Lynn Marecek; MaryAnne Anthony-Smith

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Evaluate algebraic expressions
Identify terms, coefficients, and like terms
Simplify expressions by combining like terms
Translate word phrases to algebraic expressions

Be Prepared 2.2

Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.

Is $n \div 5$ an expression or an equation?
If you missed this problem, review Example 2.4.
Simplify $4^{5} .$
If you missed this problem, review Example 2.7.
Simplify $1 + 8 \cdot 9 .$
If you missed this problem, review Example 2.8.

Evaluate Algebraic Expressions

In the last section, we simplified expressions using the order of operations. In this section, we’ll evaluate expressions—again following the order of operations.

To evaluate an algebraic expression means to find the value of the expression when the variable is replaced by a given number. To evaluate an expression, we substitute the given number for the variable in the expression and then simplify the expression using the order of operations.

Example 2.13

Evaluate $x + 7$ when

ⓐ $x = 3$
ⓑ $x = 12$

Solution

ⓐ To evaluate, substitute $3$ for $x$ in the expression, and then simplify.


Substitute.
Add.

When $x = 3,$ the expression $x + 7$ has a value of $10 .$

ⓑ To evaluate, substitute $12$ for $x$ in the expression, and then simplify.


Substitute.
Add.

When $x = 12,$ the expression $x + 7$ has a value of $19 .$

Notice that we got different results for parts ⓐ and ⓑ even though we started with the same expression. This is because the values used for $x$ were different. When we evaluate an expression, the value varies depending on the value used for the variable.

Try It 2.25

Evaluate:

$y + 4 when$

ⓐ $y = 6$
ⓑ $y = 15$

Try It 2.26

Evaluate:

$a - 5 when$

ⓐ $a = 9$
ⓑ $a = 17$

Example 2.14

Evaluate $9 x - 2, when$

ⓐ $x = 5$
ⓑ $x = 1$

Solution

Remember $a b$ means $a$ times $b,$ so $9 x$ means $9$ times $x .$

ⓐ To evaluate the expression when $x = 5,$ we substitute $5$ for $x,$ and then simplify.



Multiply.
Subtract.

ⓑ To evaluate the expression when $x = 1,$ we substitute $1$ for $x,$ and then simplify.



Multiply.
Subtract.

Notice that in part ⓐ that we wrote $9 \cdot 5$ and in part ⓑ we wrote $9 (1) .$ Both the dot and the parentheses tell us to multiply.

Try It 2.27

Evaluate:

$8 x - 3, when$

ⓐ $x = 2$
ⓑ $x = 1$

Try It 2.28

Evaluate:

$4 y - 4, when$

ⓐ $y = 3$
ⓑ $y = 5$

Example 2.15

Evaluate $x^{2}$ when $x = 10 .$

Solution

We substitute $10$ for $x,$ and then simplify the expression.



Use the definition of exponent.
Multiply.

When $x = 10,$ the expression $x^{2}$ has a value of $100 .$

Try It 2.29

Evaluate:

$x^{2} when x = 8 .$

Try It 2.30

Evaluate:

$x^{3} when x = 6 .$

Example 2.16

$Evaluate 2^{x} when x = 5 .$

Solution

In this expression, the variable is an exponent.



Use the definition of exponent.
Multiply.

When $x = 5,$ the expression $2^{x}$ has a value of $32 .$

Try It 2.31

Evaluate:

$2^{x} when x = 6 .$

Try It 2.32

Evaluate:

$3^{x} when x = 4 .$

Example 2.17

$Evaluate 3 x + 4 y - 6 when x = 10 and y = 2 .$

Solution

This expression contains two variables, so we must make two substitutions.



Multiply.
Add and subtract left to right.

When $x = 10$ and $y = 2,$ the expression $3 x + 4 y - 6$ has a value of $32 .$

Try It 2.33

Evaluate:

$2 x + 5 y - 4 when x = 11 and y = 3$

Try It 2.34

Evaluate:

$5 x - 2 y - 9 when x = 7 and y = 8$

Example 2.18

$Evaluate 2 x^{2} + 3 x + 8 when x = 4 .$

Solution

We need to be careful when an expression has a variable with an exponent. In this expression, $2 x^{2}$ means $2 \cdot x \cdot x$ and is different from the expression ${(2 x)}^{2},$ which means $2 x \cdot 2 x .$



Simplify $4^{2}$ .
Multiply.
Add.

