Short Answer
23.1 The Four Fundamental Forces
Why do people tend to be more aware of the gravitational and electromagnetic forces than the strong and weak nuclear forces?
- The gravitational and electromagnetic forces act at short ranges, while strong and weak nuclear forces act at comparatively long range.
- The strong and weak nuclear forces act at short ranges, while gravitational and electromagnetic forces act at comparatively long range.
- The strong and weak nuclear forces act between all objects, while gravitational and electromagnetic forces act between smaller objects.
- The strong and weak nuclear forces exist in outer space, while gravitational and electromagnetic forces exist everywhere.
What fundamental force is responsible for the force of friction?
- the electromagnetic force
- the strong nuclear force
- the weak nuclear force
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Carrier particles carry mass from one location to another within a force field.
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Carrier particles carry force from one location to another within a force field.
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Carrier particles carry charge from one location to another within a force field.
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Carrier particles carry volume from one location to another within a force field.
Which carrier particle is transmitted solely between nucleons?
- graviton
- photon
- pion
- W and Z bosons
Two particles of the same mass are traveling at the same speed but in opposite directions when they collide head-on.
What is the final kinetic energy of this two-particle system?
- infinite
- the sum of the kinetic energies of the two particles
- zero
- the product of the kinetic energies of the two particles
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Colliding beams create energy, allowing more energy to be used to separate the colliding particles.
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Colliding beams lower the energy of the system, so it requires less energy to separate the colliding particles.
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Colliding beams reduce energy loss, so less energy is required to separate colliding particles.
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Colliding beams reduce energy loss, allowing more energy to be used to separate the colliding particles.
23.2 Quarks
What two features of quarks determine the structure of a particle?
- the color and charge of individual quarks
- the color and size of individual quarks
- the charge and size of individual quarks
- the charge and mass of individual quarks
What fundamental force does quantum chromodynamics describe?
- the weak nuclear force
- the strong nuclear force
- the electromagnetic force
- the gravitational force
Is it possible for a baryon to be constructed of two quarks and an antiquark?
- Yes, the color of the three particles would be able to sum to white.
- No, the color of the three particles would not be able to sum to white.
Can baryons be more massive than mesons?
- no
- yes
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There is a smaller amount of antimatter than matter in the universe; antimatter is quickly annihilated by its matter analogue.
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There is a smaller amount of matter than antimatter in the universe; matter is annihilated by its antimatter analogue.
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There is a smaller amount of antimatter than matter in universe; antimatter and its matter analogue coexist.
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There is a smaller amount of matter than antimatter in the universe; matter and its antimatter analogue coexist.
Does a neutron have an antimatter counterpart?
- No, the antineutron does not exist.
- Yes, the antineutron does exist.
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The four fundamental forces are represented by their carrier particles, the electrons.
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The four fundamental forces are represented by their carrier particles, the gauge bosons.
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The four fundamental forces are represented by their carrier particles, the leptons.
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The four fundamental forces are represented by their carrier particles, the quarks.
Which particles in the Standard Model account for the majority of matter with which we are familiar?
- particles in fourth column of the Standard Model
- particles in third column of the Standard Model
- particles in the second column of the Standard Model
- particles in the first column of the Standard Model
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The Higgs field slows down passing particles; the decrease in kinetic energy is transferred to the particle’s mass.
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The Higgs field accelerates passing particles; the decrease in kinetic energy is transferred to the particle’s mass.
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The Higgs field slows down passing particles; the increase in kinetic energy is transferred to the particle’s mass.
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The Higgs field accelerates passing particles; the increase in kinetic energy is transferred to the particle’s mass.
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The increase in a particle’s energy when traveling through the Higgs field is countered by its increase in mass.
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The decrease in a particle’s kinetic energy when traveling through the Higgs field is countered by its increase in mass.
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The decrease in a particle’s energy when traveling through the Higgs field is countered by its decrease in mass.
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The increase in a particle’s energy when traveling through the Higgs field is countered by its decrease in mass.
23.3 The Unification of Forces
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The electroweak force will have greater strength.
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The strong nuclear force and electroweak force will achieve the same strength.
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The strong nuclear force will have greater strength.
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10^{12}\,\text{eV}
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10^{13}\,\text{eV}
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10^{14}\,\text{eV}
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10^{15}\,\text{eV}
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10^{-43}\, \text{seconds}
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10^{-41}\, \text{seconds}
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10^{-39}\, \text{seconds}
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10^{-38}\, \text{seconds}
How does the search for the Grand Unified Theory help test the standard cosmological model?
- Scientists are increasing energy in the lab that models the energy in earlier, denser stages of the universe.
- Scientists are increasing energy in the lab that models the energy in earlier, less dense stages of the universe.
- Scientists are decreasing energy in the lab that models the energy in earlier, denser stages of the universe.
- Scientists are decreasing energy in the lab that models the energy in earlier, less dense stages of the universe.
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Proton decay is not a premise of all GUTs, and current GUTs can be amended in response to new findings.
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Proton decay is a premise of all GUTs, but current GUTs can be amended in response to new findings.
When accelerating elementary particles in a particle accelerator, they quickly achieve a speed approaching the speed of light. However, as time continues, the particles maintain this speed yet continue to increase their kinetic energy. How is this possible?
- The speed remains the same, but the masses of the particles increase.
- The speed remains the same, but the masses of the particles decrease.
- The speed remains the same, and the masses of the particles remain the same.
- The speed and masses will remain the same, but temperature will increase.