University Physics Volume 1

# Problems

### 15.1Simple Harmonic Motion

21.

Prove that using $x(t)=Asin(ωt+ϕ)x(t)=Asin(ωt+ϕ)$ will produce the same results for the period for the oscillations of a mass and a spring. Why do you think the cosine function was chosen?

22.

What is the period of 60.0 Hz of electrical power?

23.

If your heart rate is 150 beats per minute during strenuous exercise, what is the time per beat in units of seconds?

24.

Find the frequency of a tuning fork that takes $2.50×10−3s2.50×10−3s$ to complete one oscillation.

25.

A stroboscope is set to flash every $8.00×10−5s8.00×10−5s$. What is the frequency of the flashes?

26.

A tire has a tread pattern with a crevice every 2.00 cm. Each crevice makes a single vibration as the tire moves. What is the frequency of these vibrations if the car moves at 30.0 m/s?

27.

Each piston of an engine makes a sharp sound every other revolution of the engine. (a) How fast is a race car going if its eight-cylinder engine emits a sound of frequency 750 Hz, given that the engine makes 2000 revolutions per kilometer? (b) At how many revolutions per minute is the engine rotating?

28.

A type of cuckoo clock keeps time by having a mass bouncing on a spring, usually something cute like a cherub in a chair. What force constant is needed to produce a period of 0.500 s for a 0.0150-kg mass?

29.

A mass $m0m0$ is attached to a spring and hung vertically. The mass is raised a short distance in the vertical direction and released. The mass oscillates with a frequency $f0f0$. If the mass is replaced with a mass nine times as large, and the experiment was repeated, what would be the frequency of the oscillations in terms of $f0f0$ ?

30.

A 0.500-kg mass suspended from a spring oscillates with a period of 1.50 s. How much mass must be added to the object to change the period to 2.00 s?

31.

How much leeway (both percentage and mass) would you have in the selection of the mass of the object in the previous problem if you did not wish the new period to be greater than 2.01 s or less than 1.99 s?

### 15.2Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

32.

Fish are hung on a spring scale to determine their mass. (a) What is the force constant of the spring in such a scale if it the spring stretches 8.00 cm for a 10.0 kg load? (b) What is the mass of a fish that stretches the spring 5.50 cm? (c) How far apart are the half-kilogram marks on the scale?

33.

It is weigh-in time for the local under-85-kg rugby team. The bathroom scale used to assess eligibility can be described by Hooke’s law and is depressed 0.75 cm by its maximum load of 120 kg. (a) What is the spring’s effective force constant? (b) A player stands on the scales and depresses it by 0.48 cm. Is he eligible to play on this under-85-kg team?

34.

One type of BB gun uses a spring-driven plunger to blow the BB from its barrel. (a) Calculate the force constant of its plunger’s spring if you must compress it 0.150 m to drive the 0.0500-kg plunger to a top speed of 20.0 m/s. (b) What force must be exerted to compress the spring?

35.

When an 80.0-kg man stands on a pogo stick, the spring is compressed 0.120 m. (a) What is the force constant of the spring? (b) Will the spring be compressed more when he hops down the road?

36.

A spring has a length of 0.200 m when a 0.300-kg mass hangs from it, and a length of 0.750 m when a 1.95-kg mass hangs from it. (a) What is the force constant of the spring? (b) What is the unloaded length of the spring?

37.

The length of nylon rope from which a mountain climber is suspended has an effective force constant of $1.40×104N/m1.40×104N/m$. (a) What is the frequency at which he bounces, given his mass plus and the mass of his equipment are 90.0 kg? (b) How much would this rope stretch to break the climber’s fall if he free-falls 2.00 m before the rope runs out of slack? (Hint: Use conservation of energy.) (c) Repeat both parts of this problem in the situation where twice this length of nylon rope is used.

### 15.3Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion

38.