Try It 2.35

Evaluate:

$3 x^{2} + 4 x + 1 when x = 3 .$

Try It 2.36

Evaluate:

$6 x^{2} - 4 x - 7 when x = 2 .$

Identify Terms, Coefficients, and Like Terms

Algebraic expressions are made up of terms. A term is a constant or the product of a constant and one or more variables. Some examples of terms are $7, y, 5 x^{2}, 9 a, and 13 x y .$

The constant that multiplies the variable(s) in a term is called the coefficient. We can think of the coefficient as the number in front of the variable. The coefficient of the term $3 x$ is $3 .$ When we write $x,$ the coefficient is $1,$ since $x = 1 \cdot x .$ Table 2.5 gives the coefficients for each of the terms in the left column.

Term	Coefficient
$7$	$7$
$9 a$	$9$
$y$	$1$
$5 x^{2}$	$5$

Table 2.5

An algebraic expression may consist of one or more terms added or subtracted. In this chapter, we will only work with terms that are added together. Table 2.6 gives some examples of algebraic expressions with various numbers of terms. Notice that we include the operation before a term with it.

Expression	Terms
$7$	$7$
$y$	$y$
$x + 7$	$x, 7$
$2 x + 7 y + 4$	$2 x, 7 y, 4$
$3 x^{2} + 4 x^{2} + 5 y + 3$	$3 x^{2}, 4 x^{2}, 5 y, 3$

Table 2.6

Example 2.19

Identify each term in the expression $9 b + 15 x^{2} + a + 6 .$ Then identify the coefficient of each term.

Solution

The expression has four terms. They are $9 b, 15 x^{2}, a,$ and $6 .$

The coefficient of $9 b$ is $9 .$

The coefficient of $15 x^{2}$ is $15 .$

Remember that if no number is written before a variable, the coefficient is $1 .$ So the coefficient of $a$ is $1 .$

The coefficient of a constant is the constant, so the coefficient of $6$ is $6 .$

Try It 2.37

Identify all terms in the given expression, and their coefficients:

$4 x + 3 b + 2$

Try It 2.38

Identify all terms in the given expression, and their coefficients:

$9 a + 13 a^{2} + a^{3}$

Some terms share common traits. Look at the following terms. Which ones seem to have traits in common?

5 x, 7, n^{2}, 4, 3 x, 9 n^{2}

Which of these terms are like terms?

The terms $7$ and $4$ are both constant terms.
The terms $5 x$ and $3 x$ are both terms with $x .$
The terms $n^{2}$ and $9 n^{2}$ both have $n^{2} .$

Terms are called like terms if they have the same variables and exponents. All constant terms are also like terms. So among the terms $5 x, 7, n^{2}, 4, 3 x, 9 n^{2},$

7 and 4 are like terms.

5 x and 3 x are like terms.

n^{2} and 9 n^{2} are like terms.

Like Terms

Terms that are either constants or have the same variables with the same exponents are like terms.

Example 2.20

Identify the like terms:

ⓐ $y^{3}, 7 x^{2}, 14, 23, 4 y^{3}, 9 x, 5 x^{2}$
ⓑ $4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5 x^{2} + 6 x + 40 x + 8 x y$

Solution

ⓐ $y^{3}, 7 x^{2}, 14, 23, 4 y^{3}, 9 x, 5 x^{2}$

Look at the variables and exponents. The expression contains $y^{3}, x^{2}, x,$ and constants.

The terms $y^{3}$ and $4 y^{3}$ are like terms because they both have $y^{3} .$

The terms $7 x^{2}$ and $5 x^{2}$ are like terms because they both have $x^{2} .$

The terms $14$ and $23$ are like terms because they are both constants.

