Jay Abramson

Key Concepts

5.1 Angles

An angle is formed from the union of two rays, by keeping the initial side fixed and rotating the terminal side. The amount of rotation determines the measure of the angle.
An angle is in standard position if its vertex is at the origin and its initial side lies along the positive x-axis. A positive angle is measured counterclockwise from the initial side and a negative angle is measured clockwise.
To draw an angle in standard position, draw the initial side along the positive x-axis and then place the terminal side according to the fraction of a full rotation the angle represents. See Example 1.
In addition to degrees, the measure of an angle can be described in radians. See Example 2.
To convert between degrees and radians, use the proportion $\frac{θ}{180} = \frac{θ^{R}}{π} .$ See Example 3 and Example 4.
Two angles that have the same terminal side are called coterminal angles.
We can find coterminal angles by adding or subtracting 360° or $2 π .$ See Example 5 and Example 6.
Coterminal angles can be found using radians just as they are for degrees. See Example 7.
The length of a circular arc is a fraction of the circumference of the entire circle. See Example 8.
The area of sector is a fraction of the area of the entire circle. See Example 9.
An object moving in a circular path has both linear and angular speed.
The angular speed of an object traveling in a circular path is the measure of the angle through which it turns in a unit of time. See Example 10.
The linear speed of an object traveling along a circular path is the distance it travels in a unit of time. See Example 11.

5.2 Unit Circle: Sine and Cosine Functions

Finding the function values for the sine and cosine begins with drawing a unit circle, which is centered at the origin and has a radius of 1 unit.
Using the unit circle, the sine of an angle $t$ equals the y-value of the endpoint on the unit circle of an arc of length $t$ whereas the cosine of an angle $t$ equals the x-value of the endpoint. See Example 1.
The sine and cosine values are most directly determined when the corresponding point on the unit circle falls on an axis. See Example 2.
When the sine or cosine is known, we can use the Pythagorean Identity to find the other. The Pythagorean Identity is also useful for determining the sines and cosines of special angles. See Example 3.
Calculators and graphing software are helpful for finding sines and cosines if the proper procedure for entering information is known. See Example 4.
The domain of the sine and cosine functions is all real numbers.
The range of both the sine and cosine functions is $[- 1, 1] .$
The sine and cosine of an angle have the same absolute value as the sine and cosine of its reference angle.
The signs of the sine and cosine are determined from the x- and y-values in the quadrant of the original angle.
An angle’s reference angle is the size angle, $t,$ formed by the terminal side of the angle $t$ and the horizontal axis. See Example 5.
Reference angles can be used to find the sine and cosine of the original angle. See Example 6.
Reference angles can also be used to find the coordinates of a point on a circle. See Example 7.

5.3 The Other Trigonometric Functions

The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the y-value to the x-value of the corresponding point on the unit circle.
The secant, cotangent, and cosecant are all reciprocals of other functions. The secant is the reciprocal of the cosine function, the cotangent is the reciprocal of the tangent function, and the cosecant is the reciprocal of the sine function.
The six trigonometric functions can be found from a point on the unit circle. See Example 1.
Trigonometric functions can also be found from an angle. See Example 2.
Trigonometric functions of angles outside the first quadrant can be determined using reference angles. See Example 3.
A function is said to be even if $f (- x) = f (x)$ and odd if $f (- x) = - f (x) .$
Cosine and secant are even; sine, tangent, cosecant, and cotangent are odd.
Even and odd properties can be used to evaluate trigonometric functions. See Example 4.
The Pythagorean Identity makes it possible to find a cosine from a sine or a sine from a cosine.
Identities can be used to evaluate trigonometric functions. See Example 5 and Example 6.
Fundamental identities such as the Pythagorean Identity can be manipulated algebraically to produce new identities. See Example 7.
The trigonometric functions repeat at regular intervals.
The period $P$ of a repeating function $f$ is the smallest interval such that $f (x + P) = f (x)$ for any value of $x .$
The values of trigonometric functions of special angles can be found by mathematical analysis.
To evaluate trigonometric functions of other angles, we can use a calculator or computer software. See Example 10.

5.4 Right Triangle Trigonometry

We can define trigonometric functions as ratios of the side lengths of a right triangle. See Example 1.
The same side lengths can be used to evaluate the trigonometric functions of either acute angle in a right triangle. See Example 2.
We can evaluate the trigonometric functions of special angles, knowing the side lengths of the triangles in which they occur. See Example 3.
Any two complementary angles could be the two acute angles of a right triangle.
If two angles are complementary, the cofunction identities state that the sine of one equals the cosine of the other and vice versa. See Example 4.
We can use trigonometric functions of an angle to find unknown side lengths.
Select the trigonometric function representing the ratio of the unknown side to the known side. See Example 5.
Right-triangle trigonometry permits the measurement of inaccessible heights and distances.
The unknown height or distance can be found by creating a right triangle in which the unknown height or distance is one of the sides, and another side and angle are known. See Example 6.