The motion of a mass on a spring hung vertically, where the mass oscillates up and down, can also be modeled using the rotating disk. Instead of the lights being placed horizontally along the top and pointing down, place the lights vertically and have the lights shine on the side of the rotating disk. A shadow will be produced on a nearby wall, and will move up and down. Write the equations of motion for the shadow taking the position at $t=0.0st=0.0s$ to be $y=0.0my=0.0m$ with the mass moving in the positive y-direction.

39.

(a) A novelty clock has a 0.0100-kg-mass object bouncing on a spring that has a force constant of 1.25 N/m. What is the maximum velocity of the object if the object bounces 3.00 cm above and below its equilibrium position? (b) How many joules of kinetic energy does the object have at its maximum velocity?

40.

Reciprocating motion uses the rotation of a motor to produce linear motion up and down or back and forth. This is how a reciprocating saw operates, as shown below.

If the motor rotates at 60 Hz and has a radius of 3.0 cm, estimate the maximum speed of the saw blade as it moves up and down. This design is known as a scotch yoke.

41.

A student stands on the edge of a merry-go-round which rotates five times a minute and has a radius of two meters one evening as the sun is setting. The student produces a shadow on the nearby building. (a) Write an equation for the position of the shadow. (b) Write an equation for the velocity of the shadow.

### 15.4Pendulums

42.

What is the length of a pendulum that has a period of 0.500 s?

43.

Some people think a pendulum with a period of 1.00 s can be driven with “mental energy” or psycho kinetically, because its period is the same as an average heartbeat. True or not, what is the length of such a pendulum?

44.

What is the period of a 1.00-m-long pendulum?

45.

How long does it take a child on a swing to complete one swing if her center of gravity is 4.00 m below the pivot?

46.

The pendulum on a cuckoo clock is 5.00-cm long. What is its frequency?

47.

Two parakeets sit on a swing with their combined CMs 10.0 cm below the pivot. At what frequency do they swing?

48.

(a) A pendulum that has a period of 3.00000 s and that is located where the acceleration due to gravity is $9.79m/s29.79m/s2$ is moved to a location where the acceleration due to gravity is $9.82m/s29.82m/s2$. What is its new period? (b) Explain why so many digits are needed in the value for the period, based on the relation between the period and the acceleration due to gravity.

49.

A pendulum with a period of 2.00000 s in one location ($g=9.80m/s2g=9.80m/s2$) is moved to a new location where the period is now 1.99796 s. What is the acceleration due to gravity at its new location?

50.

(a) What is the effect on the period of a pendulum if you double its length? (b) What is the effect on the period of a pendulum if you decrease its length by 5.00%?

### 15.5Damped Oscillations

51.

The amplitude of a lightly damped oscillator decreases by $3.0%3.0%$ during each cycle. What percentage of the mechanical energy of the oscillator is lost in each cycle?

### 15.6Forced Oscillations

52.

How much energy must the shock absorbers of a 1200-kg car dissipate in order to damp a bounce that initially has a velocity of 0.800 m/s at the equilibrium position? Assume the car returns to its original vertical position.

53.

If a car has a suspension system with a force constant of $5.00×104N/m5.00×104N/m$, how much energy must the car’s shocks remove to dampen an oscillation starting with a maximum displacement of 0.0750 m?

54.

(a) How much will a spring that has a force constant of 40.0 N/m be stretched by an object with a mass of 0.500 kg when hung motionless from the spring? (b) Calculate the decrease in gravitational potential energy of the 0.500-kg object when it descends this distance. (c) Part of this gravitational energy goes into the spring. Calculate the energy stored in the spring by this stretch, and compare it with the gravitational potential energy. Explain where the rest of the energy might go.

55.

Suppose you have a 0.750-kg object on a horizontal surface connected to a spring that has a force constant of 150 N/m. There is simple friction between the object and surface with a static coefficient of friction $μs=0.100μs=0.100$. (a) How far can the spring be stretched without moving the mass? (b) If the object is set into oscillation with an amplitude twice the distance found in part (a), and the kinetic coefficient of friction is $μk=0.0850μk=0.0850$, what total distance does it travel before stopping? Assume it starts at the maximum amplitude.