The term $9 x$ does not have any like terms in this list since no other terms have the variable $x$ raised to the power of $1 .$

ⓑ $4 x^{2} + 2 x + 5 x^{2} + 6 x + 40 x + 8 x y$

Look at the variables and exponents. The expression contains the terms $4 x^{2}, 2 x, 5 x^{2}, 6 x, 40 x, and 8 x y$

The terms $4 x^{2}$ and $5 x^{2}$ are like terms because they both have $x^{2} .$

The terms $2 x, 6 x, and 40 x$ are like terms because they all have $x .$

The term $8 x y$ has no like terms in the given expression because no other terms contain the two variables $x y .$

Try It 2.39

Identify the like terms in the list or the expression:

$9, 2 x^{3}, y^{2}, 8 x^{3}, 15, 9 y, 11 y^{2}$

Try It 2.40

Identify the like terms in the list or the expression:

$4 x^{3} + 8 x^{2} + 19 + 3 x^{2} + 24 + 6 x^{3}$

Simplify Expressions by Combining Like Terms

We can simplify an expression by combining the like terms. What do you think $3 x + 6 x$ would simplify to? If you thought $9 x,$ you would be right!

We can see why this works by writing both terms as addition problems.

The image shows the expression 3 x plus 6 x. The 3 x represents x plus x plus x. The 6 x represents x plus x plus x plus x plus x plus x. The expression 3 x plus 6 x becomes x plus x plus x plus x plus x plus x plus x plus x plus x. This simplifies to a total of 9 x's or the term 9 x.

Add the coefficients and keep the same variable. It doesn’t matter what $x$ is. If you have $3$ of something and add $6$ more of the same thing, the result is $9$ of them. For example, $3$ oranges plus $6$ oranges is $9$ oranges. We will discuss the mathematical properties behind this later.

The expression $3 x + 6 x$ has only two terms. When an expression contains more terms, it may be helpful to rearrange the terms so that like terms are together. The Commutative Property of Addition says that we can change the order of addends without changing the sum. So we could rearrange the following expression before combining like terms.

The image shows the expression 3 x plus 4 y plus 2 x plus 6 y. The position of the middle terms, 4 y and 2 x, can be switched so that the expression becomes 3 x plus 2 x plus 4 y plus 6 y. Now the terms containing x are together and the terms containing y are together.

Now it is easier to see the like terms to be combined.

How To

Combine like terms.

Step 1. Identify like terms.
Step 2. Rearrange the expression so like terms are together.
Step 3. Add the coefficients of the like terms.

Example 2.21

Simplify the expression: $3 x + 7 + 4 x + 5 .$

Solution


Identify the like terms.
Rearrange the expression, so the like terms are together.
Add the coefficients of the like terms.
The original expression is simplified to...

Try It 2.41

Simplify:

$7 x + 9 + 9 x + 8$

Try It 2.42

Simplify:

$5 y + 2 + 8 y + 4 y + 5$

Example 2.22

Simplify the expression: $7 x^{2} + 8 x + x^{2} + 4 x .$

Solution


Identify the like terms.
Rearrange the expression so like terms are together.
Add the coefficients of the like terms.

These are not like terms and cannot be combined. So $8 x^{2} + 12 x$ is in simplest form.

Try It 2.43

Simplify:

$3 x^{2} + 9 x + x^{2} + 5 x$

Try It 2.44

Simplify:

$11 y^{2} + 8 y + y^{2} + 7 y$

Translate Words to Algebraic Expressions

In the previous section, we listed many operation symbols that are used in algebra, and then we translated expressions and equations into word phrases and sentences. Now we’ll reverse the process and translate word phrases into algebraic expressions. The symbols and variables we’ve talked about will help us do that. They are summarized in Table 2.7.

