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Precalculus

Key Equations

PrecalculusKey Equations

Key Equations

Pythagorean Identities

\begin{array}{l} \sin^{2} θ + \cos^{2} θ = 1 \\ 1 + \cot^{2} θ = \csc^{2} θ \\ 1 + \tan^{2} θ = \sec^{2} θ \end{array}

Even-odd identities

\begin{array}{l} \tan (- θ) = - \tan θ \\ \cot (- θ) = - \cot θ \\ \sin (- θ) = - \sin θ \\ \csc (- θ) = - \csc θ \\ \cos (- θ) = \cos θ \\ \sec (- θ) = \sec θ \end{array}

Reciprocal identities

\begin{array}{l} \sin θ = \frac{1}{\csc θ} \\ \cos θ = \frac{1}{\sec θ} \\ \tan θ = \frac{1}{\cot θ} \\ \csc θ = \frac{1}{\sin θ} \\ \sec θ = \frac{1}{\cos θ} \\ \cot θ = \frac{1}{\tan θ} \end{array}

Quotient identities

\begin{array}{l} \tan θ = \frac{\sin θ}{\cos θ} \\ \cot θ = \frac{\cos θ}{\sin θ} \end{array}

Sum Formula for Cosine	$\cos (α + β) = \cos α \cos β - \sin α \sin β$
Difference Formula for Cosine	$\cos (α - β) = \cos α \cos β + \sin α \sin β$
Sum Formula for Sine	$\sin (α + β) = \sin α \cos β + \cos α \sin β$
Difference Formula for Sine	$\sin (α - β) = \sin α \cos β - \cos α \sin β$
Sum Formula for Tangent	$\tan (α + β) = \frac{\tan α + \tan β}{1 - \tan α \tan β}$
Difference Formula for Tangent	$\tan (α - β) = \frac{\tan α - \tan β}{1 + \tan α \tan β}$
Cofunction identities	$\begin{array}{l} \sin θ = \cos (\frac{π}{2} - θ) \\ \cos θ = \sin (\frac{π}{2} - θ) \\ \tan θ = \cot (\frac{π}{2} - θ) \\ \cot θ = \tan (\frac{π}{2} - θ) \\ \sec θ = \csc (\frac{π}{2} - θ) \\ \csc θ = \sec (\frac{π}{2} - θ) \end{array}$

Double-angle formulas

\begin{array}{l} \sin (2 θ) = 2 \sin θ \cos θ \\ \cos (2 θ) = \cos^{2} θ - \sin^{2} θ \\ = 1 - 2 \sin^{2} θ \\ = 2 \cos^{2} θ - 1 \\ \tan (2 θ) = \frac{2 \tan θ}{1 - \tan^{2} θ} \end{array}

Reduction formulas

\begin{array}{l} \sin^{2} θ = \frac{1 - \cos (2 θ)}{2} \\ \cos^{2} θ = \frac{1 + \cos (2 θ)}{2} \\ \tan^{2} θ = \frac{1 - \cos (2 θ)}{1 + \cos (2 θ)} \end{array}

Half-angle formulas

\begin{array}{l} \sin \frac{α}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos α}{2}} \\ \cos \frac{α}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos α}{2}} \\ \tan \frac{α}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos α}{1 + \cos α}} \\ = \frac{\sin α}{1 + \cos α} \\ = \frac{1 - \cos α}{\sin α} \end{array}

Product-to-sum Formulas

\begin{array}{l} \cos α \cos β = \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) + \cos (α + β)] \\ \sin α \cos β = \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) + \sin (α - β)] \\ \sin α \sin β = \frac{1}{2} [\cos (α - β) - \cos (α + β)] \\ \cos α \sin β = \frac{1}{2} [\sin (α + β) - \sin (α - β)] \end{array}

Sum-to-product Formulas

\begin{array}{l} \sin α + \sin β = 2 \sin (\frac{α + β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α - β}{2}) \\ \sin α - \sin β = 2 \sin (\frac{α - β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α + β}{2}) \\ \cos α - \cos β = - 2 \sin (\frac{α + β}{2}) \sin (\frac{α - β}{2}) \\ \cos α + \cos β = 2 \cos (\frac{α + β}{2}) \cos (\frac{α - β}{2}) \end{array}

Standard form of sinusoidal equation	$y = A \sin (B t - C) + D or y = A \cos (B t - C) + D$
Simple harmonic motion	$d = a \cos (ω t) or d = a \sin (ω t)$
Damped harmonic motion	$f (t) = a e^{- c}^{t} \sin (ω t) or f (t) = a e^{- c t} \cos (ω t)$

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- Authors: Jay Abramson
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- Book title: Precalculus
- Publication date: Oct 23, 2014
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- Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/precalculus/pages/7-key-equations

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