame of Earth, which enables us to form a vector equation that links the car, the truck, and Earth to solve for the velocity of the car with respect to the truck.

Solution

The velocity of the car with respect to Earth is vCE=80km/hi^.vCE=80km/hi^. The velocity of the truck with respect to Earth is vTE=−70km/hj^.vTE=−70km/hj^. Using the velocity addition rule, the relative motion equation we are seeking is
vCT=vCE+vET.vCT=vCE+vET.

Here, vCTvCT is the velocity of the car with respect to the truck, and Earth is the connecting reference frame. Since we have the velocity of the truck with respect to Earth, the negative of this vector is the velocity of Earth with respect to the truck: vET=vTE.vET=vTE. The vector diagram of this equation is shown in Figure 4.28.

The right triangle formed by the vectors V sub C E to the right, V sub E T down, and V sub C T up and right is shown V sub C T is the hypotenuse and makes an angle of theta with V sub C E. The vector equation vector v sub C T equals vector C E plus vector E T is given. A compass is shown indicating north is up, east to the right, south down, and west to the left.
Figure 4.28 Vector diagram of the vector equation vCT=vCE+vETvCT=vCE+vET.

We can now solve for the velocity of the car with respect to the truck:

|vCT|=(80.0km/h)2+(70.0km/h)2=106.km/h|vCT|=(80.0km/h)2+(70.0km/h)2=106.km/h

and

θ=tan−1(70.080.0)=41.2°north of east.θ=tan−1(70.080.0)=41.2°north of east.

Significance

Drawing a vector diagram showing the velocity vectors can help in understanding the relative velocity of the two objects.

Check Your Understanding 4.6

A boat heads due north, moving at 4.5 m/s relative to the water of a river that is running east at 3.0 m/s. What is the velocity of the boat with respect to Earth?

Example 4.14

Flying a Plane in a Wind

A pilot must fly a plane due north to reach their destination. The plane can fly at 300 km/h in still air. A wind is blowing out of the northeast at 90 km/h. (a) In what direction must the pilot head the plane to fly due north? (b) What is the speed of the plane relative to the ground?

Strategy

The pilot must point the plane somewhat east of north to compensate for the wind velocity. We need to construct a vector equation that contains the velocity of the plane with respect to the ground, the velocity of the plane with respect to the air, and the velocity of the air with respect to the ground. Since these last two quantities are known, we can solve for the velocity of the plane with respect to the ground. We can graph the vectors and use this diagram to evaluate the magnitude of the plane’s velocity with respect to the ground. The diagram will also tell us the angle the plane’s velocity makes with north with respect to the air, which is the direction the pilot must head the plane.

Solution

The vector equation is vPG=vPA+vAG,vPG=vPA+vAG, where P = plane, A = air, and G = ground. From the geometry in Figure 4.29, we can solve easily for the magnitude of the velocity of the plane with respect to the ground and the angle of the plane’s heading, θ.θ.
A compass shows north is up, east to the right, south down, and west to the left. Vectors V sub P G, V sub A G and V sub P A form a triangle. An airplane is shown on vector V sub P G, which points up. V sub P A points up and to the right, at an angle of theta to vector V sub P G. V sub A G points down and left, at an angle of 45 degrees below the horizontal. V sub P G is the vector sum of v sub P A and V sub A G.
Figure 4.29 Vector diagram for Equation 4.34 showing the vectors vPA,vAG,andvPG.vPA,vAG,andvPG.

Known quantities:

|vPA|=300km/h|vPA|=300km/h
|vAG|=90km/h|vAG|=90km/h

(a) In the x direction we have the following:

  • |vPA|sinθ|vAG|sin45°=0|vPA|sinθ|vAG|sin45°=0

  • θ=sin–1(90km/h)(sin45°300km/h)θ=sin–1(90km/h)(sin45°300km/h)

  • θ=12°θ=12° east of north

(b) In the y direction we have the following:

  • |vPG|=|vPA|cosθ|vAG|cos45°|vPG|=|vPA|cosθ|vAG|cos45°

  • |vPG|=(300km/h)(cos12°)(90km/h)(cos45°)|vPG|=(300km/h)(cos12°)(90km/h)(cos45°)

  • |vPG|=230km/h|vPG|=230km/h

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