Operation	Phrase	Expression
Addition	$a$ plus $b$ the sum of $a$ and $b$ $a$ increased by $b$ $b$ more than $a$ the total of $a$ and $b$ $b$ added to $a$	$a + b$
Subtraction	$a$ minus $b$ the difference of $a$ and $b$ $b$ subtracted from $a$ $a$ decreased by $b$ $b$ less than $a$	$a - b$
Multiplication	$a$ times $b$ the product of $a$ and $b$	$a \cdot b$ , $a b$ , $a (b)$ , $(a) (b)$
Division	$a$ divided by $b$ the quotient of $a$ and $b$ the ratio of $a$ and $b$ $b$ divided into $a$	$a \div b$ , $a / b$ , $\frac{a}{b}$ , $b a$

Table 2.7

Look closely at these phrases using the four operations:

the sum of $a$ and $b$
the difference of $a$ and $b$
the product of $a$ and $b$
the quotient of $a$ and $b$

Each phrase tells you to operate on two numbers. Look for the words of and and to find the numbers.

Example 2.23

Translate each word phrase into an algebraic expression:

ⓐ the difference of $20$ and $4$
ⓑ the quotient of $10 x$ and $3$

Solution

ⓐ The key word is difference, which tells us the operation is subtraction. Look for the words of and and to find the numbers to subtract.

$\begin{array}{l} the difference of 20 a n d 4 \\ 20 minus 4 \\ 20 - 4 \end{array}$

ⓑ The key word is quotient, which tells us the operation is division.

$\begin{array}{l} the quotient of 10 x and 3 \\ divide 10 x by 3 \\ 10 x \div 3 \end{array}$

This can also be written as $\begin{array}{l} 10 x / 3 or \frac{10 x}{3} \end{array}$

Try It 2.45

Translate the given word phrase into an algebraic expression:

ⓐ the difference of $47$ and $41$
ⓑ the quotient of $5 x$ and $2$

Try It 2.46

Translate the given word phrase into an algebraic expression:

ⓐ the sum of $17$ and $19$
ⓑ the product of $7$ and $x$

How old will you be in eight years? What age is eight more years than your age now? Did you add $8$ to your present age? Eight more than means eight added to your present age.

How old were you seven years ago? This is seven years less than your age now. You subtract $7$ from your present age. Seven less than means seven subtracted from your present age.

Example 2.24

Translate each word phrase into an algebraic expression:

ⓐ Eight more than $y$
ⓑ Seven less than $9 z$

Solution

ⓐ The key words are more than. They tell us the operation is addition. More than means “added to”.

$\begin{array}{l} Eight more than y \\ Eight added to y \\ y + 8 \end{array}$

ⓑ The key words are less than. They tell us the operation is subtraction. Less than means “subtracted from”.

$\begin{array}{l} Seven less than 9 z \\ Seven subtracted from 9 z \\ 9 z - 7 \end{array}$

Try It 2.47

Translate each word phrase into an algebraic expression:

ⓐ Eleven more than $x$
ⓑ Fourteen less than $11 a$

Try It 2.48

Translate each word phrase into an algebraic expression:

ⓐ $19$ more than $j$
ⓑ $21$ less than $2 x$

Example 2.25

Translate each word phrase into an algebraic expression:

ⓐ five times the sum of $m$ and $n$
ⓑ the sum of five times $m$ and $n$

Solution

ⓐ There are two operation words: times tells us to multiply and sum tells us to add. Because we are multiplying $5$ times the sum, we need parentheses around the sum of $m$ and $n .$

five times the sum of $m$ and $n$
$\begin{matrix} 5 (m + n) \end{matrix}$

ⓑ To take a sum, we look for the words of and and to see what is being added. Here we are taking the sum of five times $m$ and $n .$

the sum of five times $m$ and $n$
$\begin{matrix} 5 m + n \end{matrix}$

Notice how the use of parentheses changes the result. In part ⓐ, we add first and in part ⓑ, we multiply first.

Try It 2.49

Translate the word phrase into an algebraic expression:

ⓐ four times the sum of $p$ and $q$
ⓑ the sum of four times $p$ and $q$

Try It 2.50

Translate the word phrase into an algebraic expression:

ⓐ the difference of two times $x and 8$
ⓑ two times the difference of $x and 8$

Later in this course, we’ll apply our skills in algebra to solving equations. We’ll usually start by translating a word phrase to an algebraic expression. We’ll need to be clear about what the expression will represent. We’ll see how to do this in the next two examples.

Example 2.26

The height of a rectangular window is $6$ inches less than the width. Let $w$ represent the width of the window. Write an expression for the height of the window.

Solution

Write a phrase about the height.	$6$ less than the width
Substitute $w$ for the width.	$6$ less than $w$
Rewrite 'less than' as 'subtracted from'.	$6$ subtracted from $w$
Translate the phrase into algebra.	$w - 6$

Try It 2.51

The length of a rectangle is $5$ inches less than the width. Let $w$ represent the width of the rectangle. Write an expression for the length of the rectangle.

Try It 2.52

The width of a rectangle is $2$ meters greater than the length. Let $l$ represent the length of the rectangle. Write an expression for the width of the rectangle.

Example 2.27

Blanca has dimes and quarters in her purse. The number of dimes is $2$ less than $5$ times the number of quarters. Let $q$ represent the number of quarters. Write an expression for the number of dimes.

Solution

Write a phrase about the number of dimes.	two less than five times the number of quarters
Substitute $q$ for the number of quarters.	$2$ less than five times $q$
Translate $5$ times $q$ .	$2$ less than $5 q$
Translate the phrase into algebra.	$5 q - 2$

Try It 2.53

Geoffrey has dimes and quarters in his pocket. The number of dimes is seven less than six times the number of quarters. Let $q$ represent the number of quarters. Write an expression for the number of dimes.

Try It 2.54

Lauren has dimes and nickels in her purse. The number of dimes is eight more than four times the number of nickels. Let $n$ represent the number of nickels. Write an expression for the number of dimes.

Media

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Algebraic Expression Vocabulary

Section 2.2 Exercises

Practice Makes Perfect

Evaluate Algebraic Expressions

In the following exercises, evaluate the expression for the given value.

69.

$7 x + 8 when x = 2$

70.

$9 x + 7 when x = 3$

71.

$5 x - 4 when x = 6$

72.

$8 x - 6 when x = 7$

73.

$x^{2} when x = 12$

74.

$x^{3} when x = 5$

75.

$x^{5} when x = 2$

76.

$x^{4} when x = 3$

77.

$3^{x} when x = 3$

78.

$4^{x} when x = 2$

79.

$x^{2} + 3 x - 7 when x = 4$

80.

$x^{2} + 5 x - 8 when x = 6$

81.

$2 x + 4 y - 5 when x = 7, y = 8$

82.

$6 x + 3 y - 9 when x = 6, y = 9$

83.

${(x - y)}^{2} when x = 10, y = 7$

84.

${(x + y)}^{2} when x = 6, y = 9$

85.

$a^{2} + b^{2} when a = 3, b = 8$

86.

$r^{2} - s^{2} when r = 12, s = 5$

87.

$2 l + 2 w when l = 15, w = 12$

88.

$2 l + 2 w when l = 18, w = 14$

Identify Terms, Coefficients, and Like Terms

In the following exercises, list the terms in the given expression.

89.

$15 x^{2} + 6 x + 2$

90.

$11 x^{2} + 8 x + 5$

91.

$10 y^{3} + y + 2$

92.

$9 y^{3} + y + 5$

In the following exercises, identify the coefficient of the given term.

93.

$8 a$

94.

$13 m$

95.

$5 r^{2}$

96.

$6 x^{3}$

In the following exercises, identify all sets of like terms.

97.

$x^{3}, 8 x, 14, 8 y, 5, 8 x^{3}$

98.

$6 z, 3 w^{2}, 1, 6 z^{2}, 4 z, w^{2}$

99.

$9 a, a^{2}, 16 a b, 16 b^{2}, 4 a b, 9 b^{2}$

100.

$3, 25 r^{2}, 10 s, 10 r, 4 r^{2}, 3 s$

Simplify Expressions by Combining Like Terms

In the following exercises, simplify the given expression by combining like terms.

101.

$10 x + 3 x$

102.

$15 x + 4 x$

103.

$17 a + 9 a$

104.

$18 z + 9 z$

105.

$4 c + 2 c + c$

106.

$6 y + 4 y + y$

107.

$9 x + 3 x + 8$

108.

$8 a + 5 a + 9$

109.

$7 u + 2 + 3 u + 1$

110.

$8 d + 6 + 2 d + 5$

111.

$7 p + 6 + 5 p + 4$

112.

$8 x + 7 + 4 x - 5$

113.

$10 a + 7 + 5 a - 2 + 7 a - 4$

114.

$7 c + 4 + 6 c - 3 + 9 c - 1$

115.

$3 x^{2} + 12 x + 11 + 14 x^{2} + 8 x + 5$

116.

$5 b^{2} + 9 b + 10 + 2 b^{2} + 3 b - 4$

Translate English Phrases into Algebraic Expressions

In the following exercises, translate the given word phrase into an algebraic expression.

117.

The sum of 8 and 12

118.

The sum of 9 and 1

119.

The difference of 14 and 9

120.

8 less than 19

121.

The product of 9 and 7

122.

The product of 8 and 7

123.

The quotient of 36 and 9

124.

The quotient of 42 and 7

125.

The difference of $x$ and $4$

126.

$3$ less than $x$

127.

The product of $6$ and $y$

128.

The product of $9$ and $y$

129.

The sum of $8 x$ and $3 x$

130.

The sum of $13 x$ and $3 x$

131.

The quotient of $y$ and $3$

132.

The quotient of $y$ and $8$

133.

Eight times the difference of $y$ and nine

134.

Seven times the difference of $y$ and one

135.

Five times the sum of $x$ and $y$

136.

Nine times five less than twice $x$

In the following exercises, write an algebraic expression.

137.

Adele bought a skirt and a blouse. The skirt cost $$15$ more than the blouse. Let $b$ represent the cost of the blouse. Write an expression for the cost of the skirt.

138.

Eric has rock and classical CDs in his car. The number of rock CDs is $3$ more than the number of classical CDs. Let $c$ represent the number of classical CDs. Write an expression for the number of rock CDs.

139.

The number of girls in a second-grade class is $4$ less than the number of boys. Let $b$ represent the number of boys. Write an expression for the number of girls.

140.

Marcella has $6$ fewer male cousins than female cousins. Let $f$ represent the number of female cousins. Write an expression for the number of boy cousins.

141.

Greg has nickels and pennies in his pocket. The number of pennies is seven less than twice the number of nickels. Let $n$ represent the number of nickels. Write an expression for the number of pennies.

142.

Jeannette has $$5$ and $$10$ bills in her wallet. The number of fives is three more than six times the number of tens. Let $t$ represent the number of tens. Write an expression for the number of fives.

Everyday Math

In the following exercises, use algebraic expressions to solve the problem.

143.

Car insurance Justin’s car insurance has a $$750$ deductible per incident. This means that he pays $$750$ and his insurance company will pay all costs beyond $$750.$ If Justin files a claim for $$2,100,$ how much will he pay, and how much will his insurance company pay?

144.

Home insurance Pam and Armando’s home insurance has a $$2,500$ deductible per incident. This means that they pay $$2,500$ and their insurance company will pay all costs beyond $$2,500.$ If Pam and Armando file a claim for $$19,400,$ how much will they pay, and how much will their insurance company pay?

Writing Exercises

145.

Explain why “the sum of x and y” is the same as “the sum of y and x,” but “the difference of x and y” is not the same as “the difference of y and x.” Try substituting two random numbers for $x$ and $y$ to help you explain.

146.

Explain the difference between $“4$ times the sum of $x$ and $y ”$ and “the sum of $4$ times $x$ and $y .”$

Self Check

ⓐ After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.

ⓑ After reviewing this checklist, what will you do to become confident for all objectives?

2.2 Evaluate, Simplify, and Translate Expressions

Evaluate Algebraic Expressions

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Identify Terms, Coefficients, and Like Terms

Solution

Solution

Simplify Expressions by Combining Like Terms

Combine like terms.

Solution

Solution

Translate Words to Algebraic Expressions

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

Solution

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Section 2.2 Exercises

Practice Makes Perfect

Everyday Math

Writing Exercises

Self Check